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Textbook of Biochemistry & Biophysics for Nurses
Suresh K Sharma
SECTION A: BIOCHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 1:
Introduction to Biochemistry and Cell
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS OF BIOCHEMISTRY
IMPORTANCE OF BIOCHEMISTRY IN NURSING
STRUCTURE OF A CELL
VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF A CELL
I. PLASMA MEMBRANE
Appendages of Plasma Membrane
Functions of Plasma Membrane
II. CYTOSOL
III. ORGANELLES
1. Nucleus
2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
3. Golgi Complex
4. Mitochondria
5. Ribosomes
6. Lysosomes
7. Peroxisomes
8. Centrioles
9. Spindle Fibers
IV. CELL INCLUSIONS
QUESTION
CHAPTER 2:
Water and Electrolytes
INTRODUCTION
WATER
Sources of Water
Properties of Water
Types of Water
Body Water Distribution
Body Fluid Compartments
Functions of Water in Human Body
WATER AND FLUID BALANCE
Sources of Water Intake
Regulation of Water Input
Sources of Water Loss
Regulation of Water Output
ELECTROLYTES OF HUMAN BODY
Sodium
Functions of Sodium
Daily Allowance
Sources of Sodium
Potassium
Functions of Potassium
Daily Allowance
Sources of Potassium
Calcium
Functions of Calcium
Daily Allowance
Sources of Calcium
Magnesium
Functions of Magnesium
Daily Allowance
Sources of Magnesium
Phosphorus
Functions of phosphorus
Daily Allowance
Sources of Phosphorus
Chloride
Functions of Chloride
Daily Allowance
Infants
Children
Adolescents and Adults
Sources of Chloride
ACIDS
Classification of Acids
Properties of Acids
Antidotes for Acids
Functions and Importance of Acids to Nurses
Inorganic acids
Organic acid
BASES
Properties of Bases
Examples of Bases
Antidotes for Bases
Functions of Bases
SALTS
Neutralization
Incompatibility of Salts
BUFFER ACTION IN THE HUMAN BODY
Buffers in the Body
Primary buffer systems
Lungs
Kidneys
QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 3:
Enzymes, Digestion and Absorption
INTRODUCTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENZYMES
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Lock and Key Theory
Induced Fit Theory
FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY
SPECIFICITY OF ENZYMES
NAMING AND CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYMES
DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS
PRECAUTIONS WHILE HANDLING ENZYME PREPARATIONS
DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS AND FATS
Digestion of Carbohydrates
Absorption of Carbohydrates
Digestion of Protein
Absorption of Proteins
Digestion of Lipids
Absorption of Lipids
Basics of Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids Absorption
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
MALABSORPTION SYNDROME
Causes
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 4:
Carbohydrates
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES
1. MONOSACCHARIDES
Isomerism
Chemical Reactions of Monosaccharides
2. DISACCHARIDES
3. OLIGOSACCHARIDES
4. POLYSACCHARIDES
FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES
METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES
GLYCOLYSIS
GLYCOGENOLYSIS
GLUCONEOGENESIS
GLYCOGENESIS
TRICARBOXYLIC ACID (TCA) CYCLE
BLOOD GLUCOSE AND ITS REGULATION
GLYCEMIA
GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST (GTT)
HYPERGLYCEMIA AND DIABETES
HYPOGLYCEMIA
QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 5:
Protein
AMINO ACIDS
CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACIDS
PROPERTIES OF AMINO ACIDS
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
PROTEINS
CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS
I. Protein Classification Based on Chemical Nature and Solubility
II. Classification of Proteins According to Shape and Solubility
III. Classification of Proteins Based on the Functions
STRUCTURE OF PROTEIN
I. Primary Structure of Proteins
II. Secondary Structure of Proteins
III. Tertiary Structure of Proteins
IV. Quarternary Structure of Proteins
FUNCTIONS OF PROTEIN
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Process of Translation
Activation
Initiation
Elongation
Translocation
Termination
Soluble Protein Release Factors
ROLE OF NUCLEIC ACIDS IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Protein synthesis consists of two main events:
METABOLISM OF PROTEINS
CATABOLISM OF AMINO ACIDS
