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Heart Disease in Women Navin C Nanda, Nurgül Keser

SECTION 1: PREVENTION AND RISK FACTORS
CHAPTER 1:Cardiovascular Disease in Women: Myths and Facts about a Silent Epidemic
- INTRODUCTION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 2:Prevention of Heart Disease in Women
- UNMODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS
  - Age
  - Family History
- MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS
- LIFESTYLE RISK FACTORS
  - Obesity and Sedentary Lifestyle
  - Smoking
- GUIDELINES FOR PREVENTION OF CVD IN WOMEN
  - Major Risk Factor Interventions
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 3:Sex Differences in the Effects of Leading and Most Prevalent Modifiable Risk Factors
- CONCLUSION
- DISCLOSURES
CHAPTER 4:Dyslipidemia in Women
- EVALUATION AND TREATMENT OF WOMEN WITH HYPERLIPIDEMIA
  - CVD Risk Assessment
- MANAGEMENT OF DYSLIPIDEMIA IN WOMEN: TRANSLATING EVIDENCE FROM CLINICAL TRIALS INTO PRACTICE
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 5:Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Women: Its Identification and Management
- INTRODUCTION
- IDENTIFICATION OF FH
- MANAGEMENT OF FH
CHAPTER 6:Cardiovascular Dysfunction in Women with Metabolic Syndrome
- PREVALENCE OF METABOLIC SYNDROME
- METABOLIC SYNDROME IN CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
- CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
- LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION
- DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION
- RIGHT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION
- LEFT ATRIAL DYSFUNCTION
- ATRIAL FLUTTER AND FIBRILLATION
- CAROTID ATHEROSCLEROSIS
- ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION
- HYPERTENSION
- HYPOTHYROIDISM
- POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME
- OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 7:Hypertension in Women
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY HYPERTENSION: FOCUS ON WOMEN
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPERTENSION IN WOMEN
- DIETARY CONSIDERATIONS
- PHARMACOTHERAPY OF HYPERTENSION IN WOMEN
- CURRENT ASPECTS OF RESISTANT HYPERTENSION: DEFINITIONS, PREVALENCE, AND OUTCOMES
- RECOGNITION OF REFRACTORY HYPERTENSION: A NEWER CONCEPT AND CALL-TO-ACTION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 8:Stroke and Women
- INTRODUCTION
- HORMONAL EFFECTS
- PREGNANCY AND STROKE
  - Stroke Risk Factors in Pregnancy
- ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS AND HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY
- PREVENTION OF STROKE IN WOMEN
- CORONARY ARTERYDISEASE AND ASPIRIN
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND STROKE
CHAPTER 9:Women and Smoking
- INTRODUCTION
- SMOKING: A GLOBAL BURDEN
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- GENDER AND AGE DIFFERENCES
- CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
- ASSOCIATED EXPOSURES
- PUBLIC POLICY
CHAPTER 10:Job Burnout, Job Strain (Stress), and Cardiovascular Disease: Selected Review
- INTRODUCTION
- COMMON THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS AND DEFINITIONS RELATED TO JOB STRESS AND JOB BURNOUT
- JOB BURNOUT AND CVD STUDIES
- JOB STRAIN AND CVD
- INFLUENCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STATUS AND SOCIAL SUPPORT ON JOB STRAIN AND CVD RISK
- UNEMPLOYMENT AND CVD OUTCOMES
- JOB STRAIN AND SELECT CVD RISK EQUIVALENTS
  - Job Strain and Blood Pressure (BP)
  - Job Strain and Metabolic Syndrome
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 11:Atherosclerosis and Autoimmune Disease: Mechanisms and Emerging Treatments
- INTRODUCTION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12:Hormonal Transitions and the Cardiovascular System in Women
- INTRODUCTION
- REGULATORY MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTING TO SEX DIFFERENCES IN CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY
  - Genetic Mechanisms
  - Hormonal Mechanisms
- SEX-SPECIFIC CONDITIONS AFFECTING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN WOMEN
  - Pregnancy
  - Menopause
- GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- PHENOTYPIC EXPRESSION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN WOMEN
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 2: CORONARY HEART DISEASE
CHAPTER 13:A Perspective on Women and Coronary Heart Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- MANAGEMENT
- RISK FACTORS FOR CHD
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- STRESS TESTING
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 14:Chest Pain Evaluation in Women Presenting to the Emergency Department
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  - History of Presenting Illness
