Section 1
Cardiovascular Anesthesia
1. Each of the following is located in the mediastinum, except the:
- Aorta
- Esophagus
- Heart
- Pancreas
- Trachea
1. d
2. Which of the following is the body cavity that contains the pituitary gland?
- Abdominal
- Cranial
- Pleural
- Spinal
- Thoracic
2. b
3. Which of the following closes and seals off the lower airway during swallowing?
- Alveoli
- Epiglottis
- Larynx
- Uvula
- Vocal cords
3. b
4. Which of the following controls body temperature, sleep, and appetite?
- Adrenal glands
- Hypothalamus
- Pancreas
- Thalamus
- Thyroid gland
4. b
5. Which of the following is a substance that aids the transmission of nerve impulses?
- Acetylcholine
- Cholecystokinin
- Deoxyribose
- Oxytocin
- Prolactin
5. a
6. Where is the sinoatrial node located?
- Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
- Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
- In the interventricular septum
- In the upper wall of the left ventricle
- In the upper wall of the right atrium
6. e
- Carbon dioxide and less oxygen
- Nitrogen and less carbon dioxide
- Oxygen and less carbon dioxide
- Oxygen and less carbon monoxide
- Oxygen and less nitrogen
7. a
8. In the lungs, gas exchange occurs in tiny one-celled air sacs called:
- Alveoli
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Capillaries
- Pleurae
8. a
9. A structure composed of two or more tissues is termed:
- Organ
- Serous membrane
- Complex tissue
- Organ system
9. a
10. The visceral pleura:
- Is the membrane lining surface of the lungs
- Is the membrane lining the wall of the thoracic cavity
- Is the fluid around the lungs
- Is the thinnest portion of the peritoneum
10. a
11. The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following except:
- Arms facing posterior
- Thumbs pointing laterally
- Face pointing anteriorly
- Body standing upright
11. a
12. Which of the following lies fully ipsilateral to the left iliac region?
- Epigastric region
- Left hypochondriac region
- Right inguinal region
- Hypogastric region
12. b
13. The “basic unit of life” is:
- The atom
- Water
- The cell
- The chemical level of organization
13. a
14. A homeostatic imbalance:
- Must be restored by negative feedback mechanisms
- Is considered the cause of most diseases
- Is when the internal conditions of the body become more stable
- Only occur when positive feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed
14. b
15. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of life?
- Growth
- Responsiveness
- Reproduction
- Organ systems
15. d
16. The sum of all chemical reactions in the body is termed:
- Homeostasis
- Physiology
- Dynamic feedback
- Metabolism
16. d
17. A vertical plane through the body dividing it into right and left is termed:
- Sagittal
- Lateral
- Transverse
- Frontal
17. a
- Measuring the length of the femur on a fetus using ultrasound
- Locating an injury to a tendon in the shoulder using CT imaging
- Describing the process of how a toxin interferes with nerve impulse conduction
- Identifying the types of cells found in a biopsy sample of lung tissue
18. c
19. The elbow is __________ to the wrist:
- Distal
- Lateral
- Ventral
- Proximal
19. d
20. The heart is ____ to the lungs:
- Superior
- Dorsal
- Medial
- Lateral
20. c
21. What is the function of serous membranes?
- To prevent fluid loss from an organ
- To reduce friction between internal organs
- To circulate blood around the organ
- To conserve heat within the organ
21. b
22. Histology is the study of:
- Cells and membranes
- Skin
- Organs and organ systems
- Tissues
22. d
23. Which of the following involves the injection of radioisotopes into the body?
- Radiography
- PET
- Plain CT scan
- Echocardiograph
23. a
24. ________ occurs when carbon dioxide is eliminated faster than it is produced.
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Respiratory acidosis
- Metabolic acidosis
- Metabolic alkalosis
24. a
25. The most important ECF buffer of HCl is ________.
- CO2
- Sodium bicarbonate
- Heparin
- Progesterone
25. b
26. Molecules that can act reversibly as acids or bases depending upon the pH of their environment are called ________.
- Amphoteric
- Phosphoric
- Buffer
- Acidotic
26. a
27. Arterial blood pH below 7.35. is called ________.
- Alkalosis
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Acidemia or acidosis
- Respiratory acidosis
27. c
28. ________ reduces blood.
