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Anterior & Posterior Segment OCT: Current Technology & Future Applications
Ashok Garg
CHAPTER 1:
Optical Coherence Tomography: Current Technology and Future Applications
CLASSIFICATION OF OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY (OCT)
INTRODUCTION
MECHANISM
Time Domain OCT
Frequency Domain OCT (FD-OCT)
Spatially Encoded Frequency Domain OCT (Spectral Domain or Fourier Domain OCT)
Time Encoded Frequency Domain OCT (Also Swept Source OCT)
SCANNING SCHEMES
Single Point (Confocal) OCT
Parallel (or Full-field) OCT
Smart Detector Array for Parallel TD-OCT
Clinical Applications
Retina
Optic Neuropathies
Anterior Segment
Future Perspectives of OCT
Future Directions
Swept Source Technology
Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography
En-face Imaging
CHAPTER 2:
Fundamentals of Optical Coherence Tomography
INTRODUCTION
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
Principle Characteristics of Optical Coherence Tomography
BASIC SCANNING PROCEDURES
A-scan based B-scan
T-scan based B-scan
C-scan
BASIC OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY VERSIONS
Time Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
Scanning Schemes in Time Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
Simultaneous en face Optical Coherence Tomography and Confocal Imaging
Simultaneous Optical Coherence Tomography and Fluorescence Imaging
Parallel (or Full Field) Optical Coherence Tomography
Smart Detector Array for Parallel Time Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
FREQUENCY DOMAIN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
Comparison of Time Domain Optical Coherence Tomography, Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography, and Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography Techniques
FUNCTIONAL OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography
Oximetry
Differential Absorption Optical Coherence Tomography
Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY MACHINE
Generations of Commercially Available Optical Coherence Tomography Machine
BASICS OF OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY FOR POSTERIOR SEGMENT IMAGING
Procedure
Normal Optical Coherence Tomography Scan of Retina
Color Coding in the Optical Coherence Tomography Scan
Interpretation of Retinal Scan
Macular Scan
Optic Disc Scan
Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Assessment with Optical Coherence Tomography
CONVENTIONAL OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY VERSUS OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY-SCANNING LASER OPHTHALMOSCOPE (OCT-SLO)
LIMITATIONS OF OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
BASICS OF OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY FOR ANTERIOR SEGMENT IMAGING AND BIOMETRY
CHAPTER 3:
Intraoperative Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography in Lamellar Corneal Transplantation Procedures
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 4:
Analyze of the Cut Quality of the Newest Ziemers High Frequency FEMTO LDV Z6 PowerPlus for Femto-assisted Cataract Incisions
INTRODUCTION
METHODS AND PATIENTS
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 5:
Applications of Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography in Refractive Surgery
INTRODUCTION
APPLICATION OF OCT IN CORNEAL REFRACTIVE SURGERY
Early Diagnosis of Keratoconus to Exclude LASIK Procedures
Evaluation of the Flap and Stromal Residual Bed in the Postoperative and Prior to Deciding on a Retreatment
Postoperative LASIK Evaluation
OCT APPLICATIONS IN REFRACTIVE SURGERY WITH PHAKIC IOL
Preoperative Evaluation
Study of the Crystalline Lens Elevation
Postoperative Evaluation
OCT APPLICATIONS IN KERATOCONUS SURGERY: INTRACORNEAL RING SEGMENTS
OCT APPLICATIONS IN REFRACTIVE SURGERY WITH INLAYS
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 6:
Applications of Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography in Keratoconus Management
INTRODUCTION
APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY TECHNOLOGY IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF KERATOCONUS