  - Physical Examination
- DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
- IMAGING STUDIES
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
CHAPTER 15:Stable Ischemic Heart Disease in Women
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF GENDER DIFFERENCES IN STABLE ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE
- TERMINOLOGY
- EPIDEMIOLOGY—SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM
  - Challenges in Diagnosing IHD in Women
- DIAGNOSTIC TESTING FOR SIHD
  - Noninvasive Assessment of IHD
  - Invasive Angiography
- TREATMENT OF SIHD
- BURDEN OF ANGINA
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16:Acute Coronary Syndromes in Women
- INTRODUCTION
  - Cardiovascular Risk Factors
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  - Steps of Atherosclerosis
- PLAQUE DISRUPTION
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- MANAGEMENT
- TREATMENT
- ANTIPLATELET AGENTS
  - Gp IIb/IIIa Inhibitors
- FIBRINOLYTIC THERAPY
- ANTICOAGULANTS
- ORAL MEDICATIONS
- CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY AND PCI
- OUTCOMES
- PREGNANCY AND ACS
- CONDITIONS MIMICKING ACS
  - Stress Cardiomyopathy
- SPONTANEOUS CORONARY ARTERY DISSECTION
- AORTIC DISSECTION
- PULMONARY EMBOLISM
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 3: NONINVASIVE TESTING
CHAPTER 17:Echocardiography in Women
- INTRODUCTION
- ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE/STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY/POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME
  - Using Stress Echocardiography in Women
  - Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome/Syndrome X in Women
- TAKOTSUBO CARDIOMYOPATHY(FIGS. 3A AND B)
- ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN PREGNANCY, PERIPARTUM CARDIOMYOPATHY, AND FETAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
  - Peripartum Cardiomyopathy(Figs. 4A to G)
  - Fetal Echocardiography (Figs. 5 to 7)
- CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
  - Atrial Septal Defects (Figs. 8 and 9)
- PULMONARY HYPERTENSION(FIGS. 10 TO 12)
- STRUCTURAL HEART DISEASE: MVP, MITRAL STENOSIS, AND MITRAL ANNULAR CALCIFICATION
- DIFFERENCES IN ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS AND TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
- OTHER ECHO EXAMPLES OF PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS SEEN IN WOMEN
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 18:Noninvasive Stress Testing in Women
- INTRODUCTION
- EXERCISE ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY
  - Diagnosis
  - Risk Assessment
- IMAGING TECHNIQUES DURING STRESS TESTING
- STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
  - Diagnosis
  - Risk Assessment
- STRESS GATED MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION SPECT
  - Diagnosis
  - Risk Assessment
- CARDIAC PET
- MPI VS SE
- EMERGING STRESS TEST IMAGING MODALITIES IN WOMEN WITH SUSPECTED CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE: MRI
  - Diagnosis
  - Risk Assessment
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NONINVASIVE TESTING IN WOMEN WITH SUSPECTED CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
CHAPTER 19:Stress Myocardial Perfusion Imaging—Diagnosis and Risk Assessment in Women
- INTRODUCTION
- EVALUATING CLINICAL RISK
- EXERCISE TREADMILL TEST IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND RISK ASSESSMENT OF SUSPECTED CAD
- SPECT MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING
- PET MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING
- FLOW QUANTIFICATION WITH PET
- RADIATION CONSIDERATIONS
SECTION 4: HEART FAILURE. CARDIOMYOPATHY. PERICARDITIS
CHAPTER 20:Women and Heart Failure
- INTRODUCTION
- SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE MANIFESTATION AND OUTCOME OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FROM ANIMAL MODELS
  - Sex Differences in Animal Models of Myocardial Hypertrophy
- CONDITIONS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO HEART FAILURE
- ASSESSMENT OF HEART FAILURE
- MANAGEMENT OF HEART FAILURE
- TRANSITION OF CARE
- IMPLICATIONS FROM CLINICAL TRIALS
CHAPTER 21:Myocarditis and Pericarditis in Women
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINING SEX AND GENDER
- HISTORY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MYOCARDITIS
- SEX DIFFERENCES IN NORMAL CARDIAC PHYSIOLOGY
- SEX HORMONES AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
- MYOCARDITIS, WHAT WE KNOW
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT
- PERICARDITIS IN WOMEN
- PERICARDITIS: SYMPTOMS AND DIAGNOSIS
- PERICARDITIS: TREATMENT
CHAPTER 22:Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy in Women
- INTRODUCTION
