Jaypee Brothers
In Current Chapter
In All Chapters
X
Clear
X
GO
Normal
Sepia
Dark
Default Style
Font Style 1
Font Style 2
Font Style 3
Less
Normal
More
History of Orthodontics
Basavaraj Subhashchandra Phulari
1:
History of Dentistry
ANCIENT DENTISTRY
DENTISTRY DURING THE MIDDLE AGES
DENTISTRY IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES
DENTISTRY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
2:
Introduction to Orthodontics
DEFINITION OF ORTHODONTICS
WHAT IS MALOCCLUSION?
AIMS OF ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT
Functional Efficiency
Structural Balance
Esthetic Harmony
BRANCHES OF ORTHODONTICS
Preventive Orthodontics
Interceptive Orthodontics
Corrective Orthodontics
ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES
Removable Orthodontic Appliances
Fixed Orthodontic Appliances
Functional Appliances
Orthopedic Appliances/Extraoral Force Appliances
TIMING OF ORTHODONTIC INTERVENTION
Deciduous Dentition
Early Mixed Dentition
Late Mixed Dentition/Early Permanent Dentition
Late Treatment
SCOPE OF ORTHODONTICS
Monitoring and Assessment of Developing Dentition
Correcting Malocclusions of Dental Origin
Correcting Malocclusions of Skeletal Origin
Adult Orthodontics
Guards
Management of Dentofacial Anomalies
BENEFITS OF ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT
3:
History of Orthodontics from Ancient Civilization to Twentieth Century
ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
MIDDLE AGES THROUGH SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
Renaissance Period (Fourteenth to Sixteenth Century)
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
NINETEENTH CENTURY
TWENTIETH CENTURY
Edward Hartley Angle (1855–1930)
1847–1923
4:
History of Orthodontics in United States of America
NORMAN WILLIAMS KINGSLEY (1829–1913)
5:
History of Orthodontics in Great Britain
THE BRITISH SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF ORTHODONTICS
6:
History of Orthodontics in Greece and Rome
MIDDLE AGES (fifth TO fifteenth CENTURIES) TO THE eighteenth CENTURY
Etienne Bourdet (1722–1789)
John Hunter (1728–1793)
EUROPEAN PIONEERS OF THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY
Joseph Fox (1776–1816)
Joachim Lefoulon
Christophe-François Delabarre (1787–1862)
JM Alexis Schange
Friedrich Christoph Kneisel (1797–1847) and John Tomes (1812–1895)
7:
History of Dental Lasers and their Applications in Orthodontics
ALL LASER DEVICES HAVE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS
Laser Medium
Optical Cavity or Laser Tube
Clinicians can Control Several Variables of Laser Exposure
Wavelength
Power
PROPERTIES OF LASER BEAM
Reflection
Scattering
Transmission
Absorption
FOCUSED VERSUS DEFOCUSED BEAM
TYPES OF LASER
Soft Lasers
Hard Lasers
CO2 Laser
Nd:YAG Laser
Erbium– YAG Laser
Argon Lasers
Diode Lasers
LASERS AND THEIR DENTAL APPLICATIONS
Carbon Dioxide Laser
Neodymium:YAG Laser
Diode Laser
Erbium:TAG Laser
Potential Soft and Hard Tissue Applications of Laser in Dentistry
Hard Tissue Applications
CURRENT CLINICAL USE OF DENTAL LASERS
LASER USE IN DENTISTRY
Periodontics
Nonosseous Gingival Surgery
Periodontal Regeneration Surgery
Fixed Prosthetics/Cosmetics
Implantology
Removable Prosthetics
Pediatrics/Orthodontics
Oral Surgery/Oral Medicine/Oral Pathology
Operative Dentistry
Advantages of Lasers in Soft Tissue Surgery
Laser Safety
LASER CLASSIFICATION
Class I
Class II
Two Subclasses
Class III a: Lasers
Class III b
Class IV
APPLICATIONS OF LASERS IN ORTHODONTICS
Exposure of Impacted Tooth by Laser
Frenectomy by Laser
Reduction of Pain in Orthodontic Patient by Application of Laser
Application of Laser in Bonding Orthodontic Bracket
Laser Ablation of Surface Enamel for Orthodontic Bracket Placement
