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Neonatal Orthopaedics
N De Mazumder
SECTION 1: GENERAL ASPECT OF NEONATAL ORTHOPAEDICS
CHAPTER 1:
Importance of Neonatal Orthopaedics as a Subject
PERSPECTIVES IN NEONATOLOGY
CARE OF THE NEWBORN
CARE AND FEEDING OF PREMATURE INFANTS
CHAPTER 2:
Anatomical and Physiological Consideration of a Neonate
A BABY IN THE MOTHER'S WOMB
THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF A NEONATE
The Skull
The Face
The Neck
The Thorax
The Abdomen
The Upper Limb
The Lower Limb
The Vertebral Column
PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF A NEWBORN BABY
CHAPTER 3:
Antenatal Diagnosis of Orthopaedic Conditions
DETECTION OF MUSCULOSKELETAL ABNORMALITIES IN THE NEONATAL PERIOD
Neonatal History Taking
To Find Any Intrauterine Growth Retardation
To Follow Apgar Score for Properly Assessing the Newborn
Thorough Examination of the Baby
Anthropometric Measurements in the Newborn
Search should then be made for Congenital Malformations
Final Examination of the Baby at the Time of Discharge from the Hospital
CHAPTER 4:
Importance of Genetics in Neonatal Orthopaedic Diseases
INCIDENCE OF GENETIC DISORDERS AMONG NEONATES
ABNORMALITY OF GENES CAUSING GENETIC DISORDERS
INHERITED NEONATAL ORTHOPAEDIC CONDITIONS
Types of Inheritance and their Characteristics
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
X-linked Recessive Inheritance
X-linked Dominant Inheritance
CAUSE OF GENETIC DISORDERS
CHAPTER 5:
Congenital Malformations
CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS
Etiology
Screening in Pregnancy for Congenital Malformations
Prevention of Some of the Congenital Malformations
CHAPTER 6:
General Abnormalities of Skeletal Development, Evident at Birth
DWARFISM PRESENTING AT BIRTH
SIGNS OF DWARFISM AT BIRTH IN DIFFERENT DISEASES
Conradi's Disease or Chondrodysplasia Punctata
Achondroplasia
Metatropic Dysplasia
Kniest Disease
Thantophoric Dwarfism
Achondrogenesis
Diastrophic Dysplasia
Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenita
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Classification and Incidence
Etiswology
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Osteopetrosis Congenita
Chondroectodermal Dysplasia (Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome)
Asphyxiating Thoracic Dysplasia (Jeune's Disease)
Acrocephalosyndactyly (Apert Syndrome)
Cornelia de Lange Syndrome
CHAPTER 7:
Disorders of Voluntary Muscles Presenting at Birth
CONGENITAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
CONGENITAL STRUCTURAL MYOPATHIES
Central Core Disease
Nemaline (rod-body) Myopathy
Mitochondrial and Storage Myopathies
MYOTONIA CONGENITA (THOMSEN'S DISEASE)
Diagnosis
Treatment
CONGENITAL MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY
INFANTILE SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY
CHAPTER 8:
Can We Diagnose Cerebral Palsy in the Neonatal Period?
CEREBRAL PALSY
CHAPTER 9:
Birth Injuries
HEAD AND NECK INJURIES
CEPHALHAEMATOMA
CAPUT SUCCEDANEUM
INTRA-CRANIAL HAEMORRHAGE
BIRTH FRACTURES
Skull Fractures
Linear Fracture
Depressed Fracture
Occipital Osteodiastasis
Cervical Spine Injury
Fracture of the Clavicle
Fracture of Shaft of the Humerus
Fracture of Shaft of the Femur
EPIPHYSEAL SEPARATION
BIRTH INJURIES OF THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS
Classification
Incidence and Risk Factors
Etiology
Pathology
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
CHAPTER 10:
Congenital Developmental Anomalies of the Extremities in the Neonate
ETIOLOGY
Genetic Factor
Embryonic Environment
Iatrogenic Factor
Anomalies of Development
CLASSIFICATION OF LIMB DEFICIENCIES