- VARIANTS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- PRECIPITATING EVENTS AND RISKS
- PRESENTATION
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- PROGNOSIS
SECTION 5: ARRHYTHMIAS
CHAPTER 23:Arrhythmias and Implantable Devices in Women
- INTRODUCTION
- CARDIAC ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY
  - Cellular Electrophysiology
    - Ion Channels
    - Action Potentials
- DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
  - Electrocardiography
  - Electrophysiologic Studies
    - Sinus Node Function
    - Atrioventricular Conduction Intervals
- SPECIFIC ARRHYTHMIAS
- PHARMACOTHERAPY
- IMPLANTABLE DEVICE THERAPY
  - Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators
    - Utilization
  - Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
    - Utilization
- ARRHYTHMIAS IN PREGNANCY
CHAPTER 24:Ventricular Arrhythmia in Women
- GENDER DIFFERENCES IN MECHANISM OF VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS
- CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
- DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY
- LONG QT SYNDROMES
- HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY
- ARRHYTHMOGENIC RIGHT VENTRICULAR CARDIOMYOPATHY
- BRUGADA SYNDROME
- CATECHOLAMINERGIC POLYMORPHIC VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA
- IDIOPATHIC VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA
- SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN MANAGEMENT OF FEMALE PATIENTS
SECTION 6: VALVULAR HEART DISEASE
CHAPTER 25:Rheumatic Heart Disease in Women
- INTRODUCTION
- BURDEN OF THE DISEASE
- GENDER DIFFERENCES
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- MITRAL STENOSIS
- MITRAL REGURGITATION
- AORTIC REGURGITATION
- AORTIC STENOSIS
- TRICUSPID VALVE DISEASE
  - Tricuspid Regurgitation
  - Tricuspid Stenosis
- MULTIVALVULAR DISEASE
- DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
  - Chest X-Ray
  - Electrocardiogram
- ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE
  - Mitral Stenosis
  - Evaluation of Severity of Mitral Stenosis
  - Role of Echocardiography before and after Balloon Valvuloplasty
  - Mitral Regurgitation
  - Aortic Regurgitation
  - Aortic Stenosis
  - Tricuspid Valve Disease
- CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION
  - Other Investigations
- MANAGEMENT OF WOMEN WITH RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE
- GENDER AND PROGNOSIS
- PREGNANCY AND RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE
- RISK ASSESSMENT
- GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
- PREGNANCY WITH MITRAL STENOSIS
- OTHER VALVULAR LESIONS DURING PREGNANCY
- PREGNANCY WITH PROSTHETIC HEART VALVES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 26:Native Valvular Heart Disease in Women
- INTRODUCTION
  - Incidence
  - Severity of Valve Disease
- MITRAL STENOSIS
- MITRAL REGURGITATION
- AORTIC STENOSIS
- AORTIC REGURGITATION
- TRICUSPID STENOSIS
- TRICUSPID REGURGITATION
- PULMONIC STENOSIS
- PULMONIC REGURGITATION
- VHD IN PREGNANCY
- GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF WOMEN WITH VHD
- INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 27:Gender Differences in Outcomes after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
- GENDER DIFFERENCES IN CARDIAC SURGERY
- TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT
- POSSIBLE MECHANISMS
SECTION 7: PREGNANCY AND CONGENITALHEART DISEASE
CHAPTER 28:Pregnancy and CongenitalHeart Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DURING PREGNANCY
  - Anatomic Changes
  - Hemodynamic Changes in Pregnancy
- GENERAL EVALUATION ANDMANAGEMENT OF CARDIAC DISEASE IN PREGNANCY
- CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
- PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
- VALVULAR HEART DISEASE
- CARDIOMYOPATHY
  - Dilated Cardiomyopathy
  - Peripartum Cardiomyopathy
- IDIOPATHIC HYPERTROPHICCARDIOMYOPATHY
- ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE ANDCORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
- CARDIAC TRANSPLANTATION
- ARRHYTHMIA
- GENETIC CAUSES OFCARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
  - Marfan Syndrome
- INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS AND PROPHYLAXIS IN PREGNANCY
- ARTIFICIAL HEART VALVESAND PREGNANCY
CHAPTER 29:Management of Heart Disease in Pregnancy: A Clinician's Approach
- INTRODUCTION
  - Physiological HemodynamicChanges in Pregnancy
  - Cardiac Examination
- COMMON CARDIOVASCULAR MANAGEMENT ISSUES IN PREGNANCY
- HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY
  - Spectrum of Hypertension in Pregnancy
- DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS
  - DVT Prophylaxis
    - Key Points in Management5
- ANTICOAGULATION
- ENDOCARDITIS
- HEART FAILURE
