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Adult Immunization SK Sharma, A Muruganathan, Dilip Mathai, Milind Y Nadkar

1:Setting-up an Adult Immunization Clinic
- Introduction
- Stepwise Approach in Setting Adult Immunization Clinic
- Conclusion
2:Principles of Immunization
- Introduction
- Active and Passive Immunity
- Immunization and Vaccination
- Immunization Strategies
  - Use of Immunogens and Adjuvants
  - Passive Immunization
- Vaccination
- Vaccine
- Conclusion
3:Adolescent Immunization
- Who are Adolescents? Why are they Important?
- Why Adolescent Vaccination?
- Concept of Adolescent Immunization
4:Anthrax
- Epidemiology
- Transmission
- Clinical Features
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
  - Global Scenario of the Vaccine
- Indications
- Vaccine Future
- Vaccination Recommendations
5:Cancer Vaccines
- Introduction
- Cancer Epidemiology
- Need for a Vaccine
- Cancer Vaccines
  - Preventive Cancer Vaccines
  - Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines
- Global Vaccine Scenario
- Conclusion
6:Chikungunya
- Disease Burden
- Management Challenges
  - Challenges in Diagnosis
    - Differential Diagnosis
    - Diagnosis
  - Treatment Challenges
    - Management
- Newer Developments
- Cost-Effectiveness
  - Vaccine Development Including Safety Issues
  - Vaccine Future
- Conclusion
7:Cholera Vaccines
- Disease Epidemiology
- Need of Vaccine
- Cholera Vaccines
  - Injectable Cholera Vaccine
  - Oral Cholera Vaccine
- Global Scenario of Cholera Vaccines
  - Dukoral™
  - Shanchol™
- Vaccine Safety
  - Dukoral™
  - Shanchol™
- Cost-Effectiveness
  - Indian Recommendations
- Indian Perspective
8:Dengue Fever and Present Status of Dengue Vaccine
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Transmission of the Dengue Virus
- Predisposition
- Clinical Manifestations
- Associated Problems
- Dengue Virus Antigens and Immune Response
- Need for Vaccination
- Current Vaccination
- Future of Vaccination
  - Chimeric Dengue Vaccine
  - Live-attenuated Virus Vaccines17
- Conclusion
9:Hepatitis A Vaccine
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Need of Vaccine
- Current Vaccines
- Global Scenario of the Vaccine
  - Recommendations
  - International Travel
- Vaccine Safety
  - Contraindications
- Cost-Effectiveness
- Indian Recommendations
10:Hepatitis B Vaccine
- Epidemiology
  - Burden of HBV Infection in India
  - Chronic HBV Positivity Rate in India
- Need of Vaccine
- Current Vaccines
- Indian Recommendations
- Summary
11:Hepatitis C Vaccine
- Disease Epidemiology
- Need of Vaccine
- Challenges
- Current HCV Vaccines
- Prophylactic Vaccines: Global Scenario
  - Recombinant Protein Vaccines
  - DNA and Vector Vaccines
- Therapeutic Vaccines: Global Scenario
- Vaccine Safety and Cost-Effectiveness
- Vaccine Future
- Indian Recommendations
- Conclusion
12:Hepatitis E Vaccine
- Epidemiology
  - Genome, Genetic Heterogeneity
  - Immunobiology of Hepatitis E Virus
- Need of Vaccine
- Current Vaccine
- Global Scenario of the Vaccines
- Conclusion
- Summary
13:Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Vaccination for Adults
- Disease Epidemiology1
- Risk Groups
- Need for Vaccine7
  - History of Hib Vaccine
- Efficacy of Clinical Study
- Correlates of Protection
- Current Vaccines
  - Administration and Scheduling
  - Recommendations
    - Selected Conditions for which H. influenzae Type B vaccine May be Used
    - Association of Physicians of India Recommendation
14:Human Papillomavirus Vaccine for Adults (HPV Vaccines)
- Epidemiology and Burden of Human Papillomavirus Disease: Current Status
  - Need for Vaccine
- Type of Vaccines Available
- Efficacy Data
  - The Quadrivalent Vaccine
  - The Bivalent Vaccine
- Measuring Vaccine Effectiveness
  - Real World Effectiveness Data
    - Impact of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Australian Population