Management
Amputation
Reconstructive Surgery
CONGENITAL CONSTRICTION BAND SYNDROME (STREETER SYNDROME)
CHAPTER 11:
Neonatal Rickets
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
MANAGEMENT
SECTION 2: LOWER LIMB ANOMALIES
CHAPTER 12:
Bent Bones in a Neonate
CONGENITAL KYPHOSCOLIOSIS TIBIA AND FIBULA
Etiology
Imaging Findings
Natural History
Treatment
CHAPTER 13:
Congenital Pseudoarthrosis of the Tibia and Fibula
CONGENITAL PSEUDOARTHROSIS OF TIBIA
Treatment
CONGENITAL PSEUDOARTHROSIS OF FIBULA
CHAPTER 14:
Congenital Lower Limb Defects
CONGENITAL DEFECTS OF THE FEMUR
Congenital Short Femur (Femoral Hypoplasia)
Congenital Short Femur with Coxa Vara
CONGENITAL LONGITUDINAL DEFICIENCY OF THE TIBIA
Tibial Agenesis
Clinical Features
Radiography
Treatment
CONGENITAL LONGITUDINAL DEFICIENCY OF THE FIBULA
Classification and Clinical Features
Treatment
CHAPTER 15:
Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency
CLASSIFICATION
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
Type 4
Type 5
MANAGEMENT
Instability of Hip
Malrotation and Inadequate Proximal Musculature
Leg Length Inequality
CHAPTER 16:
Congenital Coxa Vara
PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL FINDINGS
Before the Child Learns Walking
After the Child Learns Walking
A Neglected Case in Adult Life
RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Types of Osteotomies
CHAPTER 17:
Foetal Development and Natural History of Lower Limb Rotation
VERSION
CHAPTER 18:
Postural and Congenital Deformities of the Foot and Ankle
METATARSUS ADDUCTUS VERSUS CONGENITAL METATARSUS VARUS
Metatarsus Adductus
Congenital Metatarsus Varus
CONGENITAL TALIPES CALCANEOVALGUS
CONGENITAL CONVEX PES VALGUS AT BIRTH
Etiology
Classification
Pathology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
NEONATAL DEFORMITIES OF THE TOES
Congenital Hallux Varus
Metatarsus Primus Varus
Syndactyly
Symphalangism
Lobster Claw or Cleft Foot Deformity
Polydactyly or Supernumerary Digits
Macrodactyly
CHAPTER 19:
Club Foot
CLUB FOOT
History
Etiology
Morbid Anatomy
Incidence
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Treatment
CHAPTER 20:
Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita
INTRODUCTION
ARTHROGRYPOSIS MULTIPLEX CONGENITA
Types of Arthrogryposis
Incidence
Etiology
Pathology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
OTHER FORMS OF ARTHROGRYPOSIS
Distal Arthrogryposis
Freeman-Sheldon Syndrome
Pterygia Syndrome
OTHER ORTHOPEDICALLY IMPORTANT SYNDROMES WITH JOINT CONTRACTURES, DISLOCATIONS AND DEFORMITIES PRESENT AT BIRTH
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Noonan Syndrome
Down Syndrome
CHAPTER 21:
Congenital Subluxations and Dislocations Around the Knee
CONGENITAL SUBLUXATIONS AND DISLOCATIONS AROUND THE KNEE
Pathology
Treatment
CONGENITAL DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA
CHAPTER 22:
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
DEVELOPMENTAL DYSPLASIA OF THE HIP
Incidence
Etiology
Mechanical
Physiological
Genetic
Post-natal Environmental Factors
Pathology
Difficulty in the Early Diagnosis of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
Diagnosis
Risk Factors
Problems in the Diagnosis in the Newborn
Physical Examination of the Baby
Straight X-ray
Ultrasonography
Treatment
CHAPTER 23:
Congenital Abduction Contracture of the Hip and Pelvic Obliquity
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL FEATURES
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
SECTION 3: SECTION 3: VERTEBRAL ANOMALIES
CHAPTER 24:
Vertebral Agenesis, Fusions and the Fusion Defects
DEVELOPMENT OF VERTEBRAL BODIES
How the Vertebral Bodies Look Like in X-ray at Birth?