  - Cardiomyopathies in Pregnancy
- ARRHYTHMIAS
  - Tachyarrhythmias
  - Atrial Tachycardias/SVT
    - Key Points in Management5,79
  - Atrial Flutter and Atrial Fibrillation
    - Key Points in Management5,79
  - Ventricular Tachycardia (Figs. 15A and B)
    - Key Points in Management5
  - Bradyarrhythmias
    - Key Points in Management5,96–98
    - Electrophysiological Procedures and Device Implantation in Pregnancy
- AORTIC ROOT DILATION
- PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
- COMMON HEART DISEASES/DEFECTS DURING PREGNANCY
- VALVULAR HEART DISEASE
  - Unrepaired Valvular Defects
  - Repaired Valvular Defects
- CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
- CARDIAC SURGERY IN PREGNANCY
- CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION IN PREGNANCY79,149
- PRECONCEPTION ASSESSMENTAND COUNSELING
- MATERNAL RISK ASSESSMENT
- FETAL RISK ASSESSMENT
- ANTENATAL CARDIAC ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT
  - Cardiovascular (CV) Imaging
  - Echocardiography
  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  - Cardiac Imaging Utilizing Radiation
    - Medications
- LABOR AND DELIVERY
- CONCLUSIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 30:Peripartum Cardiomyopathy
- DEFINITION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- RISK FACTORS
- GENETICS
- PROPOSED ETIOLOGIES ANDPATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  - Symptoms and Signs of PPCM
  - Timing of Presentation and Diagnosis
- DIAGNOSIS
- NATURAL HISTORY
- TREATMENT
- LABOR AND DELIVERY
- BREASTFEEDING
- CONTRACEPTION
- PROGNOSIS
- SUBSEQUENT PREGNANCY
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 31:Congenital Heart Disease in Women
- INTRODUCTION
- TRANSITIONAL ISSUES IN FEMALES WITH CHD
- MEDICAL RECORDS
- GYNECOLOGICAL HEALTH AND CONTRACEPTION IN WOMEN WITH CHD
- PREGNANCY IN CHD
- COMMON MEDICAL ISSUES IN CHD
- EXERCISE COUNSELING
- CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS
- SHUNT LESIONS
  - Patent Foramen Ovale
  - Atrial Septal Defects
  - Ventricular Septal Defects
  - Patent Ductus Arteriosus
- CONGENITAL VALVULAR HEART DEFECTS
  - Congenital Aortic Stenosis
  - Subaortic Stenosis
  - Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis
  - Congenital Aortic Regurgitation
  - Congenital Mitral Stenosis
  - Congenital Mitral Regurgitation
  - Tricuspid Valve–Ebstein’s Anomaly
  - Congenital Pulmonary Stenosis
  - Associated Defects
  - Cardiac Examination
  - Diagnostic Tests
  - Management
  - Exercise Counseling
- Congenital Pulmonary Regurgitation
  - Associated Defects
  - Cardiac Examination
  - Diagnostic Tests
  - Management
  - Exercise Counseling
- COMPLEX CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS
  - Coarctation of Aorta
  - Tetralogy of Fallot and its Variants— Pulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect
  - D-Transposition of the Great Arteries
  - Truncus Arteriosus
- CYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
- Hyperviscosity
- Gall Bladder Stones
- Noncardiac Surgery
- Pregnancy
- Gynecological Issues and Contraception
- Exercise
- Travel
- CONCLUSIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
SECTION 8: MISCELLANEOUS
CHAPTER 32:Peripheral Arterial Disease in Women: The Unmet Challenge
- INTRODUCTION
- HOW IS PERIPHERAL ARTERIALDISEASE DIAGNOSED?
- WHO SHOULD BE SCREENEDFOR PAD WITH AN ABI?
- CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTOR MODIFICATION IN PAD
- TREATMENT OF SYMPTOMATIC PAD
- IS THERE A SEX-BASED DIFFERENCE IN THE BURDEN OF PAD?
- WHY ARE SEX-BASEDDIFFERENCES IMPORTANT?
- WHAT ARE THE CRITICAL STEPS NEEDED TO RAISE AWARENESS ABOUT PAD IN WOMEN?
CHAPTER 33:Cardiovascular Implications of Cancer in Women
- INTRODUCTION
- INCIDENCE AND MORTALITYOF CANCER IN WOMEN
- DISPARITIES IN CANCEREPIDEMIOLOGY
- COMMON RISK FACTORS FOR CANCER AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
- CANCER CHEMOTHERAPYCARDIOTOXICITY: SPECTRUM OF CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS
- BREAST CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY
- COLORECTAL CANCERCHEMOTHERAPY
- LUNG CANCER
- THORACIC RADIATION THERAPY
- MONITORING AND DIAGNOSISOF CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCEDCARDIOTOXICITY
  - Cardiovascular Imaging
  - Serum Biomarkers
- PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF CHEMOTHERAPY-RELATEDCARDIOTOXICITY
- CANCER SURVIVORS
  - Future Direction
CHAPTER 34:Heart Disease in Women: An Update on Recently Published Literature
- INTRODUCTION
- RISK FACTORS
- PREGNANCY
  - Preterm Delivery
  - Mortality during Pregnancy
- AWARENESS
- SYMPTOMS
- STRESS TESTING
- NONINVASIVE MANAGEMENT
- INVASIVE MANAGEMENT

INDEX

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Chapter Notes