    - Impact of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in USA Population
- Human Papillomavirus Vaccine: Global Scenario
- Safety of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine
- PATH Study in India
- Cost-Effectiveness
- Economic Evaluation Based on Transmission Model
  - Key Findings
- Future in Human Papillomavirus Vaccine
  - Two Doses Schedule
- Guidelines for Special Population: Adolescents and Adults
- Recommendation
  - ACIP Recommendation34–37
  - In India
15:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine: Changing Paradigms
- Introduction
- Structure of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Vaccine Targets
- Other Initiatives and Programs
- Conclusion
- Vaccine Recommendations
- Acknowledgment
16:Influenza Vaccines
- Introduction
- Disease Epidemiology
- Need of Vaccination-Strategies for Controlling Influenza
- Current Influenza Vaccines: Global and Indian Scenario
  - Inactivated Influenza Vaccine
- Safety Issues
  - Live-attenuated Influenza Vaccine
    - Contraindications
- Efficacy, Effectiveness and Protection
- Avian or Swine Influenza
17:Immunization in Pregnant Women
- Introduction
- Vaccines Contraindicated in Pregnancy (Tables 1 and2)
- Conclusion
- FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION PREGNANCY CATEGORIES
18:Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines
- Disease Epidemiology
- Need of Vaccine
- Global Scenario of JE Vaccines
- Vaccine Safety
- Cost-Effectiveness
- Vaccine Future
  - Jenvac (Inactivated JE Vaccine)
- Indian Recommendations
19:Leprosy Vaccines
- Introduction
- Immunomodulatory Agents Available or Tried in Leprosy
- Subunit and Deoxyribonucleic Acid Vaccines
- Future Perspective
20:Malaria
- Disease Epidemiology
- Clinical Features
- Diagnosis
  - Microscopy
  - Rapid Diagnostic Test
- Treatment
  - Treatment Uncomplicated Malaria
- Antimalarial Drug Resistance
- Need of Vaccine/Indication
- Current Vaccine
- Vaccine Global Scenario
- Vaccine Safety
- Cost-Effectiveness
- Vaccine Future
21:Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR) Vaccination
- Introduction
- Measles, Mumps and Rubella Vaccine
22:Meningococcal Vaccine
- Introduction
- Risk Factors for Meningococcal Disease
- Meningococcal Disease and Vaccination
- Vaccination Guidelines for Adults in India
- Future Vaccine Development
23:Newer Vaccines
- Introduction
- Human African Trypanosomiasis
- Cytomegalovirus
- Smallpox and Anthrax Combined Vaccine
- Hookworm
- Schistosomiasis
- Conclusion
24:Pneumococcal Vaccine
- Introduction
- Burden of Pneumococcal Infections
- Risk Factors for Pneumococcal Infections
- Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pneumococcal Vaccines
- Pneumococcal Vaccine in High-Risk Groups
- Vaccine Administration and Adverse Effects
- Recommendations for Use of Pneumococcal Vaccines Among Adults in India
- Future Vaccine Development
25:Immunization for Poliomyelitis in Adults: Indian Guidelines
- Disease Epidemiology
- Need of Vaccines
- Current Vaccines
- Vaccine Safety
- Global Scenario of Polio
- The Future
- Recommendations for India
- Conclusion
26:Rabies Immunization
- Introduction
- Disease Epidemiology
  - Burden of the Disease
- Modes of Transmission
- Need of Vaccination
- Indications of Vaccination, Safety and Cost-Effectiveness of Vaccines Post-exposure Treatment
  - Decision to Treat
- Postexposure Therapy for Previously Vaccinated Persons
- Pre-exposure Prophylaxis
- Counseling of Patients and Attendants
- Effectiveness of Vaccination in Dogs
- Personal Safety Against Rabies
- Possible Reasons for Antirabies Treatment Failure
- Control of Rabies in Reservoir
27:Rotavirus Vaccines
- Introduction
- Microbiology
- Rotavirus Epidemiology in India
- Rotavirus Infection and Immune Response
- Is the Protection to Rotavirus Disease Induced by Vaccines Serotype Specific?
