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Atlas of Operative Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery: Head and Neck Surgery (Volume 5)
Bachi T Hathiram, Vicky S Khattar
CHAPTER 149:
The Surgical Technique of Tonsillectomy
INDICATIONS FOR THE SURGERY
SPECIFIC PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS
SURGICAL STEPS
NEWER MODIFICATION IN THE SURGERY
COMPLICATIONS
SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS USED FOR THE SURGERY
CHAPTER 150:
Surgery of Oral Submucous Fibrosis
INTRODUCTION
INDICATIONS FOR THE SURGERY
SPECIFIC PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS
SURGICAL STEPS
Tongue Flaps
Nasolabial Flaps
Palatal Flaps
Fat Flap
Mandibular Mucoperiosteal Flap
Platysma Myocutaneous Flap
COMPLICATIONS OF TRISMUS SURGERY
Pain
Recurrence of Trismus
SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS USED FOR THE SURGERY
NEW TECHNIQUES AND OTHER TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR THE SAME CONDITION
CHAPTER 151:
Excision of the Submandibular Salivary Gland
INTRODUCTION
INDICATIONS FOR THE SURGERY
SPECIFIC PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS
SURGICAL STEPS
COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 152:
The Surgical Technique of Transoral Robotic Surgery
INTRODUCTION
SPECIFIC PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
Anatomy of Oropharynx
Lateral Oropharynx and Palatine Tonsils
Vessels and Nerves of the Tonsillar Fossae
Lymphatics of Tonsillar Fossa
Base of Tongue
Vessels and Nerves of the Base of Tongue
Lymphatics of the Base of Tongue
SURGICAL STEPS
Transoral Robotic Surgery for Oropharyngeal Cancer
Lateral Oropharyngectomy
Transoral Robotic Surgery for Base of the Tongue Cancer
Neck Dissection
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 153:
Coblation-Assisted Procedures for Snoring and Sleep Apnea
INTRODUCTION
SURGICAL INDICATIONS1
CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR SURGERY1
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP APNEA SURGERIES
ADVANTAGES OF COBLATION IN OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA SURGERIES
COBLATION PROCEDURES
Coblation Tonsillectomy
Indications
Advantages
Operative Technique
Intracapsular Tonsillectomy (Tonsillotomy)
Indications
Advantages
Operative Technique
Coblation Adenoidectomy
Indications
Advantages
Operative Technique
Coblation-Assisted Upper Airway Procedure
Indications
Advantages
Operative Technique
Coblation of the Salpingopharyngeal Folds
Indications
Advantages
Operative Technique (Fig. 4)
Coblation Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
Indications
Advantages
Operative Technique
Coblation Midline Glossectomy
Indications
Advantages
Operative Technique
Submucosal Midline Endoscopic Lingual Base Lysis
Indications
Advantages
Operative Technique (Fig. 5)
CHAPTER 154:
Sialendoscopy
INTRODUCTION
INDICATIONS
Diagnostic
Therapeutic
CONTRAINDICATIONS
PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS
INSTRUMENTATION FOR SIALENDOSCOPY
Modular Sialendoscope (Fig. 4)
TECHNIQUE OF SIALENDOSCOPY
DIAGNOSTIC SIALENDOSCOPY
INTERVENTIONAL SIALENDOSCOPY
Dilatation of Stenoses and Strictures
SIALENDOSCOPIC MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC SIALADENITIS AND RECURRENT JUVENILE PAROTITIS
COMPLICATIONS
LIMITATIONS OF SIALENDOSCOPY
CHAPTER 155:
The Endoscopic Intraoral Approach to the Submandibular Salivary Gland Resection
INTRODUCTION
INDICATION FOR THE SURGERY
SPECIFIC PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
Anatomical Details
Operative Technique
SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS USED FOR THE SURGERY
COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 156:
Transoral LASER Microsurgery for Malignancies of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract
INTRODUCTION
History
Technique and Concepts
ONCOLOGIC OUTCOMES
Larynx
Glottis
Supraglottis
Hypopharynx
Oropharynx and Oral Cavity
Neck Management
Salvage Transoral LASER Microsurgery
FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES
General Functional Advantages of Transoral LASER Microsurgery
Preoperative Planning
SITE-SPECIFIC FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES AND THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS
Overview
Oral Cavity
Oropharynx and Hypopharynx
Larynx
Glottis
Supraglottis
Summary of Functional Outcomes
COMPLICATIONS
CONCLUSION
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 157:
Endoscopic Management of Zenker's Diverticulum
INTRODUCTION
INDICATIONS FOR THE SURGERY
EVOLUTION OF SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
SURGICAL STEPS
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 158:
Oncological Outcome of Transoral LASER Surgery in Laryngeal Carcinomas
INTRODUCTION
PATIENTS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 159:
Tracheostomy in Head and Neck Cancers
HISTORICAL REVIEW
CLASSIFICATION
INDICATIONS
Indications of Tracheostomy
Indications due to Pathology of the Larynx (Intrinsic)
Extrinsic Indications
Other Indications
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Types of Tracheostomy Tubes
PROCEDURE
Preprocedure Preparation
POSTOPERATIVE CARE/TRACHEOSTOMY CARE
Decannulation
Sequelae
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PERFORMING A TRACHEOSTOMY IN A PATIENT WITH HEAD AND NECK MALIGNANCY
COMPLICATIONS
Immediate Complications
Delayed Complications
Pneumothorax and Pyopneumothorax
Late Complications
A FEW WORDS OF CAUTION WHEN PERFORMING A TRACHEOSTOMY IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN
PERCUTANEOUS TRACHEOSTOMY
CRICOTHYROIDOTOMY
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 160:
Endoscopic Cricopharyngeal Myotomy
INTRODUCTION
INDICATIONS FOR THE SURGERY
CONTRAINDICATIONS
SURGICAL STEPS
COMPLICATIONS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 161:
Superficial and Total Parotidectomy
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS AND INDICATIONS
Superficial Parotidectomy
Deep Parotidectomy
Superficial Parotidectomy with Partial Deep Lobe Resection
Superficial Parotidectomy with Total Deep Lobe Resection
Isolated Deep Parotidectomy
Extended Total Parotidectomy
SURGICAL ANATOMY
Related Fascia
VASCULAR ANATOMY
LYMPHATIC ANATOMY
NEURAL ANATOMY
PAROTID DUCT
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
Preparation
Incisions and Flap Elevation
Deeper Dissection
Facial Nerve Mobilization
Removal of the Superficial Gland
Deep Parotidectomy
Total Parotidectomy with Facial Nerve Sacrifice
Resection of Adjacent Structures and Reconstruction
Postoperative Care
KEY PEARLS
CHAPTER 162:
Surgery of Thyroid
INTRODUCTION
INDICATIONS FOR THE SURGERY
SPECIFIC PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS
SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
Positioning and Draping
Skin Incision
Development of Skin Flaps
Exposure of Strap Muscles
Middle Thyroid Vein
Superior Thyroid Pole, Superior Thyroid Vessels and Superior Laryngeal Nerve
Inferior Dissection
Dissection of the Thyroid Lobe (Capsular Approach)
Identification and Preservation of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
NEW TECHNIQUES IN THE SURGERY
Recent Advances
COMPLICATIONS
SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS USED FOR THE SURGERY
CHAPTER 163:
The Surgical Technique of Thyroidectomy
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
INDICATIONS FOR THE SURGERY
SPECIFIC PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS
SURGICAL STEPS
Preoperative
Minimally Invasive Nonendoscopic Thyroidectomy
Minimally Invasive Video Assisted Thyroidectomy
Postoperative Care
NEW TECHNIQUES IN THE SURGERY
New Advances
SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS USED FOR THE SURGERY
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 164:
The Surgical Management of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
INDICATIONS FOR THE SURGERY
SPECIFIC PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS
SURGICAL STEPS
NEW TECHNIQUE/MODIFICATION IN THE SURGERY
COMPLICATIONS
SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS
OTHER TREATMENT OPTIONS
CHAPTER 165:
Parathyroidectomy