- Atrial natriuretic peptide
- Brain natriuretic peptide
- Procalcitonin
- Rennin
28. a
429. When the blood becomes hypertonic (too many solutes), ADH is released. What is the effect of ADH on the kidney tubules?
- The release of ADH causes the kidney tubules to reabsorb excess water, resulting in the excretion of concentrated urine.
- Excretion of dilute urine
- Acidosis
- Alkalosis
29. a
30. Only ________ muscle cells are always multinucleated.
- Skeletal
- Gastric
- Cardiac
- Neural
30. a
31. The time in which cross bridges are active is called the period of ________.
- Relaxation
- Contraction
- Insertion
- Excursion
31. b
32. Only ________ muscle cells commonly branch.
- Skeletal
- Cardiac
- Neural
- Gastric
32. b
33. A smooth, sustained contraction is called ________.
- Tetanus
- Relaxation
- Contraction
- Limping
33. a
34. The AV node is found near which two valves?
- MV and AV
- MV and TV
- MV and PV
- AV and PV
34. b
35. The blood supply to the AV node is:
- Branch of RCA
- Branch of LAD
- Branch of LM artery
- Branch of circumflex
35. b
36. The duration of action potential from the SA node to the ventricular muscle is:
- 1-2. ms
- 4-5. ms
- 200-300. ms
- 300-400. ms
36. d
37. The automatic innervations of the heart is from the:
- Stellagate ganglion alone
- Vagus nerve alone
- Both stellate ganglion and vagus
- None of the above
37. c
38. Noradrenaline binds to which receptors on pacemaker cells of SA node to enhance Ca2+ influx:
- α1 receptors
- β1 receptors
- α2 receptors
- β2 receptors
38. b
39. The AP conduction velocities in the cardiac conduction system across the different tissues of the heart is maximum for:
- SA Node
- AV node
- Purkinje system
- Bundle of HIS
39. c
540. The concentration of Ca2+ in the ECF and the SR is __________ than the concentration in cardiomyocyte cytoplasm:
- Greater than 10,000
- Less than 10,000
- Same
- None of the above
40. a
41. In a pressure volume loop relationship in a cardiac cycle, the area under the curve represents:
- Cardiac output
- Oxygen delivery
- Stroke work
- Peripheral resk
41. c
42. M1, M2, M3 receptors are related to:
- Epinephrine
- Norepinephrine
- Acetylcholine
- Dopamine
42. c
43. Under physiological conditions both noradrenaline and adrenaline mediate coronary vasodilation due to their:
- β1. effect
- β2. effect
- α1. effect
- α2. effect
43. a
44. Acetylcholine is a potent coronary:
- Vasodilator
- Vasoconstrictor
- Both
- None of the above
44. a
45. Control of microcirculation is heterogenous between different vascular microdomain and is modulated by all, except:
- Endothelial
- Metabolic
- Neurogenic
- Nonmyogenic
45. d
46. Flow dependent vasodilation of intermediate arteriols and small arteries (140-300 µm):
- ↑ coronary blood flow
- ↑oxygen supply
- Both the above
- None of the above
46. c
47. “Snow storm” appearance is a USG finding seen in:
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Hydatidiform mole
- PCOD
- Incomplete abortion
47. d
48. According to WHO, low birth weight means weight less than:
- 1. kg
- 2. kg
- 2.5. kg
- 3. kg
48. c
49. All of the following are morphologic features of apoptosis except:
- Cell shrinkage
- Chromatin condensation
- Inflammation
- Apoptotic bodies
49. c
50. All of the following are true about internal jugular vein except:
- Inferior thyroid vein drains into it
- Superior thyroid vein drains into it
- Vagus nerve is posteromedial to it in carotid sheath
- Use by the surgeon as a guide in neck dissection for lymph node removal
50. a
51. Best investigation to detect pneumoperitoneum is:
- Plain X-ray abdomen, erect
- Left lateral decubitus
- Plain X-ray chest, erect
- CT Scan
51. c
- Glucagon
- Isoproterenol
- Atropine
- Dopamine
52. a
53. Blood agar is an example of:
- Enrichment media
- Enriched media
- Selective media
- Transport media
53. b
54. Myocardial oxygen demand is maximally increased with:
