An Atlas on Cephalometric Landmarks Basavaraj Subhashchandra Phulari
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1An Atlas on CEPHALOMETRIC LANDMARKS
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3An Atlas on CEPHALOMETRIC LANDMARKS
Basavaraj Subhashchandra Phulari BDS MDS (Ortho-TSMA-Russia) FAGE FRSH Formerly Faculty, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Mauras College of Dentistry, Hospital and Oral Research Institute Republic of Mauritius
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This book has been published in good faith that the contents provided by the author contained herein are original, and is intended for educational purposes only. While every effort is made to ensure accuracy of information, the publisher and the author specifically disclaim any damage, liability, or loss incurred, directly or indirectly, from the use or application of any of the contents of this work. If not specifically stated, all figures and tables are courtesy of the author. Where appropriate, the readers should consult with a specialist or contact the manufacturer of the drug or device.
An Atlas on Cephalometric Landmarks
First Edition: 2013
9789350903247
Printed at
5To
My dear parents Subhashchandra and Shivalingamma Phulari brothers Sangamesh, Jagadish and manjunath my beloved wife Dr Rashmi GS and my dear sons Yashas and Vrishank
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7Preface
Cephalometrics has been used in orthodontics for diagnosis, treatment planning, to evaluate the dentofacial changes during treatment and to assess the dentofacial growth and development. Cephalometrics makes use of certain landmarks on the skull. The first important step in cephalometric analysis is accurate location and tracing of cephalometric landmarks on the cephalogram. Any error in tracing the landmarks may result in incorrect cephalometric analysis.
This book focuses on understanding the various cephalometric landmarks. Each cephalometric landmark is explained in detail including its abbreviation, definition by various researchers, origin and radiographic anatomy of the landmarks.
There are 20 chapters divided into 11 sections. Chapter two lists the different ways of classifying cephalometric landmarks given in the literature. In addition, a new working classification has been given that lists the numerous cephalometric landmarks logically which makes remembering easier.
This working classification is used as a blueprint to systemically explain the cephalometric landmarks from chapter 3 through chapter 19. Chapter 20 explains application of all types of cephalometric landmarks in various cephalometric analyses. In addition to the landmarks on lateral cephalogram, the landmarks on the posteroanterior (P-A) cephalogram and submentovertex (S-V) radiographic projection are also dealt in this book.
I regret any deficiencies and shortcomings that might have crept in despite my best efforts. I would also welcome comments and suggestions from both students and teachers for further improvement of the book.
Basavaraj Subhashchandra Phulari
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9Acknowledgments
I express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr Rajendrasinh Rathore MDS, Chairman of Manubhai Patel Dental College and Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat for his inspirational support during this endeavor and throughout my career. I also thank Dr Yashraj Rathore, Trustee, Manubhai Patel Dental College and Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat, India for encouraging me during this project.
I am indebted to my dear parents for all their love and sacrifices that have made me what I am. My special thanks are due to my beloved wife for her valuable comments and suggestions, and my dear sons for being the constant source of inspiration to set and reach new goals in life.
I would like to thank Anatomage Inc. for providing images in chapter 17 and for the cover.
Most of all I thank the Almighty for all His kindness and blessings showered upon me.