INDICATIONS FOR PARATHYROIDECTOMY
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Pathology
Parathyroid Adenoma
Primary Parathyroid Hyperplasia
Parathyroid Carcinoma
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
SPECIFIC PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
Signs and Symptoms
Laboratory Tests
Localization Studies
ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS
SURGICAL STEPS
Surgical Techniques for Parathyroidectomy
Patient Positioning
Bilateral Neck Exploration
Minimally-Invasive Targeted Parathyroidectomy
Inferior Parathyroids
Superior Parathyroids
Mediastinal Parathyroid Adenoma
Partial Sternotomy
Complete Median Sternotomy
Thoracic Approach
NEW TECHNIQUES IN THE SURGERY
Intraoperative Adjuvant Techniques Confirming Adequate Resection
Intraoperative Quick Parathyroid Hormone Assay
Intraoperative Nuclear Mapping
COMPLICATIONS
Postoperative Hypocalcemia
Recurrent Nerve Injury
Persistent Disease
Superior Laryngeal Nerve Injury
Hematoma and Wound Infection
SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS USED FOR THE SURGERY
OTHER TREATMENT OPTIONS AVAILABLE FOR THE SAME CONDITION
CHAPTER 166:
The Management of the Parathyroid Glands During Thyroid Surgery
HISTORY AND BACKGROUND
INDICATIONS FOR THE SURGERY
SURGICAL ANATOMY
EMBRYOLOGY AND LOCATION
COMPLICATIONS OF PARATHYROID GLAND SURGERY
SPECIFIC PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION AND CONSIDERATIONS
SURGICAL STEPS FOR TOTAL THYROIDECTOMY AND PARATHYROID GLAND PRESERVATION
Surgical Techniques for Parathyroid Gland Identification
Inadvertent Parathyroidectomy or Failure to Identify Normal Glands
Fine Points of the Surgery
Methods for Evaluating Parathyroid Gland Viability
Anesthetic Considerations
New Techniques
Parathyroid Gland Autotransplantation
MANAGEMENT OF POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS: HYPOPARATHYROIDISM AND HYPOCALCEMIA
CHAPTER 167:
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
INTRODUCTION
EMBRYOLOGY AND CLINICAL FEATURES
Embryology
Common Presentations
INDICATIONS OF SURGERY
PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
ANESTHESIA CONSIDERATIONS
STEPS OF SURGERY
Sistrunk's Operation
Thyroglossal Cyst Mimicking a Plunging Ranula
Recurrent Thyroglossal Cyst
COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATIONS
Perioperative
Late
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 168:
The Surgical Management of Branchial Cyst and Fistula
INTRODUCTION
SPECIFIC INVESTIGATIONS
INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY
PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATION
SURGICAL STEPS
Branchial Cyst (Figs 1 and 2)
Branchial Fistula (Figs 3 to 17)
Bilateral Branchial Fistulae (Figs 18 to 22)
OTHER MODALITIES OF TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATIONS
Intraoperative Complications
Postoperative Complications
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 169:
Surgical Management of Thyroglossal Duct Malignancy
INTRODUCTION
EMBRYOLOGY
INDICATIONS OF SURGERY
PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATION
SURGICAL STEPS
Sistrunk's Operation
COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATIONS
Perioperative
Late
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 170:
Maxillectomy
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF MAXILLECTOMY
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATION
PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION
POSITION AND ANESTHESIA
SURGICAL STEPS
Incision Planning
Gingival Incision
Facial Flap Elevation
Palatal Incision
Preserving Orbit
Bony Cuts
TOTAL MAXILLECTOMY WITH ORBITAL EXENTERATION
MANAGEMENT OF ORBITAL DEFECT
Management of Airway
RECONSTRUCTION OF DEFECT
Postoperative Complications
POSTOPERATIVE CARE FOLLOWING MAXILLECTOMY
CHAPTER 171:
The Surgical Technique of Mandibular Swing
INTRODUCTION
INDICATIONS FOR THE SURGERY
SPECIFIC PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS
SURGICAL STEPS (FIGS 3 TO 6)
ANY NEWER TECHNIQUE/MODIFICATION IN THE SURGERY SUGGESTED
COMPLICATIONS
OTHER TREATMENT OPTIONS AVAILABLE FOR THE SAME CONDITION