- Mechanism of Disease
- Development of Vaccines to Protect from Rotavirus Infection
- Vaccine Safety
- Cost-Effectiveness
- Need for Rotavirus Vaccine
- Introduction of Rotavirus Vaccine in India
28:Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis (Tdap Vaccine) Vaccination in Adults
- Introduction
- Epidemiology of Disease
- Indications for Td or Tdap Vaccination
- Contraindications and Precautions
  - Contraindications
  - Precautions
- Adverse Effects
- Vaccine Preparations
- Immunization for Patients with Injuries
- Pertussis: Strategies to Prevent Outbreaks
  - Healthcare Personnel
  - Other Control Measures
- Conclusion
29:Tuberculosis Vaccine
- Epidemiology of Tuberculosis
- Need for Vaccine
- Current Vaccine: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
- Global Scenario of Tuberculosis Vaccine
- Vaccine Candidates
- Indian Studies
- Vaccine Safety and Cost-Effectiveness
- Vaccine Future
- Indian and World Recommendation
- Conclusion
30:Typhoid Vaccines
- Disease Epidemiology
- Need of Vaccine
- Current Typhoid Vaccines
  - Vi Polysaccharide Vaccine
  - Ty21a Oral Vaccine
- Global Scenario of Typhoid Vaccines
  - Vi Polysaccharide Vaccine
  - Ty21a Oral Vaccine
- Vaccine Safety
  - Vi Polysaccharide Vaccine
  - Ty21a Oral Vaccine
- Cost-Effectiveness
  - Vaccine Future
    - Typbar TCV™ (Vi-TT Conjugate Vaccine)
- Indian Recommendations
31:Vaccines for Travelers, Immigrants and Migrants: Indian Guidelines
- Introduction
- Assessment of the Need for Travel Vaccines
- Categories of Travel Vaccines
- Contraindications
- Vaccinations for Mass Gathering
- Travelers to India
  - Important Notice for all Travelers Visiting India—Oral Polio Vaccination Mandatory with Effect From 30.01.2014
32:Vaccination Recommendations for Solid Organ Transplantation and Chronic Kidney Disease
- Introduction
- Timing of Immunizations
- Hepatitis B Vaccine
- Hepatitis A Vaccine
  - Dose Regimens
  - Rationale
- Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine
- Influenza Vaccine
  - Dose Recommendations48
  - Rationale
- Recommendations Regarding Other Routine Vaccines
- Zoster Vaccine
- Measles, Mumps and Rubella Vaccine
- Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Pertussis Vaccine
  - Rationale
33:Varicella and Herpes Zoster Vaccine: Indian Guidelines
- Epidemiology of Varicella
- Current Vaccines
- Global Scenario of Vaccine
- Vaccine Safety
- Cost-Effectiveness
- Future of Vaccine
- Indian Recommendations
  - Resource Rich Settings
  - Resource Poor Settings Susceptible
- Herpes Zoster Vaccination
- Global Scenario
- Conclusion
34:Visceral Leishmaniasis: Current Problems and Prospect of an Effective Vaccine
- Introduction
- Disease Burden
- Clinical Presentation
- Risk Factor
- Epidemiology
- Drug Resistance Issues
- Need for Vaccine/Indication
- Types of Vaccine Candidates
- Indian Recommendations
- Conclusion
35:Yellow Fever Vaccine for Adults
- Epidemiology of Yellow Fever
- Geographic Distribution and Spread
- Incidence and Burden of Disease
- Age-Specific Patterns
- Yellow Fever Vaccine
- Administration of Yellow Fever Vaccine
- Recommendation for Vaccination
- API Recommendations
36:Technical Aspects of Vaccination Administration
- Introduction
- Staff Training and Education
- Patient Preparation and Care
- Route and Site
- Vaccines with Diluents (Table 3)

INDEX

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Chapter Notes