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Recent Advances in Pediatrics (Volume 22): Hot Topics Suraj Gupte

PART 1: INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND IMMUNOLOGY
1:Dengue Fever
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- SYMPTOMS
  - Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) and Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS)
  - Role of Tourniquet Test
- NEW (2009) DENGUE CASE CLASSIFICATION17
- LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT17,18
- MONITORING
- PROGNOSIS
- PREVENTION20–23
2:Complicated Malaria
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
  - Role of Primaquine
    - Important Points
- PREVENTION
- RECENT STUDIES
3:Tuberculosis: Current Concepts in Diagnosis and Management
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Recommended Approach to Diagnose TB in Children
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - Drug Resistance
- TREATMENT
4:Influenza: What is Special in Children?
- INTRODUCTION
- SPECIAL FEATURES IN A NUTSHELL
- HIGH-RISK CHILDREN
- ETIOLOGIC VIRUS1,6–8
- EPIDEMIOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS9,10
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS11–14
- DIAGNOSIS1,15,16
- PREVENTION
- MANAGEMENT1,5,19
- COMPLICATIONS19–21
- PROGNOSIS
5:Approach to a Child with Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- BASICS OF IMMUNOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- APPROACH TO DIAGNOSIS
- CLINICAL EVALUATION
- LABORATORY EVALUATION
- TREATMENT
- PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS
- PROGNOSIS
PART 2: NEUROLOGY
6:Cerebral Palsy
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- COMORBIDITIES12 (TABLE 6.2)
- CLASSIFICATIONS
- DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
  - What's New in the Management of CP?
- PREVENTION
7:The Ketogenic Diet
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- WHAT IS KETOGENIC DIET?
- POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF ACTION
- INDICATIONS
- CONTRAINDICATIONS
- EXECUTION OF THE DIET
- COMPLICATIONS
- EFFICACY
- VARIANTS OF THE KETOGENIC DIET
- POSITIVE EFFECTS OTHER THAN SEIZURE CONTROL
- INDIAN DATA
- CONTROVERSIES AND FUTURE TRENDS
PART 3: GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY
8:Celiac Disease: Issues and Concerns
- INTRODUCTION
- SEMENTICS/DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETHNICITY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Atypical Celiac Disease (Manifestations)
- DIAGNOSIS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- COMPLICATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
- NEWER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
9:Revisiting Hepatitis B
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL ASPECTS
- GLOBAL BURDEN
- BURDEN IN INDIA
- ETIOLOGIC VIRUS
- TRANSMISSION AND SPREAD
- NATURAL HISTORY AND COURSE7
- FACTORS AFFECTING THE NATURAL COURSE
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- SEROLOGICAL MARKERS8–11
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- COMPLICATIONS
- DIAGNOSIS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
- PREVENTION
  - Vaccine
  - Postexposure Prophylaxis
- PROGNOSIS
10:Hepatocyte Transplantation
- INTRODUCTION
- ADVANTAGES
- INDICATIONS
- ISOLATION OF HUMAN HEPATOCYTES
- EVALUATION OF HEPATOCYTE QUALITY
- CRYOPRESERVATION
- SITES OF HEPATOCYTE ENGRAFTMENT AND CLINICAL TRANSPLANTATION
- CELL LOSS IMMEDIATELY AFTER TRANSPLANTATION
- IMMUNOSUPPRESION
- ALTERNATIVE CELL SOURCES
- TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE LIVER ENGRAFTMENT
  - Partial Embolization of PV
  - Liver Irradiation
11: Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver and Steatohepatitis
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
  - The ‘2-hit Hypothesis’
  - Pathogenesis of NAFLD Different in Children and Adolescents
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- IMAGING
- LIVER HISTOLOGY
  - NASH Type 1 (Adult NASH)
  - NASH Type 2 (Pediatric NASH)
- NATURAL HISTORY
- TREATMENT
PART 4: NUTRITION-RELATED DISORDERS
12: Pediatric Obesity
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
  - Limitations of BMI include–
- CLASSIFICATION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- COMORBIDITY
- ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION
- MANAGEMENT
- PREVENTION
13: Severe Acute Malnutrition
- INTRODUCTION
- MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM
- ETIOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS
- HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV), TUBERCULOSIS AND SAM
- SCREENING FOR SAM
- TREATMENT
- PREVENTION
14: Vitamin D Deficiency and Childhood Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND AND PHYSIOLOGY
- SOURCES OF VITAMIN D
- BLOOD LEVELS OF VITAMIN D
- GLOBAL BURDEN OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY AND INSUFFICIENCY
- VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY AND CHILDHOOD ILLNESSES
- REVISED GUIDELINES FOR RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE OF VITAMIN D
- PREVENTION OF NUTRITIONAL VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY
PART 5: NEPHROLOGY
15: Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- ETIOLOGY
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- NEONATAL ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY (AKI)
- PATHOGENESIS -WHAT'S NEW?