CHAPTER 172:
The Surgical Technique of Maxillary Swing
INTRODUCTION
INDICATIONS FOR THE SURGERY (FIGS 1A TO E)
SPECIFIC PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS
SURGICAL STEPS
ANY NEWER TECHNIQUE/MODIFICATION IN THE SURGERY SUGGESTED
COMPLICATIONS
SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS USED FOR THE SURGERY
OTHER TREATMENT OPTIONS AVAILABLE FOR THE SAME CONDITION
CHAPTER 173:
Radical Neck Dissection
SURGICAL STEPS
Position
Incision
Raising the Flaps
Dissection
Preserving the XI Nerve
Ligation of the Internal Jugular Vein
Lower End of Dissection
Drains
Closure
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 174:
Parapharyngeal Space Tumors
INTRODUCTION
ANATOMY
INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY
SPECIFIC PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
SURGICAL STEPS
Using the Transoral Approach
COMPLICATIONS
OTHER TREATMENT OPTIONS AVAILABLE FOR THE SAME CONDITION
CHAPTER 175:
Parapharyngeal Space Tumors
INTRODUCTION
SPECIFIC PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
Treatment
Preoperative Embolization
SURGICAL STEPS
Surgical Approaches
Transoral Approach
Transcervical Approach
Transparotid-Transcervical Approach
Transmandibular Approaches
Orbitozygomatic Middle Fossa Approach
Reconstructive Considerations
COMPLICATIONS
OTHER TREATMENT OPTIONS AVAILABLE FOR THE SAME CONDITION
CHAPTER 176:
Parapharyngeal Space Tumors
INTRODUCTION
SPECIFIC PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATION
SURGICAL STEPS
Pre-Styloid and Post-Styloid Neurogenic/Salivary Gland Tumors (Free from Tail of Parotid)
Carotid Body Tumors
Transcervical Approach
COMPLICATIONS
OTHER TREATMENT OPTIONS AVAILABLE FOR THE SAME CONDITION
CHAPTER 177:
Treatment Decision in the Management of Laryngeal Cancer: An Overview
INTRODUCTION
EARLY LARYNGEAL CANCER (T1/T2)
T1 Glottic Cancer
T2 Glottic Cancer
SUPRAGLOTTIC CANCER (T1/T2)
ADVANCED LARYNGEAL CANCER (T3/T4a)
CONCLUSION
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 178:
Transoral LASER Assisted Open Vertical Partial Laryngectomy
INTRODUCTION
VERTICAL PARTIAL LARYNGECTOMY
INDICATIONS
LIMITATIONS
SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS
PROCEDURE OF TRANSORAL LASER ASSISTED OPEN VERTICAL PARTIAL LARYNGECTOMY
RECONSTRUCTION
Reattachment of the Remnant Vocal Cord
The Mucosal Defect
Reconstruction of the Resected Arytenoid
PREVENTION OF WEB FORMATION
POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
COMPLICATIONS
Reactionary Hemorrhage
Laryngeal Stenosis and Delayed Decannulation
Aspiration
Cartilage Necrosis
Surgical Emphysema
Voice Quality Issues
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 179:
Supracricoid Partial Laryngectomy: The Second Coming
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
THE CONCEPT
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
PREREQUISITES/WORKUP
SURGICAL PROCEDURE
Key Surgical Points
COMMENTS
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 180:
Near-Total Laryngectomy
INTRODUCTION
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
SURGICAL STEPS
Neck Dissection
Near-Total Laryngectomy
Dividing the Infrahyoid Strap Muscles
Exposure of the Hyoid and Thyroid Cartilage
Airway Transfer and Laryngeal Entry
Inspection of the Midline Laryngopharyngeal Mucosa and Thyroid Cartilage Division
Mucosal Cuts Circumscribing the Disease
Cricoid Cartilage Division in Midline
Preparing the Cricotracheal Mucosa for the Shunt
Near-Total Shunt Creation
NEOPHARYNX
Maturing the Tracheostome
POSTOPERATIVE CARE
ORAL INTAKE AND VOICING
CONCLUSION
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 181:
Total Laryngectomy
HISTORY
INDICATIONS FOR TOTAL LARYNGECTOMY
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
COMPLICATIONS
POSTLARYNGECTOMY REHABILITATION
MANAGEMENT OF STOMA
RECURRENCE
OUTCOMES/SURVIVAL
POSTLARYNGECTOMY QUALITY OF LIFE
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 182:
Voice Rehabilitation after Laryngectomy
SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
Secondary Tracheoesophageal Puncture