OCT Applications in Early Keratoconus and Corneal Ectasia Diagnosis
OCT Applications in the Treatment of Keratoconus with Collagen Cross-Linking
OCT Applications in Keratoconus Surgery with Intracorneal Segments and Rings
OCT Application in Keratoconus Grafting Surgery (Penetrating and Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty)
Femtolaser Assisted DALK Surgery
OCT Applications in Keratoconus Follow-up
CHAPTER 7:
Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography in Corneal Disorders
CORNEAL GRAFTING
KERATOPROSTHESIS
PHOTOTHERAPEUTIC KERATECTOMY
DESCEMET'S MEMBRANE DETACHMENT
OCULAR SURFACE LESIONS
DRY EYE SYNDROME
CONTACT LENS FITTING
KERATITIS AND FOLLOWING AMNIOTIC MEMBRANE GRAFTING
CHAPTER 8:
Role of Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography in Corneal Refractive Surgery
INTRODUCTION
PRINCIPLES OF AS-OCT
CORNEAL THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS BY AS-OCT
AS-OCT IN LASIK SURGERY
AS-OCT IN DIAGNOSIS OF KERATOCONUS
AS-OCT IN CORNEAL OPACITIES DETECTION
CHAPTER 9:
Optical Coherence Tomography Assisted Anterior Segment Surgery: A Future Perspective
CHAPTER 10:
Role of Optical Coherence Tomography in Glaucoma Management
INTRODUCTION
RETINAL NERVE FIBER LAYER THICKNESS
MACULAR THICKNESS
OPTIC NERVE HEAD TOPOGRAPHY
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY AND PROGRESSION OF GLAUCOMA
IMAGE QUALITY
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 11:
Clinical Impact of Optical Coherence Tomography Examination for High Frequency Deep Sclerotomy, A Minimal Invasive Glaucoma Procedure
METHODS
OCT FINDINGS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12:
Detecting Glaucoma Progression on Optical Coherence Tomography
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
HOW DOES OCT SCORE OVER PERIMETRY?
HOW DOES OCT DETECT PROGRESSION OF GLAUCOMA?
ROLE OF ASSESSING GANGLION CELL COMPLEX
LIMITATIONS
FUTURE ADVANCEMENTS
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 13:
Spectral Domain OCT: What it has to Offer for Glaucoma Practitioners?
REPRODUCIBILITY
Principle of SD-OCT
GLAUCOMA DIAGNOSTIC CAPABILITY OF SD-OCT
AGREEMENT OF TD-OCT AND SD-OCT IN RNFL THICKNESS MEASUREMENT
AGREEMENT OF DEVICES SD-OCT IN RNFL THICKNESS MEASUREMENT
Macular Ganglion Cells
GLAUCOMATOUS PROGRESSION DETECTION
Scanning the Anterior Segment
Novice Uses: A Subjective Visual Field
Drawbacks
What Lies Ahead?
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 14:
Pitfalls in the Interpretation of Optical Coherence Tomography in Glaucoma
SOURCES OF ARTIFACTS
Acquisition-related Artifacts
Patient/Ocular Pathology-related Artifacts
Machine-related Artifacts
CHAPTER 15:
Optical Coherence Tomography and Glaucoma
INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM STATEMENT
RETINAL NERVE FIBER LAYER OCT
Stratus OCT18
Cirrus HD-OCT13,18
Spectralis
RTVue9,13
Normative Data
RNFL Thickness Correlations
Age and RNFL Thickness
Axial Length, Refractive Error, Myopia and RNFL Thickness
Optic Nerve Head Size
Early Detection of Glaucoma
Bundle Defects and Sectoral RNFL Measurements
Detection of Glaucoma Progression
Detection of Progression with Stratus OCT
Detection of Progression with Cirrus OCT
Detection of Progression with Spectralis OCT
Detection of Progression with RTVue OCT
MACULAR ASSESSMENT FOR GLAUCOMA DETECTION
Cirrus HD-OCT
The RTVue
Spectralis
Progression Detection with Macular OCT
A Combined Approach to Achieve a Clinical Assessment of the ONH
OCT in Pediatric Glaucoma
In the Future
CHAPTER 16:
Optical Coherence Tomography in Neuro-ophthalmology
INTRODUCTION
SCANNING OPTIONS
ROLE OF OCT IN VARIOUS NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY DISORDERS
Structural Lesions
Optic Neuritis and Multiple Sclerosis
Intracranial Tumors and Pseudotumors
Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
Toxic and Optic Neuropathy
Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
Neurologic Disorders
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 17:
Optical Coherence Tomography in Macular Vascular Diseases Management
ARTERIAL OBSTRUCTIVE DISEASE
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