Gaining Access for Bracket Placement on Partially Erupted Teeth
Removal of Redundant Gingival Tissue by Laser during Orthodontic Treatment
Management of Aphthous Ulcer by Laser during Orthodontic Treatment
Removal of Operculae on Second Molar by Laser
Use of Laser in Controlling the Growth of Facial Structure
Caries Control during Orthodontic Treatment
Tooth Whitening by Laser
Depigmentation of Gingiva by Laser
Crown Lengthening Procedure by Laser (Figs 7.8A and B)
Debonding of Brackets by Laser
LASER SAFETY
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
8:
Angle's Contribution to the Faculty of Orthodontics
EDWARD HARTLEY ANGLE—DENTAL GRADUATION
ANGLE'S DENTAL PRACTICE AT TOWANDA
EDWARD HARTLEY ANGLE'S PROFESSIONAL TEACHING CAReER
Angle'S Married Life
Angle as an Artist
About Anna Hopkins (Angle's Second Wife)
Angle as a Writer
EDWARD HARTLEY ANGLE'S SCHOOL OF ORTHODONTICS AT PASADENA, CALIFORNIA, USA
APPLIANCE CONTRIBUTION BY EDWARD H ANGLE
E-arch Appliance
Pin and Tube Appliance
Ribbon Arch Appliance
Edgewise Appliance
ANGLE'S ORTHODONTIC MATERIAL INVENTION
CASE-ANGLE CONTROVERSY
CRITICISMS
Bernstein
Theodore Adler
Wuerpel
Frederick Noyes
Tom Graber
Lischer
Robert Rubin
Wuerpel
Edward H Angle's Publications and Presentations
9:
Dr TM Graber's Contribution to Orthodontics
THOMAS M GRABER (1917–2007)
Dr TM Graber as an Orthodontist, Researcher, and Dental Educator
Dr TM Graber's Dental Graduation
Dr TM Graber's Working Experience
TM GRABER'S CONTRIBUTIONS
Physiology of Occlusion
Normal Occlusion
Fictional Period
Hypothetical Period
Factual Period
The Developing Occlusion—Orthodontic Considerations for the Handicapped
The “Three M's”: Muscles, Malformation and Malocclusion
The Role of Upper Second Molar Extraction in Orthodontic Treatment
Maxillary Second Molar Extraction in Class II Malocclusion
Extraoral Force—Facts and Fallacies
Dentofacial Orthopedics versus Orthodontics
Heavy Intermittent Cervical Traction in Class II Treatment: A Longitudinal Cephalometric Assessment
The Effectiveness of Protraction Face Mask Therapy: A Meta-analysis
Craniofacial Features of Patients with Class III Abnormalities: Growth-related Changes and Effects of Short-term and Long-term Chin-cup Therapy
Long-term Application of Chin-cup Force Alters the Morphology of the Dolichofacial Class III Mandible
Rare Earth Magnets and Impaction
Rare Earth Magnets
Magnetic versus Mechanical Expansion with Different Force Thresholds and Points of Force Application
Animal 1 (IS)
Animal 2 (IM)
Animal 3 (DM)
Stability of Magnetic versus Mechanical Palatal Expansion
Magnetic Strength and Corrosion of Rare Earth Magnets
Functional Orthopedic Magnetic Appliance (FOMA) II—Modus Operandi
The Functional Orthopedic Magnetic Appliance (FOMA) III
Upper Plate of a FOMA III in an Experimental Animal
Maxilla
Mandible
Determinants Controlling Iatrogenic External Root Resorption and Repair During and After Palatal Expansion
Repair of Orthodontically Induced Root Resorption by Ultrasound in Humans
Repair Process of External Root Resorption Subsequent to Palatal Expansion Treatment
GRABER'S OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS TO ORTHODONTICS
A Cephalometric Analysis of the Developmental Pattern and Facial Morphology in Cleft Palate
A Functional Study of the Palatal and Pharyngeal Structures
Postmortems in Post-treatment Adjustment
Serial Extraction: A Continuous Diagnostic and Decisional Process
Orthosurgical Teamwork
Post-pharyngeal Lymphoid Tissue in Angle Class I and Class II Malocclusions
Orthodontics and Temporomandibular Disorder: A Meta-analysis
Growth Modification of the Rabbit Mandible Using Therapeutic Ultrasound: Is it Possible to Enhance Functional Appliance Results?