Transamination
Deamination
Ammonia Transport
Formation of Urea
UREA CYCLE
Steps of Urea Cycle
GOUT
Symptoms and Signs of Gout
Treatment of Gout
Prevention of Gout
NITROGENOUS CONSTITUTES OF URINE AND BLOOD
Constituents of Blood
Plasma
PLASMA PROTEINS
Functions of Plasma Proteins
QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 6:
Lipids
INTRODUCTION
FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS
CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS
ROLE OF LIVER IN FAT METABOLISM
BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF IMPORTANT LIPIDS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
I. FATTY ACIDS
Classification of Fatty Acids
Essential Fatty Acids
II. PROSTAGLANDINS
Classification of Prostaglandins
Occurrence of Prostaglandins
Functions of Prostaglandins
III. THROMBOXANES
Classification of Thromboxanes
Occurrence of Thromboxanes
Functions of Thromboxanes
IV. LEUKOTRIENES
Occurrence of Leukotrienes
Functions of Leukotrienes
ALCOHOLS PRESENT IN LIPIDS
CHOLESTEROL AND LIPOPROTEINS
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
GLYCOLIPIDS
LIPOPROTEINS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
METABOLISM OF FATTY ACIDS
QUESTIONS
SECTION B: BIOPHYSICS
CHAPTER 7:
Introduction to Biophysics
INTRODUCTION
MEANING OF BIOPHYSICS
IMPORTANCE OF BIOPHYSICS IN NURSING
Measurement
Motion
Gravity
Center of gravity
Specific gravity
Force
Pressure
Heat
Light and Sound
Electricity
Work and Energy
Molecular Physics
Atomic physics
CONCEPT OF UNITS
FUNDAMENTAL AND DERIVED UNITS
SYSTEMS OF UNITS
FUNDAMENTAL UNITS IN VARIOUS SYSTEMS
Units of Length
Unit of Mass and Weight
Units of Time
QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 8:
Motion
INTRODUCTION
SCALARS AND VECTORS
REST AND MOTION
Types of Motion
SPEED
VELOCITY
Types of Velocity
ACCELERATION
APPLICATIONS OF MOTION IN NURSING
QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 9:
Gravity
INTRODUCTION
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
CENTRE OF GRAVITY
MASS AND WEIGHT
PRINCIPLES OF GRAVITY
Applications of Archimedes' Principle
EFFECTS OF GRAVITATIONAL FORCES ON HUMAN BODY AND APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF GRAVITY IN NURSING
QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 10:
Force, Energy and Work
FORCE
Units of Measurement
NEWTON'S LAW OF MOTION
1. Newton's First Law
2. Newton's Second Law
3. Newton's Third Law
• Frictional Force
• Gravitational Force
FORCES IN THE CIRCULAR MOTION
Uniform Circular Motion
1. Centripetal Force
2. Centrifugal Force
WORK
Measurement of Work
ENERGY
TYPES AND TRANSFORMATION OF ENERGY
ENERGY IN THE BODY
Conservation of Energy
POWER
PRINCIPLES OF MACHINES
EFFICIENCY AND MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE OF A MACHINE
PRINCIPLES OF FRICTION
BODY MECHANICS
Principles of Body Mechanics
SIMPLE MACHINES
LEVER
Lever Action of Jaw
Lever Action of Foot
Lever Action of Forearm
PULLEY
TRACTION
INCLINED PLANE
WEDGE
SCREW
APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF GRAVITY IN NURSING
QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 11:
Heat
INTRODUCTION
NATURE OF HEAT
MEASUREMENT OF HEAT
Advantages of Mercury as the Thermometric Substance
Construction of Mercury Thermometer
TRANSFER OF HEAT
Conduction
Applications of Conductors
Convection
Radiation
Evaporation
EFFECTS OF HEAT ON MATTER
Freezing and Melting Points
Vapor Pressure
Boiling Point
Heat of Fusion
Heat of Solidification
Heat of Vaporization
Heat of Condensation
Heat of Combustion
Sublimation
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
Importance of Relative Humidity
SPECIFIC HEAT
TEMPERATURE SCALES
Clinical Thermometer
REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
USE OF HEAT FOR STERILIZATION
APPLICATION OF HEAT PRINCIPLES IN NURSING
QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 12:
Light
INTRODUCTION
NATURE OF LIGHT
Corpuscular Theory of Light
Failures of Corpuscles theory of light
Wave Theory of Light
Failures of Wave Theory of Light
Quantum Theory of Light
Light at an Interface
LAW OF REFLECTION AND REFRACTION OF LIGHT
Reflection of Light
Refraction of Light
LENSES
Features of Lens
Lenses and Images
THE PHYSICS OF VISION
Structure of Eye
Action of the Eye
Power of Accommodation
Least Distance of Distant Vision
DEFECTS OF VISION AND ITS CORRECTIONS
Hypermetropia or Long Sightedness