About the Stability of the Vertebral Column
Spinal Defects
Spina Bifida
Closed Spina Bifida
Open Spina Bifida
VERTEBRAL AGENESIS
Clinical Features
Treatment
CHAPTER 25:
Congenital Scoliosis
CONGENITAL SCOLIOSIS
Cause and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
CHAPTER 26:
Klippel-Feil Syndrome
INTRODUCTION
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
TREATMENT
CHAPTER 27:
Congenital Muscular Torticollis
CAUSE
CLINICAL FEATURES
TREATMENT
SECTION 4: UPPER LIMB AND SHOULDER GIRDLE ANOMALIES
CHAPTER 28:
Congenital High Scapula (Sprengel's Shoulder)
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIAGNOSIS
CHAPTER 29:
Congenital Pseudoarthrosis of the Clavicle
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
CHAPTER 30:
Cleidocranial Dysostosis and Congenital Absence of the Pectoral Muscles
CLEIDOCRANIAL DYSOSTOSIS
Clinical Findings
Radiodiagnosis
Treatment
CONGENITAL ABSENCE OF THE PECTORAL MUSCLES
CHAPTER 31:
Congenital Radioulnar Synostosis and Congenital Synostosis of the Elbow
CONGENITAL RADIOULNAR SYNOSTOSIS
Etiology
Classification
Diagnosis
Treatment
CONGENITAL SYNOSTOSIS OF THE ELBOW
CHAPTER 32:
Radial Club Hand and Congenital Longitudinal Deficiency of the Ulna
RADIAL CLUB HAND DEFORMITY
Etiology
Anatomy of the Radial Club Hand
Associated Anomalies
Treatment
CONGENITAL LONGITUDINAL DEFICIENCY OF THE ULNA
CHAPTER 33:
Hand and Finger Affections Present at Birth
SYNDACTYLY
Types of Syndactyly
Treatment
POLYDACTYLY
Incidence
Types
Treatment
CONGENITAL LONGITUDINAL DEFICIENCY OF THE THUMB
Longitudinal Deficiency of Thumb as Part of a Syndrome
Treatment
Web Contracture between Thumb and Index Finger
MISCELLANEOUS FINGER DEFORMITIES
Clinodactyly
Camptodactyly
Kirner Deformity
CONGENITAL CLASPED THUMB
CONGENITAL TRIGGER THUMB
Incidence
Etiopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
HAND-REDUCTION MALFORMATIONS
SECTION 5: NEONATAL INFECTIONS
CHAPTER 34:
Neonatal Osteomyelitis
NEONATAL OSTEOMYELITIS
Clinical Features
Associated with Septic Arthritis
Bacteriology
Pathology
Radiographic Changes in Straight X-ray
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Management
Complications
CHAPTER 35:
Acute Psoas Abscess in a Newborn Infant
ACUTE PSOAS ABSCESS
SECTION 6: MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS
CHAPTER 36:
Mucolipidoses
GANGLIOSIDOSIS TYPE I
MUCOLIPIDOSIS II (I-CELL DISEASE)
CHAPTER 37:
Neonatal Tetanus
NEONATAL TETANUS
Etiology
Treatment
CHAPTER 38:
Syndromes with Skeletal Problems, Present at Birth
DOWN SYNDROME
Presenting Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
MARFAN'S SYNDROME
Diagnosis
Treatment
WALKER-WARBURG SYNDROME
MECKEL SYNDROME
ELLIS-VAN CREVELD SYNDROME
VELO-CARDIO-FACIAL SYNDROME
SMITH-LEMLI-PITZ SYNDROME
WIDERVANCK OR CERVICO-OCULO-ACOUSTIC SYNDROME
ORAL-FACIAL-DIGITAL SYNDROME
GOLDENHAR SYNDROME
TREACHER COLLINS SYNDROME (MANDIBULO-FACIAL DYSOSTOSIS)
MÖBIUS SYNDROME
EEC OR EARLY AMNION DISRUPTION SYNDROME
SCALP DEFECT—ECTRODACTYLY SYNDROME OR ADAMS-OLIVER SYNDROME
CORNELIA DE LANGE'S OR BRACHMANN DE LANGE SYNDROME
THROMBOCYTOPENIA-ABSENT RADIUS SYNDROME
ASPHYXIATING THORACIC DYSTROPHY (JEUNE SYNDROME)
RUBINSTEIN-TAYBI SYNDROME
BECKWITH-WIEDEMANN SYNDROME
CHAPTER 39:
Neonatal Gangrene
NEONATAL GANGRENE
Predisposing Conditions
Local and Systemic Examination
Treatment
CHAPTER 40:
Rheumatic Disorders Manifesting in the Neonatal Period
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
CHAPTER 41:
Neonatal Malignancy and Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
NEONATAL MALIGNANCY
SACROCOCCYGEAL TERATOMA
CHAPTER 42:
Conjoined (Siamese) Twins
CONJOINED (SIAMESE) TWINS
CHAPTER 43:
Caffey's Disease
CAFFEY'S DISEASE
Etiology
Pathology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
CHAPTER 44:
Syndromes having Craniosynostosis Presenting at Birth
CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS
Apert Syndrome
Crouzon Syndrome
Pfeiffer Syndrome
Other Brachycephalic Synostosis
Other Varieties
CHAPTER 45:
Chondrodysplasia Punctata
SEVERE RHIZOMELIC TYPE
CONRADI-HUNERMANN TYPE
INDEX
TOC
Index
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