- DIAGNOSIS — ROLE OF BIOMARKERS
- MANAGEMENT
  - Investigations
- TREATMENT
  - Dialysis
  - Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
- LONG TERM OUTCOMES
16: Urinary Tract Infection
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- RISK FACTORS
- CLASSIFICATION AND CLINICAL FEATURES
- COMPLICATIONS
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Urine Culture
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- PREVENTION OF RECURRENT UTI
- PROGNOSIS
17: Idiopathic Steroid-resistant Nephrotic Syndrome: Trends in Management
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
PART 6: HEMATOLOGY
18: Sickle Cell Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- SICKLE CELL TRAIT (HBAS)
- LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
- NEWBORN SCREENING FOR SICKLE CELL DISEASE
- CLINICAL FEATURES AND THEIR SPECIFIC MANAGEMENT
- ROLE OF SPLENECTOMY
- VACCINATIONS IN SCD
- LONG-TERM FOLLOW UP
- SURGERY IN CHILDREN WITH SCD
- NEWER THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS
19: Thalassemia Syndromes
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- STRUCTURE OF HUMAN HEMOGLOBIN
- THE β THALASSEMIAS
- OTHER β-THALASSEMIA VARIANTS
- THE α-THALASSEMIAS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- MANAGEMENT OF THALASSEMIAS
PART 7: CHILD-CENTRIC INITIATIVES
20: National Child Health Programs
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF HEALTH PROGRAMS2
- LEGAL PROVISIONS BY THE STATE
- DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMS
- NUTRITIONAL PROGRAMS
  - The Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS)16
- HEALTH PROGRAMS
PART 8: CARDIOLOGY
21:Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS
  - Host Factors
  - Agent Factors
- DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- DIFFICULTIES IN DIAGNOSIS
- ROLE OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN RESOLVING SOME ISSUES41,44–50
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- TREATMENT
  - Symptomatic Treatment
    - Anti-inflammatory Treatment
  - Treatment of Carditis
- PREVENTION
- THE WAY OUT
PART 9: EMERGENCIES
22:Neonatal Resuscitation Guidelines: What is New?