10:
James McNamara's Contribution to Orthodontics
JAMES McNAMARA ANALYSIS
I. RELATING THE MAXILLA TO THE CRANIAL BASE (FIG. 10.1)
Soft Tissue Evaluation
Hard Tissue Evaluation
Nasion Perpendicular to Point A
II. RELATING THE MANDIBLE TO THE MAXILLA (MIDFACE)
Vertical Relationship (Fig. 10.2)
III. RELATING MANDIBLE TO CRANIAL BASE (FIG. 10.4)
IV. DENTITION ANALYSIS
Relating Upper Incisor to Maxilla (Fig. 10.5 and 10.6)
Relating the Lower Incisor to the Mandible
Vertical Position of Lower Incisors
V. AIRWAY ANALYSIS
Upper Pharynx
Lower Pharynx
STUDIES ON FUNCTIONAL APPLIANCES
Treatment and Post-treatment Effects of Acrylic Splint Herbst Appliance Therapy
Linda Ratner Toth, James A McNamara Jr. AJO 1999
Tiziano Baccetti, Lorenzo Franchi, Linda Ratner Toth, James A McNamara Jr. AJO 2000
The Importance of the Assessment of Skeletal Maturity and the Onset of the Pubertal Growth Spurt in Individual Patients has to be Emphasized as a Fundamental Diagnostic and Decision-making Tool in Treatment Planning for Class II Malocclusion
de Almeida MR, Henriques JF, de Almeida RR, Weber U, McNamara JA Jr Angle. Orthod 2005
Paola Cozza, Tiziano Baccetti, Lorenzo Franchi, Laura De Toffol, and James A McNamara, Jr. AJO 2006
STUDIES ON RAPID MAXILLARY EXPANSION
Joyce Y Chang, James A McNamara Jr, Thomas A Herberger. AJO 1997
McNamara JA Jr, Baccetti T, Franchi L, Herberger TA. AO 2003 RME Followed by Fixed Appliances
Geran RG, McNamara JA Jr, Baccetti T, Franchi L, Shapiro LM. AJO 2006
Cozza P, Baccetti T, Franchi L, McNamara JA Jr. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006
James A McNamara, Jr. AJO 1973
James A McNamara, Jr and Carlson DS. AJO 1979
Kristine S West and James A McNamara, Jr. AJO 1999
STUDIES ON TMJ
McNamara, Jr. OOO 1997
Signs and Symptoms of TMD May Occur in Healthy Persons
Conclusion
11:
Andrews' Straight Wire Appliance
WHY “STRAIGHT WIRE”?
VARIABLE BRACKET SITtING PROCEDURES: LAWRENCE F ANDREW'S REMEDY
STRAIGHT WIRE APPLIANCE BRACKETS FOR DIFFERENT CLINICAL SITUATIONS
STRAIGHT WIRE APPLIANCE (SWA)
12:
Evolution of Orthodontic Appliances
BRACKETS AND BANDS
BRACKETS
Metal Brackets
Advantages of Metal Brackets
Disadvantages
Plastic Brackets
Ceramic Brackets
Advantages
Disadvantages
Weldable Brackets (Figs 12.4A and B)
Bondable Brackets (Fig. 12.5)
Ribbon Arch Brackets (Fig. 12.6)
Modified Ribbon Arch/Brackets in Begg Technique (Fig. 12.7)
Tip Edge Brackets (Fig. 12.8)
Edgewise Brackets (Fig. 12.9)
Preadjusted Edgewise Brackets (Fig. 12.10)
Lingual Brackets (Fig. 12.11)
Self-ligating Brackets (Fig. 12.12)
Single Width Bracket
Twin Brackets
Advantages
Disadvantages
Lewis Bracket
Vertical Slot Lewis Bracket (Fig. 12.13)
Additional Benefit
Steiner Bracket (Fig. 12.15)
Broussard Bracket
Lang Brackets (Fig. 12.16)
Later Modifications
Holdaway — 1952
John J Stifter — 1958
Ivan Lee — 1960
Jaraback — 1963
Roth — 1976
Self-ligating Brackets
Alexander — 1983
Creekmore — 1993
BANDS
Availability
ARCHWIRES
History of Archwires
Manufacturing
Methods of Straightening of Orthodontic Wires
Metallic Bonds and Crystalline Structure
Cast versus Wrought Metals
Solidification of Metals
Lattice Imperfections and Dislocations
Heat Treatment
Types of Heat Treatment
PROPERTIES OF ARCHWIRE
Gold
Stainless Steel
Nickel-titanium Alloys (Fig. 12.23)
Beta-titanium or TMA or Can Wire
Cobalt-chrome-nickel Alloy
Optiflex Archwire
Multistrand Archwires
Physical Properties of Wire
