Donald School Textbook of Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology Asim Kurjak, Frank A Chervenak
INDEX
A
Abdomen 37, 59, 205, 210, 211, 606
Abdominal
circumference 37, 216
insertion of umbilical cord 207
myomectomy 796, 797
pain 58
pregnancy 143
thoracic appearance 40
Abnormal
biochemical markers 58
bone structure 292
development of fetal neck 277
facial
expression 244
profile 292
fetal activity 489
first-trimester dual marker test 482
flow in umbilical vein 510
flow velocity waveform in uterine artery in third trimester 514
flow velocity waveforms of
ductus venosus 512
inferior vena cava 511
middle cerebral artery in third trimester 508
umbilical artery in third trimester 503
head shape 292
pregnancy associated plasma protein 482
results from CVS/amniocentesis 482
serum alpha-fetoprotein 38
triple test 482
uterine bleeding 794
vaginal bleeding 113
yolk sac 482
Abortion 800
Abruptio placentae 38, 503
Acardius acephalus 577
Achondrogenesis 292, 293, 406
Achondroplasia 292, 405
Acquired brain abnormalities in utero 266
Acrania with cervical spina bifida 549
Acromelia 293
Acute
pelvic inflammatory disease 833
pelvic pain 942
with negative pregnancy test 943
with positive pregnancy test 950
polyhydramnios 297
salpingitis 944
salpingo-oophoritis 980
Adenocarcinoma 838
Adenomyoma 978
Adenomyomatous polyps 970
Adenomyosis 774, 853, 883, 959, 977
Adnexal
mass 950
torsion 947
tumors 810
Adrenocorticotropic hormone 86
Adriamycin 166
Adult uterus 760
Agenesis of
corpus callosum 249, 255, 258
septum pellucidum 249
Agnathia with cleft lip 624
Alcohol abuse 47, 503
Alloimmune thrombocytopenia 497
Alobar holoprosencephaly 256, 257, 575
Alteration of facial expression of fetus 731
Amelia 295
Amenorrhea 774, 856
Amniocentesis 38, 58, 149, 602, 671, 705, 714
Amnion 121
Amnio-peritoneal membrane 365
Amnioreduction 684
Amniotic
and chorionic membranes 570
band 248, 411, 485
fluid 29, 37, 226
abnormalities 58
volume 39
septostomy 684
Amputation of endometrium 973
Anembryonic pregnancy 117
Anemia 503
Anencephaly in middle gestation 250
Aneurysm of right aortic valsalva sinus 344
Angiogenesis of corpus luteum 768
Angle of insonation 32
Aniridia 272
Anonymous artery 582
Antenatal neurological screening test 662
Anterior
abdominal wall 39
defects 362
cerebral arteries 258
fontanelle 546
hernias 302
knee flexion 423
posterior diameter of renal pelvis 217
wall fibroid and pregnancy 800
Antibiotic therapy 835
Antidiuretic hormone 71
Antley-Bixler syndrome 265
Antral follicle count 888, 892
AO arch 329
Aorta 19
Aortic
arch 205, 329
valve 328
Apert syndrome 242, 265, 625
Apodia 295
Aqueductal stenosis 247
Arachnoid cyst 263, 264
Arania 250
Arcuate
arteries 760, 771
uterus 881, 895
Arhinia 256
Arterioarterial anastomoses 474
Arteriovenous placental anastomoses 683
Arthrogryposis 265
multiplex congenita 297
Ascites 493
Asherman's syndrome 856, 895
Assessment of
fetal facial expression 752
levator ani reactivity 996
myometrial invasion 807
Assisted reproduction techniques 92
Atrial
contraction 185
width measurement 243, 246
Atrioventricular
septal 350
valves 338, 349, 356
AV valves
insertion 328
opening 328
Axial
scan of
fetal head 606
mouth 202
section of fetal brain 248
thick slice 236
B
Basal body temperature 161
Basic anatomy of fetal brain 234
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome 437
Beginning of opening of eyelids 738
Benign tumors of fallopian tube 836
Bicornuate uterus 38, 850, 882, 967
with pregnancy 565
Bilateral
cleft lip 626
cleft of maxillary bone 553
congenital cataract with microphthalmia 553
coronal suture 264
hydronephrosis 633
parts of eyebrows 734
peromelia 295
renal agenesia 379
talipes equinovarus 417
umbilical arteries 556
Biophysical monitoring of pregnancy 559
Biparietal diameter 37, 40, 199, 215
Bladder 18, 37, 59, 208, 210
exstrophy in first trimester 556
Blastocyst 542
Blighted ovum 117
Bochdalec hernia 302, 630
Body-stalk anomaly 725, 726
Bone
length 292
parameters 292
Bowel
disorders 369
obstruction 371
Bowing of
femur 402
tibiae 407
Brachiocephalic vessels 205
Brachycephaly 265
Brachydactylia 295
Brain 37, 210, 549
anomalies 624
basilar arteries 545