- Halothane
- Ether
- TCE
- N2O
54. a
55. Fast anterograde transport occurs at a rate of about:
- 40. mm/day
- 400. mm/day
- 1. mm/day
- 10. mm/day
55. b
56. The resting cardiac muscle cell is most permeable to:
- Na
- K
- Ca
- Cl
56. b
57. The membrane potential of cardiac muscle cells is most affected by even a small change in plasma concentration of:
- Na
- K
- Cl
- Ca
57. b
58. Hypokalemia would be expected to result in:
- Increased neuronal excitability
- A more negative RMP
- No change in RMP
- A decrease in firing level of neurons
58. b
59. The number of Na channels per square micrometer of membrane in myelinated mammalian neurons is maximum in the:
- Cell body
- Dendritic zone
- Initial segment
- Node of Ranvier
59. d
60. The site of origin in the nerve of conducted impulses is the:
- Dendritic zone
- Axon hillock
- Node of Ranvier
- Terminal buttons
60. b
61. In motor neurons, the portion of the cell with the lowest threshold for the production of a fullfledged action potential is:
- Initial segment
- Soma
- Dendritic zone
- Node of Ranvier
61. a
62. Action potential conduction velocity is influenced by:
- Axon diameter
- Temperature
- Myelination
- All of the above
62. d
63. In the CNS, the membranes that wrap around myelinated neurons are those of:
- Schwann cells
- Oligodendroglia
- Endothelial cells
- Astrocytes
63. b
764. When heart rate is about 75. beats/min, the duration of absolute refractory period of cardiac muscle is:
- 5. ms
- 25. ms
- 200. ms
- 250. ms
64. a
65. When heart rate is about 75. beats per minute, what is the mean duration of action potential in ventricular muscle cells?
- 5. ms
- 25. ms
- 200. ms
- 250. ms
65. d
66. The force of muscle contraction cannot be increased by:
- Increasing the frequency of activation of motor units
- Increasing the number of motor units activated
- Increasing the amplitude of action potentials in motor neurons
- Recruiting larger motor units
66. c
67. An excitable cell has an RMP of -70. mV and a firing level of - 50. mV. This cell would be inexcitable when its membrane potential is:
- - 30. mV
- - 55. mV
- - 70. mV
- - 90. mV
67. a
68. For the same conditions (as in the above question), the cell would be most excitable when its membrane potential is:
- - 30. mV
- - 55. mV
- - 70. mV
- - 90. mV
68. b
69. Although the equilibrium potential of Na is + 60. mV, the membrane potential does not reach this value during the overshoot because:
- The concentration gradient of Na is reversed
- Na channels undergo rapid inactivation
- K efflux commences immediately after the upstroke
- The membrane is impermeable to Na
69. d
70. Which one of the following statements about electrotonic potentials is incorrect?
- They are graded responses
- They are local (non-propagated) responses
- They may be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing
- They are produced by a threshold stimulus
70. b
71. Thin filaments do not contain:
- Actin
- Myosin
- Troponin
- Tropomyosin
71. b
72. The ATPase activity of which of the following proteins is altered to regulate skeletal muscle contraction?
- Actin
- Myosin
- Troponin
- Tropomyosin
72. b
73. The activity of which contractile protein is altered to regulate smooth muscle contraction?
- Actin
- Myosin
- Calmodulin
- Tropomyosin
- All of the above
73. c
- Actin
- Myosin
- Troponin
- Tropomyosin
74. a
75. An example for non-syncytial smooth muscle is:
- Iris
- Sphincter of Oddi
- Vas deferens
- Uterus
75. a
76. The twitch duration in fast type skeletal muscle fibers is about:
- 10. ms
- 50. ms
- 100. ms
- 250. ms
76. d
77. The major source of calcium for contraction of skeletal muscle is:
- ECF
- Cytosol
- Mitochondria
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
77. c
78. Ryanodine receptor is located in the:
- Sarcolemma
- T-tubule
- Terminal cisterns of sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Cytosol