TOMOGRAPHIC FINDINGS
VENOUS OBSTRUCTIVE DISEASE
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION
BRANCH RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION
DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY
TOMOGRAPHIC FINDINGS
CHAPTER 18:
Choroidal Imaging with Optical Coherence Tomography
CHOROID IN HEALTHY PATIENTS
CHOROID IN HIGH MYOPIA
CHOROID IN CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY
CHOROID IN GLAUCOMA
CHOROID IN AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
CHOROID IN MACULAR HOLE
CHOROID IN UVEITIS
CHOROID IN DIABETIC PATIENTS
CHOROID STUDY WITH SWEPT-SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 19:
Optical Coherence Tomography in Vitreomacular Interface Diseases and Macular Hole
INTRODUCTION
STAGES
CASE 1
CASE 2
CASE 3
CHAPTER 20:
Role of Optical Coherence Tomography in Diabetic Macular Edema Management, AMD and Macular Dystrophies
RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION
STARGARDT'S DISEASE
BEST'S DISEASE
X-LINKED CONGENITAL RETINOSCHISIS
CHAPTER 21:
Clinical Value of Optical Coherence Tomography from Vitreoretinal Surgeons Point of View
INTRODUCTION
PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5
Case 6
CHAPTER 22:
Postoperative Optical Coherence Tomography Changes after Macular Hole Surgery
INTRAOPERATIVE CHANGES
EVALUATION OF IMMEDIATE POSTOPERATIVE MACULAR HOLE CLOSURE
ASSESSMENT OF POSTOPERATIVE CHANGES
CHAPTER 23:
Retinal and Choroidal Thickness in High Myopia
RETINA, CHOROID AND SCLERA IN HIGH MYOPIA
VISUAL ACUITY IN HIGH MYOPIA
CHAPTER 24:
Optical Coherence Tomography and Vitreoretinal Interface
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY LEVELS OF VITREORETINAL PATHOLOGIES
STAGES OF POSTERIOR VITREOUS DETACHMENT
V-R Interface Abnormalities
VITREOMACULAR ADHESION
VITREOMACULAR TRACTION
MACULAR HOLE
Optical Coherence Tomography Classification of Macular Hole
PSEUDOHOLE MACULA
LAMELLAR MACULAR HOLE
EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE
Two Optical Coherence Tomography Patterns of Epiretinal Membrane
Epiretinal Membrane with Focal Attachment
ENZYMATIC VITREOLYSIS: A NEW DIMENSION
INTRAOPERATIVE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY: A ROLE IN THE FUTURE?
Cases
CHAPTER 25:
Optical Coherence Tomography in Age-related Macular Degeneration
BACKGROUND
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IN DIAGNOSIS OF AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IN THERAPY OF AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
CHAPTER 26:
Optical Coherence Tomography in Diabetic Retinopathy
BACKGROUND
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IN DIAGNOSIS
Diabetic Macular Edema
VITREOMACULAR TRACTION
PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ROLE IN THERAPY
Diabetic Macular Edema
CHAPTER 27:
Optical Coherence Tomography in Vitreoretinal Interface Disorders
BACKGROUND
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES
VITREOMACULAR TRACTION SYNDROME
EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE
MACULAR HOLE
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ROLE IN THERAPY
Ocriplasmin
PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
CHAPTER 28:
Clinical Use of Optical Coherence Tomography in Management of Vitreoretinal Traction
CHAPTER 29:
Optical Coherence Tomography and Idiopathic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
CHAPTER 30:
Optical Coherence Tomography in Birdshot Chorioretinopathy
REQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS
SUPPORTIVE FINDINGS
EXCLUSION CRITERIA
CHAPTER 31:
Optical Coherence Tomography in Hypertension and Associated Retinal Vascular Disordes
MALIGNANT HYPERTENSION
BRANCH RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION
CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION
BRANCH RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION
CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION
HEMI-CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION
RETINAL ARTERIAL MACROANEURYSM
IDIOPATHIC JUXTAFOVEAL RETINAL TELANGIECTASIA
INDEX
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