Index

Recent Advances in Pediatrics (Special Volume 22): Immunology, Infections and Immunization Suraj Gupte

PART 1: IMMUNOLOGY
1:Immunology: An Overview
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL ASPECTS
- TYPES OF IMMUNOLOGY
- IMMUNITY
- INNATE IMMUNITY1,2,5
- ADAPTIVE OR ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
- COMPONENTS OF THE IMMUNOLOGIC/IMMUNE SYSTEM1,5
  - Lymphocytes
    - Killer T-Cells
    - Helper T-Cells
- ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS /DENDRITIC CELLS
- CYTOKINES
- MACROPHAGES
- COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
- IMMUNOLOGIC SEQUENCE FOLLOWING ANTIGENIC ATTACK1,6,7
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
2:Issues and Concerns in Immunology
- INTRODUCTION
- IMMUNOLOGIC BASIS OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE
- IMMUNOLOGIC BASIS OF ALLERGY (ATOPY)
- IMMUNOLOGIC ASPECTS OF MALIGNANCY AND ANTICANCER CHEMOTHERAPY
- IMMUNOLOGIC MANIPULATION BY DRUGS
- IMMUNOLOGICAL MANIPULATION BY PATHOGENS
- IMMUNE SYSTEM AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
  - Immunonutrition
- IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND SPECIAL RISKS
- IMMUNOGLOBULINS IN IMMUNOLOGICAL DISORDERS
  - Intravenous Immunoglobulins
  - Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin as an Alternative to IVIG
- BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION (BMT)
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
3:Immunodeficiency States
- INTRODUCTION
- IMMUNODEFICIENCY: PATTERN AND PRESENTATION
- PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY STATES
- SECONDARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY STATES
- CLINICAL CLUES TO IMMUNODEFICIENCY STATES4,7-11
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
4:Immunodeficiency: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH15–18
  - Clinical Clues
  - Investigative Approach
- THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
- PROGNOSIS AND OUTCOME
  - Complications
  - Prevention
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
5:Immunotherapy: Current Concepts and Dilemmas
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- COMMON IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS
  - Intravenous Immunoglobulin
  - Other Immunomodulatory Agents
- IMMUNOTHERAPY IN DISEASE
- IMMUNOTHERAPY IN INFECTIONS86–92
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
6:Intravenous Immunoglobulins
- INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL ASPECT
- FRACTIONATION OF SERUM PROTEINS
- IMMUNOGLOBULIN AND ITS STRUCTURE
- PREPARATION OF INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN
- PHARMACOKINETICS
- MECHANISM OF ACTION
- DOSE OF IVIG AND METHODS OF ADMINISTRATION
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Mild to Moderate
  - Severe
- THERAPEUTIC USES OF INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN
  - Uses Approved by FDA1,25
  - Off Label Uses
- DISCUSSION ON VARIOUS INDICATIONS OF IVIG IN CHILDREN
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
7:Immunological Basis for Neonatal Sepsis
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS
- IMMUNE SYSTEM: AN OVERVIEW
  - Polymorphonuclear Cell or Neutrophil
- MONOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES
- MAST CELLS IN NEONATES
- T LYMPHOCYTES
- IMPORTANT DEFECTS IN A NEONATE
- PROBLEMS WITH ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS
- COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
- HEMOPOIETIC FACTORS IN NEONATES
- PASSIVE IMUNITY
- CYTOKINES AND PROINFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS
- HIGH MOBILITY GROUP BOX-1
  - Inter-alpha Inhibitor Proteins
- CURRENT ADVANCES IN DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT
  - Inter-alpha Inhibitor Proteins in Diagnosis of Neonatal Sepsis
  - HMGB-1 Blocking Agents in Treatment
8:Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY
  - Nonimmune Mechanism
- PATHOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Neuroimaging
  - Terminologies Used in Various Clinical Syndromes (Flow chart 8.1)
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- OUTCOME
9:Reactive Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS
- FAMILIAL HEMOPHAGOCYTIC LYMPHOHISTIOCYTOSIS
- REACTIVE OR SECONDARY HLH
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- INVESTIGATION
- TREATMENT
- CONCLUSION
PART 2: INFECTIONS
10:Central Nervous System Infections
- INTRODUCTION
- ACUTE BACTERIAL MENINGITIS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- ASEPTIC MENINGITIS
- ACUTE ENCEPHALITIS
- ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
- CHRONIC MENINGITIS
- THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
  - Supportive Therapy
  - Empirical Therapy
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
11:Pediatric HIV Infection
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- THE INDIAN SCENARIO
- TRANSMISSION OF VIRUS
- THE VIRUS AND ITS MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS: AN OVERVIEW
- SYSTEMS AFFECTED
- COMMON OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS
  - Fungal and Protozoal
- MORTALITY
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Children
- MANAGEMENT
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
12:Pediatric Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Pulmonary Tuberculosis
  - Diagnostic Modulate
    - Recommended
    - Not Recommended
- NEWER TESTS1,2,7,11
  - Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis2
- TREATMENT
- TREATMENT OF CHILD TUBERCULOSIS AS PER 1997 AND 2004 INDIAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS GUIDELINES23–25
- COMPARISON BETWEEN INDIAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS PROTOCOLS AND REVISED NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL PROGRAM (RNTCP)
13:Bloody Diarrhea
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- HISTORY
- GENERAL EXAMINATION
- ABDOMINAL EXAMINATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