- INTRODUCTION
- INITIAL RAPID ASSESSMENT
- CONCEPT OF GOLDEN MINUTE
- INITIAL STEPS
- STATE OF OXYGENATION
- POSITIVE-PRESSURE VENTILATION (PPV)
- ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE PLACEMENT
  - Chest Compressions
- MEDICATIONS
- INDUCED THERAPEUTIC HYPOTHERMIA
- GUIDELINES FOR WITHHOLDING AND DISCONTINUING RESUSCITATION
- STRUCTURE OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS TO TEACH NEONATAL RESUSCITATION
23:Dermatological Emergencies
- INTRODUCTION
- STAPHYLOCOCCAL SCALDED SKIN SYNDROME (SSSS)2
- STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME (SJS) AND TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS (TEN)4
- NECROTIZING FASCIITIS7
- PURPURA FULMINANS9
- PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS13
24:Status Epilepticus
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY, ETIOLOGY, AND OUTCOME
- CLASSIFICATION AND CLINICAL FEATURES
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CONSEQUENCES
  - Plasticity versus Vulnerability in the Developing Brain
  - Cognitive Sequelae
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- PROGNOSIS
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS
25:Intracranial Hypertension
- INTRODUCTION
- PHYSIOLOGY OF INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE
  - Cerebral Dynamics Overview2
  - Causes of Intracranial Hypertension3
- NEUROIMAGING5
- NEUROLOGIC INTENSIVE CARE MONITORING
- GENERAL CARE TO MINIMIZE INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION
  - Treatment of Intracranial Hypertension
- ALGORITHM OF MANAGEMENT OF INCREASED INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION8
  - Management of ICP
  - Management Strategies to Decrease ICP and Increase CPP
- ROLE OF SURGERY10
26:Intravenous Fluid Therapy for Critically-ill Children in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
- INTRODUCTION
- PHYSIOLOGY OF FLUID BALANCE
  - Normal Regulation of Fluid Balance
  - Changes in Fluid Balance during Illness
- INDICATIONS FOR FLUID THERAPY
- TRADITIONAL APPROACH TO FLUID THERAPY AND ITS LIMITATIONS
- CURRENT EVIDENCE ON FLUID THERAPY
  - Dextrose in Maintenance of Fluid Therapy
- FLUID THERAPY IN SPECIAL SITUATIONS
  - Fluid Restriction
  - Hyperhydration or Liberal Fluid Therapy
PART 10: CHILD PSYCHIATRY
27:Sleep Disorders in Children and Adolescents
- INTRODUCTION
- ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP (FIG. 27.1)
- NORMAL SLEEP REQUIREMENTS IN DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS
- CLASSIFICATION OF THE SLEEP DISORDERS
- ICD-10
- SLEEP DISORDERS COMMON IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
- EVALUATION OF SLEEP DISORDERS: A CONCLUDING NOTE
28:Eating Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- EATING DISORDERS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
- SCREENING FOR EATING DISORDERS
  - Problems with Eating Disorder Subtypes
- SPECIFIC EATING DISORDERS
- ASSESSMENT
  - A. Basic Laboratory Assessment
  - B. Basic Psychiatric Assessment
- MANAGEMENT
  - Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
PART 11: PEDIATRIC PHARMACOTHERAPY
29:Adverse Drug Reactions
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS
- ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS IN CHILDREN/ADULTS: DIFFERENCES
- RATIONALE
- TYPES/CLASSIFICATION
- MECHANISMS OF ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS IN CHILDREN
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- RISK FACTORS FOR ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS
- ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS IN NEONATES
- DETECTION OF ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS/MONITORING
- REPORTING
- YELLOW CARD SYSTEM
- CAUSALTY ASSESSMENT FOR ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS
- GENETICS OF ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS
- MANAGEMENT
- ANTICANCER DRUGS AND ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS
- COMMONLY USED DRUGS AND ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS
- VACCINES AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
30:Probiotics: Concepts, Concerns and Controversies
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND
  - Human Gut and Microbial Ecosystem
  - Factors Influencing Intestinal Colonization
- HISTORICAL ASPECTS2
- PROBIOTICS AND ALLIED ORGANISMS
- SPECIFICITY OF PROBIOTICS IN DISEASE STATES
- DOSAGE SCHEDULE
- PROBIOTICS IN GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
- PROBIOTICS IN NONGASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
- RECOMMENDATIONS ON THERAPEUTIC EFFECTIVENESS
- SAFETY ISSUES AND ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS
- CURRENT STATUS IN INDIA
31:Newer Antibiotics for Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Other Pathogens
- INTRODUCTION
- LINEZOLID (ZYVOX, ZYVOXID, LINOSPAN)6, 10
- DALBAVANCIN (CUBICIN) AND ORITAVANCIN
- TIGECYCLINE (TYGACIL)6, 13
- TELITHROMYCIN (KETEK)6, 14
- FIFTH-GENERATION CEPHALOSPORINS6,15,16

INDEX

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Chapter Notes