This chapter deals with normal and abnormal Hemoglobins with their structural formula and percentage. How hemoglobin is synthesized, common disorders of hemoglobin especially thalassemia. classification, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis are clearly and briefly discussed. Importance of normal red cell indices, their normal ranges and use in different hemoglobical conditions are also mentioned. Iron profile is very important for differentiation of different microcytic hypochromic anemias, components of iron profile are mentioned and specific changes found in iron deficiency anemia is stated.