- IMAGING STUDIES
- MANAGEMENT
14:Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A Bugging Issue
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- BACTERIOLOGY AND RESISTANCE
- COMMUNITY-ASSOCIATED MRSA
- RISK FACTORS AND TRANSMISSION
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- CRITICAL MRSA: MANAGEMENT
- TOPICAL THERAPY
  - Treating the Carrier
  - Addressing a MRSA Outbreak
- PREVENTION
- RESEARCH
15:Meningococcal Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- ORGANISM
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- EPIDEMIOLOGY: INDIAN SCENARIO
- CARRIAGE RATES
- TRANSMISSION AND RISK FACTORS
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- MANAGEMENT
  - Critical Points in Management of Meningococcal Disease
- PROGNOSTICATION IN MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE
  - Care for Relatives and Care Givers
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
16:Neonatal Sepsis: Management Beyond Antibiotics
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- DIAGNOSIS
- TIME-HONORED TREATMENT
- IMMUNOTHERAPY
- ANTI-INFLAMMATORY THERAPY
- ROLE OF NEUTROPHILS AND G-CSF12
- ROLE OF ANTICOAGULATION IN MANAGEMENT OF SEPSIS
  - Activated Protein C (aPC): Drotrecogin-alfa (Xigris)
  - Low Dose Heparin
- INTENSIVE INSULIN THERAPY
- NO SYNTHASE INHIBITOR IN SEPSIS
- CASPASE INHIBITOR
- ROLE OF VOLUME RESUSCITATION/EARLY GOAL DIRECTED TREATMENT
- EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION IN SEPTIC NEONATES WITH SCLEREMA
- ROLE OF CORTICOSTEROIDS
- POTENTIAL THERAPIES FOR SEPSIS12
17:Vector-borne Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- COMMON VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE
- DENGUE
- MALARIA
- JAPANESE VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS
- CHIKUNGUNYA
- KALA-AZAR
- LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS
- VECTOR MANAGEMENT
18:Infective Endocarditis
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Diagnostic Criteria
- TREATMENT
- COMPLICATIONS
- PREVENTION
19:Infection Control
- INTRODUCTION
- BASIC UNDERSTANDING
- EMERGING AND RE-EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
- HEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
- COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS
- REGIONAL CO-OPERATION AND COORDINATION
PART 3: IMMUNIZATION
20:Immunization
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL ASPECTS2
- NATIONAL IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE2
  - Indian Academy of Pediatrics Immunization Schedule
  - Recommendations of the IAP Committee on Immunization6
- IMMUNIZATION IN SPECIAL SITUATIONS2
- SURVEILLANCE FOR VACCINE-PREVENTABLE DISEASE5
- VACCINATION IN CURRENT MILLENIUM
- WEBSITES FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON PEDIATRIC VACCINES
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
21:India's National Immunization Program: Conventional Vaccines and Beyond
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
- NATIONAL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM
- BACILLE CALMETTE-GUÉRIN VACCINE
  - Frequently-asked Questions
- ORAL POLIO VACCINE
  - Frequently-asked Questions
- MEASLES VACCINE
  - Frequently-asked Questions
- DIPHTHERIA, TETANUS AND PERTUSSIS, (DTwP/DTAP/TRIPLE VACCINE)
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
22:New and Underutilized Vaccines: Introduction in National Immunization Programs
- INTRODUCTION
- NEW AND UNDERUTILIZED VACCINES
- DECISION-MAKING FRAMEWORK FOR NEW VACCINE INTRODUCTION
- ANNEXURE 1
  - Economic Analysis for New Vaccines
23:Adolescent Vaccines
- INTRODUCTION
- HEPATITIS B VACCINE
- HEPATITIS A VACCINE
  - Preparation of Vaccine
  - Dosage and Schedule
- RUBELLA VACCINE
- TYPHOID VACCINE
  - Preparation and Storage
  - Dosage/Administration and Side Effects
- VARICELLA VACCINE
  - Preparation, Storage and Administration
- TETANUS TOXOID
- PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINE
- HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS VACCINE
- NATIONAL IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE1
- IAP IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE1
- CONCLUSION
24:Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine: Vision of Eradication of Cervical Cancer
- INTRODUCTION
- MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM
- RISK FACTORS
  - Human Papilloma Virus Infection
  - Other Factors
- PREVENTION
  - Primary Prevention
  - Secondary Prevention
- HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS PROPHYLACTIC VACCINE
- HUMAN PAPPILOMA VIRUS VACCINATION PROGRAM
- SECOND GENERATION VACCINES
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
25:Immunization of the Immunocompromised Children
- INTRODUCTION
- DILEMMA
- BASIS OF VACCINATION IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED CHILDREN
- GENERAL PRINCIPLES
- IMMUNE RESPONSES AND CD4+ COUNT
- RECOMMENDATIONS IN VARIOUS IMMUNOCOMPROMISED STATES
  - Primary Immunodeficiency States
  - Secondary Immunodeficiency States
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
PART 4: PHARMACOTHERAPY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND IMMUNOLOGIC DISORDERS
26:Promising Antimicrobial Drugs: New and not so New
- ANTIBIOTIC (ANTIBACTERIAL) DRUGS1–7
- ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS8–17
- ANTIVIRAL DRUGS18–22
- ANTIPARASITIC DRUGS 23–36
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
27:Antimicrobial Resistance: Issues and Concerns
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- UNDERLYING MECHANISM 3–6
- BURDEN AND CURRENT SCENARIO OF AMR
- WHY ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE? 4–10
- ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE—A GLOBAL CONCERN: WHY?
- THE WAY OUT
- NEED FOR NEWER ANTIBIOTICS
  - The Net Result is That
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

INDEX

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Index

Chapter Notes