Primary Tracheoesophageal Puncture
POSTOPERATIVE REHABILITATION AND COMPLICATIONS
Voice-Limiting Pharyngoesophageal Spasm
Prosthesis Migration and Leakage
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 183:
Complications in Head and Neck Surgery
INTRODUCTION
DURING NECK DISSECTION
INCISION PLANNING AND SKIN FLAP NECROSIS
Nerve Trauma
Greater Auricular Nerve
Marginal Mandibular Nerve
Spinal Accessory Nerve
Vascular Complications
Intraoperative and Reactive Hemorrhage
Secondary Hemorrhage
THORACIC DUCT INJURY
DURING THYROIDECTOMY
Laryngeal Nerve Injury
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
External Branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve
Vascular Injury
Parathyroid Injury
DURING PAROTIDECTOMY
Facial Nerve Injury
FOLLOWING LARYNGECTOMY
Pharyngocutaneous Fistula
FLAP COMPLICATIONS
Pedicled Flaps
Free Flaps
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 184:
Principles of Skull Base Reconstruction after Ablative Head and Neck Cancer Surgery
INTRODUCTION
PATIENT-BASED APPROACH TO RECONSTRUCTION
DEFECT-BASED APPROACH TO RECONSTRUCTION
Scalp and Forehead Defects
Calvarial and Dural Defects
Defects of the Anterior Skull Base
Defects of the Lateral Skull Base
Defects of the Midface
Defects of the Orbit
Defects of the Sinuses and Nasal Cavity
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 185:
Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Reconstruction
INDICATIONS FOR THE SURGERY
SPECIFIC PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
SURGICAL STEPS (ORAL CAVITY RECONSTRUCTION)
Tongue
Buccal Mucosa
Floor of Mouth, Alveolar Ridge and Retromolar Trigon
Lip
Mandible
SURGICAL STEPS (OROPHARYNGEAL RECONSTRUCTION)
Lateral Oropharyngeal Wall, Soft Palate
Posterior Oropharyngeal Wall
Tongue Base/Vallecula
NEW TECHNIQUES IN THE SURGERY
CHAPTER 186:
Free Radial Forearm Flap
SPECIFIC PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
SURGICAL STEPS (HARVESTING TECHNIQUE)
CHAPTER 187:
Rectus Abdominis Free Flap
SPECIFIC PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
SURGICAL STEPS (HARVESTING TECHNIQUE)
CHAPTER 188:
Free Fibula Osteocutaneous Flap
SPECIFIC PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
General Considerations
SURGICAL STEPS
Harvesting Technique
CHAPTER 189:
Free and Pedicled Latissimus Dorsi Flap
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIFIC PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
CHAPTER 190:
Infrahyoid Fascio-Myocutaneous Flap
SPECIFIC PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
SURGICAL STEPS
Harvesting Technique
CHAPTER 191:
Temporal Myofascial Flap
SPECIFIC PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
SURGICAL STEPS (HARVESTING TECHNIQUE)
CHAPTER 192:
Pectoralis Major Flap
SPECIFIC PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
SURGICAL STEPS
Harvesting Technique
CHAPTER 193:
Facial Artery Musculomucosal Flap
SPECIFIC PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
SURGICAL STEPS
Harvesting Technique
CHAPTER 194:
Transoral Robotic Surgery—Radical Tonsillectomy
INTRODUCTION
INDICATIONS FOR THE SURGERY
SPECIFIC PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
Clinical Evaluation
Laboratory Studies
Imaging Studies
Technical Considerations
ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS
SURGICAL STEPS
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
COMPLICATIONS
SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS USED FOR THE SURGERY
OTHER TREATMENT OPTIONS AVAILABLE FOR THE SAME CONDITION
CHAPTER 195:
Transoral Robotic Surgery for Ranula Excision
INTRODUCTION
INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY
PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
Clinical Evaluation
Imaging Studies
Technical Considerations
ANESTHESIA CONSIDERATIONS
SURGICAL STEPS
COMPLICATIONS
Lingual Nerve Paresis
Submandibular Duct Injury
SPECIALIZED INSTRUMENTATION
ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT OPTIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
INDEX
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