edema 509
paring effect 67
tumors 266, 268
Branchial cyst/fistula 285
Breast abscess 535
Bronchopulmonary sequestration 305
Bull's horn-like appearance 257
C
Calcaneous
angulation 417
valgus deformity 419
Callosomarginal artery 258
Calm
and tranquil expression of fetus 740
expression of fetus 741
Calvarium 39
Camptodactylia 295
Camptomelic dysplasia 293, 294
Carbimazole 280
Cardiac
anomaly 292
axis 328
crux 328
cycle 185
disease 503
Doppler parameters 227
outflow tracts 40
size 328
Cardiorespiratory diseases 503
Cardiothoracic lesions 1005
Caudal neural tube formation 249
Causes of fetal goiter 280
Cavum
pellucidum 40
septi pellucidi 59, 201, 210, 211, 561, 606
Celocentesis 677
Central
cord insertion 441
hernia 302
nervous system 241, 549
Cephalocele 248, 549
Cerebellar vermis 201
Cerebellum 59, 210, 211, 216, 240, 254, 486
Cerebral
hemorrhage 271
hypoplasia 247
ischemia 271
palsy 243, 658, 664, 666
white matter hypoplasia 249
Cerebrospinal fluid 238
Cervical
cancer 809
chondrocutaneous branchial remnants 285
hemangioma 285
myoma 723
pregnancy 139, 141
spine 59, 210
teratoma 283
Cervix 762
Cesarean
delivery 38
section 532
rate 673, 708
Champagne-cork thorax 292
Chemotherapy 165
of choriocarcinoma 166
Chiari malformation 253
Choanal atresia 265
Choledocal cysts 373, 374
Chorioangioma 503
Choriocarcinoma 157161, 166, 169, 170, 448, 534
metastases 159
Chorion frondosum 697
Chorionic villus sampling 57, 149, 674, 675, 716, 920
Choroid plexus 59, 201, 236, 238, 243, 247, 486, 561
cysts 266
Chromosomal defect 297
Chromosome abnormalities 272
Chronic
hypertension 38
inflammation of endometrium 973
pain 949
pelvic
inflammatory disease 834
pain 950
renal disease 38
salpingitis 944
tests 225
tubal pregnancy 136
Cingulate sulcus and gyrus 258
Circle of Willis 507, 545
Circumvallate placentas 441
Cisterna magna 37, 39, 59, 200, 210, 211, 253, 486
Classical tubo-ovarian mass 979
Classification of
facial patterns 752
lissencephaly 260
movement patterns 651
Cleft
foot with toe dysplasia 637
lip 33, 242, 602, 745
and palate 625
Clinodactyly 295
Cloaca exstrophy 387
Cloverleaf skull 404
Club foot 297
Cogwheel sign 834, 944
Collagen vascular disease 503
Color
Doppler Hy-Co-Sy 906
rendering volume 318
Combined scoring system for ovarian endometrioma 949
Comet sign 107
Common carotid arteries 545
Complete
agenesis of corpus callosum 257
bidimensional echocardiography 206
circumvallate placenta 441
hydatidiform mole 157, 161, 169
in situ in uterus 158
mole
in triplet pregnancy 163
of twin 163
placenta previa 448
Complex
adnexal mass 831, 833, 944, 950
congenital heart defect 347
cystic lesion 945
Concurrent intrauterine pregnancy 132
Congenital
abnormalities 299
anomalies 847
of fetal thorax 306
central nervous system anomalies 248
cystic
adenomatoid malformation 305, 631
lung lesions 308
diaphragmatic hernia 305, 630, 686, 687
heart diseases 310, 311
infection 1003
knee luxation 423
nonimmune hyperthyroidism 281
patellar luxation 423
structural abnormalities 38
uterine malformations 534
Conjoined twins 548
Conservative management of ectopic pregnancy 920
Constriction band in low extremity 411
Contiguous gene syndromes 272
Contours of both eyelids 731
Contralateral
normal arm and hand 412
ovary 983
upper extremity 411
Cord insertion 37
Cordocentesis for intrauterine fetal transfusion 494
Cornelia De Lange syndrome 307
Cornual
angle 965
ectopic pregnancy 139
pregnancy 138140
Coronal
scan 561
of lips and nostrils 202
section of
kidneys 207
uterus 19
suture 546
thick slice of premature brain 236
Corpus
callosum 201, 258, 262, 593, 594, 637
luteum 765, 766, 768, 858, 891
angiogenesis 945
cysts 952
hemorrhagic cyst 945
neoangiogenesis 768
Corticotropin releasing hormone 86
Cranial
calcification 1008
lesions 1004
sutures 645, 662
Craniofacial bony structure 235
Craniorachischisis 549
Craniosynostosis 244, 264
Cranium 549
bifidum 249
occultum 249
Crossing of great arteries 100 328
Crouzon syndrome 265
Crown-rump length 108, 121, 126, 175, 177, 213
Cubital diaphysis 394
Culdocentesis 919
Cumulus oophorus 891
Cyclophosphamide 166
Cyclopia 256
Cystic
adenomatoid malformation 303, 304
dermoid tumor 811