78. a
79. Which of the following blocks the ryanodine receptor?
- Dantrolene
- Curare
- Cocaine
- Hexamethonium
- All of the above
79. e
80. Which of the following slow the relaxation process in skeletal muscle?
- Slow myosin ATPase
- Inhibition of Ca-Mg ATPase
- ATP depletion
- None of the above
80. b
81. Rigor mortis is due to:
- Damage to actin and myosin
- Rapid sequestration of Ca in ER
- Increased myosin ATPase
- ATP depletion
81. a
82. Staircase phenomenon (Treppe) is due to:
- Increased availability of calcium
- Summation
- Tetanus
- Increased excitability
82. c
83. Which of the following statements regarding type I muscle fibers is incorrect?
- They are rich in myoglobin
- Their oxidative capacity is high
- Their myosin ATPase activity is high
- Their glycolytic capacity is moderate
83. a
84. Which of the following is incorrect about type II muscle fibers?
- They are called slow fibers
- Their myosin ATPase activity is high
- They contain little myoglobin
- They are rich in glycolytic enzymes
84. c
- Contraction against a constant load with approximation of the ends of the muscle is called isotonic contraction
- Contraction can occur without an appreciable decrease in the length of the muscle
- Isometric contractions do work whereas isotonic contractions do not
- Muscles can lengthen while doing work
85. d
86. The smallest amount of muscle that can contract in response to excitation of a single motor neuron is
- 1. muscle fiber
- A muscle fasciculus
- The entire muscle
- All muscle fibers supplied by that neuron
86. c
87. The size of the motor unit is smallest in
- Type II muscle fibers
- Single-unit smooth muscle
- Orbicularis oculi
- Soleus
87. c
88. Gradation of force in skeletal muscle is not achieved by
- Increasing intracellular calcium
- Recruitment of motor units
- Size principle
- Asynchronous firing of motor units
- Varying release of calcium from SR
88. b
89. Regarding the ionic basis of action potential in cardiac muscle cells, which one of the following is incorrect?
- Phase 0: Na influx
- Phase 1: K influx
- Phase 2: Ca influx
- Phase 3: K efflux
89. c
90. When heart rate is about 75. beats/min, the duration of absolute refractory period of cardiac muscle is
- 50. ms
- 100. ms
- 200. ms
- 300. ms
90. c
91. When heart rate is about 75. beats/min, the duration of ventricular systole is about
- 1. s
- 2. s
- 3. s
- 0.5. s
91. a
92. Which of the following muscle types is the ‘fastest’?
- Skeletal muscle
- Smooth muscle
- Cardiac muscle
92. c
93. Which of the following characteristics is exhibited only by skeletal muscle?
- Gradation of force production
- Refractoriness
- Beneficial effect
- Staircase phenomenon
- None of the above
93. b
94. Non-linearity of length-tension relationship is most evident in:
- Skeletal muscle
- Smooth muscle
- Cardiac muscle
94. c
- 100. mL
- 200. mL
- 300. mL
- 400. mL
95. b
96. The latch-bridge mechanism in smooth muscle is responsible for:
- Fast muscle twitch
- Sustained muscle contraction
- Excitation-contraction coupling
- Unstable membrane potential
96. a
97. The minimum stimulus strength that produces a compound action potential in nerve or muscle is:
- Rheobase
- Chronaxie
- Twice rheobase
- Twice chronaxie
97. a
98. Which one of the following accelerates contraction as well as relaxation of heart muscle?
- Norepinephrine
- Calcium
- Digoxin
- Potassium
98. b
99. Which of the following statements about cardiac muscle is incorrect?
- Summation cannot occur
- It is a ‘fast’ muscle
- Slow myosin ATPase activity
- It contains myoglobin
99. c
100. Which nerve fiber type is most susceptible to conduction block by local anesthetics?
- Type A
- Type B
- Type C
- Type D
100. c