1. Stiffness/Springiness
2. Range of Deflection – Spring Back
3. Strength of the Wire
4. Formability
5. Solubility and Weldability
6. Friction
7. Environmental Stability
8. Shape Memory Effect
AUXILIARIES
HISTORY OF ORTHODONTIC MATERIALS
Use in Dentistry
Uses in Orthodontics
13:
History of Model Analysis
CAREY'S ANALYSIS
Procedure
Inference
PONT'S INDEX
Drawback of Pont's Analysis
LINDERHARTH INDEX
KORKHAUS’ ANALYSIS
HOWE'S ANALYSIS—1954
The Procedure
BOLTON's ANALYSIS
Procedure
Determination of Overall Ratio
Inferences
Determination of Anterior Ratio
Inferences
CAST ANALYSIS: SYMMETRY AND SPACE
ALIGNMENT (CROWDING), SPACE ANALYSIS
Principles of Space Analysis
ARVEY PECK, SHELDON PECK—1972
HUCKABA'S ANALYSIS
HIXON AND OLD FATHER METHOD—1958
MARVIN M TANAKA, LYSTLE E JOHNSTON IN 1974
Short Method—Tanaka-Johnson
Procedure in the Maxillary Arch
Modifications
NANCE ANALYSIS
Procedure for Mandibular Arch—1976
Long Method
Problems
TOTAL SPACE ANALYSIS—1978
Anterior Area
Space Required
Space Available
Middle Area
Space Required
Space Available
Posterior Area
Space Required
Space Available
WYLIE
Commenting on Model Analysis
KESLING MODEL ANALYSIS
MARTINEK ANALYSIS
Comparative Analysis of Howes, Rees, Kesling and Strayer
SUWANNEE LUPPANAPORNLARP
3D MODEL ANALYSIS
14:
History of Cephalometrics
HISTORY PRIOR TO THE ADVENT OF RADIOGRAPHY
Classifying Physiques
Measurements and Proportions
Early History—the Canons
Renaissance to the Twentieth Century
CEPHALOMETRIC RADIOGRAPHY
HOLLY B BROADBENT'S CONTRIBUTION
OTHER IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS
CEPHALOMETRIC ANALYSIS
EVOLUTION OF CEPHALOMETRICS
PATIENT ORIENTATION
X-RAY SOURCE POSITION
FILM POSITION AND ENLARGEMENT
POSTEROANTERIOR (FRONTAL) CEPHALOMETRY
Tweed's Triangle
ANB Angle
STEINER'S ANALYSIS: CECIL C STEINER (1896–1989)
15:
History of Extraction in Orthodontics
ARCH-LENGTH ANALYSES
SECOND PREMOLAR EXTRACTION
EVOLUTION OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF EXTRACTION IN CONJUNCTION WITH ORTHODONTIC THERAPY
Case-Angle Controversy
NEED FOR EXTRACTION
CHOICE OF TEETH FOR EXTRACTION
SERIAL EXTRACTION
Definition
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Dewel's Method 1978
TWEED'S METHOD (1966)
Nance Method
Grewe's Method
16:
History of Expansion Appliances
WESCOTT'S EXPANSION DEVICE
ANGELL'S PALATAL EXPANSION DEVICE
FIXED RAPID MAXILLARY EXPANSION APPLIANCES
Expansion Screw
Expansion Screw Activation Schedule
Schedule by Timms
Expansion Orthodontic Appliances
17:
History of Removable Orthodontic Appliances
DEVELOPMENT OF REMOVABLE ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES
Victor Hugo Jackson
George Crozat
Robin
Andersen
Adam
Martin Schwartz
Indications of Removable Orthodontic Appliances
Contraindications of Removable Orthodontic Appliances
Advantages of Removable Appliances
Disadvantages of Removable Orthodontic Appliances
Advantages of Removable Appliances
Disadvantages of Removable Appliances
COMPONENTS OF REMOVABLE ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCE
Retentive Components
Evolution of Clasp Design
Modifications of Adam's Clasp and its Use
Active Components
Bows
Springs
Canine Retractors
Base Plate
18:
History of Fixed Orthodontic Appliances
Non-extraction Philosophy
Instrumentation
And back again…
E-ARCH APPLIANCE
PIN AND TUBE APPLIANCE
RIBBON ARCH APPLIANCE
EDGEWISE APPLIANCE
WHAT WAS ORTHODONTICS BEFORE ANGLE SYSTEM?
EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE EDGEWISE APPLIANCE
EVOLUTION OF BRACKET
EVOLUTION OF EDGEWISE BUCCAL TUBES
THE CONCEPT OF THE IDEAL ARCH
Comparison of Architectural and Dental Arches
Cause for Collapse of Arches
Ideal Arch Form
THE IDEAL ARCH WIRE
Characteristics of the Ideal Arch Wire
Arch Wire Bends
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF Edgewise APPLIANCE
Disadvantages
BUILDING TREATMENT INTO THE EDGEwise APPLIANCE
Torqued Bracket Slot
BEGG APPLIANCE
STRAIGHT WIRE APPLIANCE
Introduction (Straight Wire Appliance)
The Straight Wire Appliance
ANDREWS SIX KEYS TO OPTIMAL OCCLUSION
Additional Keys
Historical Background
The Straight Wire Appliance
The Late 1970s
LIMITATIONS OF STRAIGHT WIRE APPLIANCE (SWA)
LINGUAL TECHNIQUE
Why Lingual Orthodontics Developed Slowly in North America
Drawbacks of Lingual
Advantages
19:
History of Myofunctional Orthodontic Appliances
ACTIVATOR
Graber Observed That
FRANKEL APPLIANCE
Types of Frankel Appliance
Indications of Various Types of Frankel Appliance
BIONATOR
Standard Bionator
Class III or Reverse Bionator
Open Bite Appliance
Uses of Bionatar
ORAL SCREEN (VESTIBULAR SCREEN)
Indications
HERBST APPLIANCE
TWIN-BLOCK APPLIANCE
Indications
Duration of Treatment
THE DOUBLE PLATE
THE TOOTH POSITIONER
20:
History of Surgical Orthodontics
PIONEERS
MANDIBULAR PROCEDURES
21:
History of Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
Race
Sex
Type and Side
Syndromic and Nonsyndromic
EMBRYOLOGICAL ASPECTS
Primary Palate
Secondary Palate
Cleft Lip and Palate Formation
CLASSIFICATION
I. Embryologic Classification
II. Classification by the International Confederation for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (1968)
Group 1—Cleft of Anterior Primary Palate
Group 2—Clefts of Anterior and Posterior Palate
Group 3—Clefts of Posterior Secondary Palate
III. Veau's Classification
IV. Kernahan's Stripped ‘Y’ Classification
ETIOLOGY OF CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
Syndromic Cleft Cases
Nonsyndromic Clefts
Heredity (Genetic Predisposition)
Environmental Factors
Risk of Producing a Child with Cleft Deformity
CLINICAL FEATURES
CLEFT LIP AND PALATE ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS
Dental Problems
Occlusal Problems
Feeding Problems
Nasal Deformity
Ear Problems
Speech Difficulties
Psychosocial Problems
22:
History of Malocclusion Indices
INDEX OF ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT NEEDS (IOTN)
Aesthetic Component
Dental Health Component
Limitations
PEER ASSESSMENT RATING
INDEX OF COMPLEXITY, OUTCOME AND NEED
Calculation of the Final Scores
Limitations
DENTAL AESTHETIC INDEX
Calculation of DAI Scores
23:
History of Interproximal Enamel Reduction in Orthodontics
HISTORY OF INTERPROXIMAL ENAMEL REDUCTION
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
24:
History of Invisalign
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF INVISALIGN
WHAT EXACTLY THE INVISALIGN MEANS?