Myopia or Short Sightedness
Presbyopi or Far Sightedness
Astigmatism
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE LIGHT
USES OF LIGHT IN THERAPY
Visible Light in Medicine
Infrared Radiation
Thermography
Uses
Ultraviolet Radiation
Uses
Dangers and Precautions
X-RAYS
Types
Units
Uses
PHOTOSENSITIVITY
APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF LIGHT IN NURSING
QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 13:
Pressure and Fluid Mechanics
INTRODUCTION
IMPORTANCE OF PRESSURE IN HUMAN BODY
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Instrument for Measuring Atmospheric Pressure
APPLICATIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
APPLICATIONS OF PASCAL’S LAW
PRESSURE IN FLOWING FLUIDS
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
Measuring Osmotic Pressure
APPLICATIONS OF THE OSMOTIC PRESSURE
MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURES
Arterial Pressure
Measuring Arterial Pressure
Central Venous Pressure
Measuring Central Venous Pressure (CVP)
Intraocular Pressure
Measuring Intraocular Pressure
Intracranial Pressure
Measuring Intracranial Pressure
APPLICATIONS OF THESE PRINCIPLES IN NURSING
QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 14:
Sound Waves
INTRODUCTION
MECHANISM OF PROPAGATION OF WAVES
TYPES OF WAVES
TYPES OF WAVE MOTION
Transverse Wave Motion
Longitudinal Wave Motion or Pressure Wave
SOUND WAVES
SOME IMPORTANT TERMS CONNECTED WITH WAVE MOTION
WAVE PHENOMENON
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND
VOCALIZATION AND HEARING
Vocalization
Hearing
THE DOPPLER EFFECT
APPLICATIONS
Hearing Aids
Stethoscope
Symbalophone
Audiometry
Speech Audiometry
Applications
Sonar Navigation and Ranging
Ultrasonic Sound Waves
Uses of Ultrasound
NOISE POLLUTION AND ITS PREVENTION
Sources of Noise
Human Health Effects of Noise
Prevention of Noise Pollution
QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 15:
Electricity and Electromagnetism
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF ELECTRICITY
ELECTROSTATICS (STATIC ELECTRICITY)
Theory of Electrification
Coulomb's law
Conduction
Examples
Induction
Discharging of Charged Bodies
Applications of Electrostatics
ELECTRODYNAMICS
Current
Battery and Electromotive Force
Resistance
Ohm's law
SOURCES OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
Uses
EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
Radiant Effects
Thermal Effects
Chemical Effects
Mechanical Effects
The Electromagnet
EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY ON THE HUMAN BODY
MAGNETISM
Polarity
Law of Magnetic Force
Magnetic Fields
Characteristics of Magnetic Lines of Force
Magnetic Inductions
Effect of Temperature on Magnet
APPLICATIONS OF THE MAGNET AND MAGNETISM
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG)
Uses of EEG
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY (ECG)
Process of ECG
Technique
Wave Pattern
PHONOCARDIOGRAPHY
ELECTROMYOGRAPHY (EMG)
EMG PATTERN
ELECTROSTIMULATION
ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT)
ELECTRONIC CARDIAC PACEMAKER
BRAIN PACEMAKER
DEFIBRILLATION
AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR
Uses
Mechanism of Operation
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI SCANNING)
Mechanism of Operation and Uses
CAT SCAN
Process
QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 16:
Nuclear Physics
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
Thomson's Atomic Model
Rutherford's Model of an Atom
Main Features
Failures
Bohr's Model of an Atom
Success
Weaknesses
APPLICATIONS
Detection of Radioactivity and Monitoring
CLINICAL USES OF RADIOISOTOPES AND RADIO ELEMENTS
RADIATION PROTECTION LIMITS
Layer 1:3 mrem per year ALARA Objective-Appendix 1 to 10 CFR Part 50
Layer 2:25 mrem per year standard -10 CFR 20.1301 (e)
Layer 3:100 mrem per year limit -10 CFR 20.1301 (a) (1)
INSTRUMENTS USED FOR DETECTION OF IONIZING RADIATION, X-RAYS
QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 17:
Electronics in Nursing
INTRODUCTION
PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONICS
VACCUM TUBES
Phenomenon
Types of Vacuum Tubes
Uses
CAPACITORS
TRANSISTORS
TRANSDUCERS
COMMON ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT USED IN PATIENT CARE
QUESTIONS
INDEX
TOC
Index
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