DEVELOPING THE INVISALIGN BRAND
PHILOSOPHY OF INVISALIGN
FABRICATION OF INVISALIGN
PRINCIPLE OF STEReOPHOTOLITHOGRAPHY
Principle
SUMMARY OF THE INVISALIGN TECHNIQUE
INDICATIONS OF INVISALIGN
ADVANTAGES OF INVISALIGN
DISADVANTAGES OF INVISALIGN
LIMITATIONS OF INVISALIGN
PROCEDURE OF TREATMENT WITH THE INVISALIGN
First Evaluation
Invisalign Aligners Made and Delivered
Wearing of Invisalign (Fig. 24.10)
BENEFITS OF INVISALIGN
CARE OF TEETH WITH INVISALIGN
STUDY 1: OUTCOME ASSESSMENT OF INVISALIGN AND TRADITIONAL ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT COMPARED WITH THE AMERICAN BOARD OF ORTHODONTICS OBJECTIVE GRADING SYSTEM
Introduction
Methods
Results
Conclusion
STUDY 2: HOW WELL DOES INVISALIGN WORK? A PROSPECTIVE CLINICAL STUDY EVALUATING THE EFFICACY OF TOOTH MOVEMENT WITH INVISALIGN
Introduction
Methods
Results
Conclusion
STUDY 3: RETAINING ALIGNMENT CHANGES WITH INVISALIGN
STUDY 4: STRUCTURAL CONFORMATION AND LEACHING FROM IN VITRO AGED AND RETRIEVED INVISALIGN APPLIANCES
Conclusion
STUDY 5: CYTOTOXICITY AND ESTROGENICITY OF INVISALIGN APPLIANCES
Introduction
Results
Conclusion
STUDY 6: COLOR FADING OF THE BLUE COMPLIANCE INDICATOR ENCAPSULATED IN REMOVABLE CLEAR INVISALIGN TEEN ALIGNERS
Objective
Materials and Methods
Results
Conclusion
STUDY 7: A COMPARISON OF TREATMENT IMPACTS BETWEEN INVISALIGN ALIGNER AND FIXED APPLIANCE THERAPY DURING THE FIRST WEEK OF TREATMENT
Introduction
Results
Conclusion
OTHER STUDIES: SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
25:
History of Molar Distalization in Orthodontics
HISTORY OF MOLAR DISTALIZATION
INDICATIONS FOR MOLAR DISTALIZATION
In a Growing Child
Late Mixed Dentition
CONTRAINDICATIONS OF MOLAR DISTALIZATION
AN IDEAL INTRAORAL MOLAR DISTALIZATION APPLIANCE SHOULD MEET THE FOLLOWING CRITERIA
Advantage
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF DISTALIZING APPLIANCES
PENDULUM APPLIANCE
Advantages
Disadvantages
PEND-X APPLIANCE
M-PENDULUM APPLIANCE
Advantages
Anchorage Design of the M-pendulum Appliance
Number of Anchorage Teeth
Anchorage Quality of Deciduous Molars and Premolar Root Topography
Desmodontal Reactive State, Potential Causes of Reduced Anchorage
Potential Measures for Increased Anchorage
PENDULUM F APPLIANCE
Drawbacks
JONES JIG
Advantages
INTERMAXILLARY CLASS II MALOCCLUSION CORRECTION APPLIANCES
Advantages
Disadvantages
VERTICAL HOLDING APPLIANCE
Helices of Vertical Holding Appliance
V-Bend
Acrylic Button
Action
REMOVABLE MOLAR DISTALIZATION SPLINT
Advantages
Disadvantage
SYMMETRIC DISTALIZATION WITH A TMA TRANSPALATAL ARCH
Advantages
Drawbacks
TUBE PLATES FOR DISTALIZATION OF MOLARS
Advantages
Disadvantage
CETLIN APPLIANCE
ANCHORAGE NEED
EXTRAORAL FORCE
THE FORCE APPLIED
THE LOKAR APPLIANCE
Components of Lokar Appliance
Design of the Lokar Appliance
Force Applied and Activation of the Appliance
Anchorage
Activation
Re-activation of the Appliance
K-LOOP MOLAR DISTALIZER
Advantages
THE DISTAL JET APPLIANCE
Appliance Design
Components
Activation
Advantages
THE CROZAT APPLIANCE
MOLAR DISTALIZATION BY MAGNETS
THE MAGNETS
THE KLAPPER SUPERSPRING
Design of the Appliance
Latest Design of Klapper Super Spring
Availability of the Appliance
Indications
Contraindications
HERBST APPLIANCE
Herbst Appliance
THE MANDIBULAR ANTERIOR REPOSITIONING APPLIANCE (MARA)
Indication
Contraindications
SAIF SPRINGS
Design of the Appliance
Availability of the Saif Spring
Pre-requisites of the Spring
THE ‘FASTBACK’ APPLIANCE for Molar Distalization
FEATURES OF FAST BACK APPLIANCE
Suggested Reading
INDEX
TOC
Index
×
Chapter Notes
Save
Clear