hygroma 278, 581, 724
renal dysplasia 380
solid ovarian tumor 814
villus 165
Cytomegalovirus 241, 305, 1006
infection 241
Cytotrophoblast 111
D
Dandy-Walker
cyst 262
malformation 260262
syndrome 248
variant 260262
Dangling choroids plexus 246
Deformable calvaria 292
Degenerating
leiomyomas 945
fibroid 946
Degree of bowing 292
Demineralized fetal skull 400
Dermoid tumor 285
Descending
aorta 204
fetal aorta
PI nomogram 506
S/D ratio nomogram 506
Detection of bone fractures 292
Determination of fetal renal function 389
Development of
cranial bones 235
gestational sac 544
human embryos 541
placenta 63
Diabetes mellitus 664
Diabetic macrosomia 722
Diaphragmatic
eventration 727
hernia 301, 302, 306, 368
herniation 726, 727
Dichorionic twins 468
Didelphic uterus 852, 882
Didelphys uterus 966
Diffuse hyperechogenicity of abdominal cavity 373
Discordance
in fetal size 471
of fetal growth 474
Discordant umbilical arteries 428
Disseminated intravascular coagulation 141
Distinct hydrosalpinx enveloping globular ovary 981
Dolichocephaly 264
Dorsal sac 256
Double bubble sign 370
Down syndrome 187
Drainage of pelvic abscesses 918
Ductal arch 329, 343
Ductus
arteriosus 324, 354
venosus 183185, 226, 511, 512, 579, 622, 632
flowmetry 473
Duodenal atresia or stenosis 370
Duplication of cervix and vagina 853
Dysgenesis of corpus callosum 258
Dysgenetic hydrocephalus 246
Dysmorphic hand 424
E
Early
fetal circulation 111
color Doppler 111
pregnancy
failure and vaginal bleeding 113
loss 120, 1003
stage of Dandy-Walker malformation 262
Eccentric cord insertion 441
Echogenic
bowel 373, 1007
cystic lesions 984
endometrium 527, 530
intracardiac focus 484
mass 268, 528, 530
in small bowel 484
ovary 979
Ectopic
gestational sac 134, 135, 953
liver 632
pregnancy 38, 58, 120, 131, 132, 136, 144, 951953
Ectrodactylism 295, 296
Ectromelia 295
Edwards syndrome 272
Electric shocks 60
Electrical scalpel 24
Embryo
and yolk sac 108
transfer 38, 57
Embryonic
bradycardia 482
cardiac activity 136
heart rate 121, 125
period 562
Empty uterine cavity 138
Encephalocele 250, 628
Encephalocystocele 249
Encephalomeningocele 240, 249
Enchondral ossification 401
Encircling corpus luteum 768
Endocrine disorders 981
Endometrial
cancer 796, 803, 805807, 971
carcinoma 777, 779, 971
diseases 794
Doppler 98
echogenicity 96
factors of infertility 872
fluid collections 972
hyperplasia 775, 776, 779, 795, 805
polyp 772, 779, 851, 854, 875, 895, 904, 968
receptivity 973
thickness 95, 132, 794, 805845
vessels 762
volume 95, 101, 804, 805
Endometriosis 885, 948
Endometriotic cyst 887
Endometritis 830, 855, 959
Endometrium 872, 973
in infertile women 875
under hormone replacement therapy 936
Endopelvic fascia 987, 997, 998
Enlarged foramen of Monro 247
Epilepsy 243
Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor 160, 168
Esophageal atresia 308, 369, 370
Esophagus 301
Estimating fetal weight 217
Evaluation of
ductus venosus 185
fetal growth 38, 58
fetal well-being 58
flow across tricuspid valve 183
intracranial translucency 190
outflow tracts 319
ovarian reserve 888
uterine artery blood flow using Doppler 191
uterus 39, 58
Exocoelomic membrane 111
Exophthalmos 242, 244, 625
Expulsion of tongue 736
External
orbital diameters 37
parasagittal scan 201
Extraembryonic mesoderm 542
Extreme hyperdorsiflexion 550
Extremely short upper limb 398
Eyelids 542
F
Facial
anomalies 624
bone 235
contours of facial muscle 730
expression
in fetus with unilateral cleft lip 747
of fetus with arthrogryposis 746
Fallopian tube 763, 893, 896, 944, 979
carcinoma 838
Fan-like scanning 12
Fatal osteochondrodysplasias 293
Female genitalia 208
Femoral
diaphysis 395
focal deficiency in newborn 413
Femur
and humerus articulations 613
length 40, 216, 292
measurement 216
Fetal
abdomen 487, 729
adrenal gland 378
adrenocorticotropic hormone 68
akinesia deformation sequence 421
alcohol syndrome 272
anatomic survey 59, 279
anatomy 39, 59
anomalies 723
arm with elbow pterygium 409
biometry 487
biparietal diameter 41
bladder 78
blood sampling 676, 709, 717
brain 726
cardiac
activity 59
function 314
screening 314
cardiovascular system 69, 315
central nervous system 79, 233, 234
clubfoot 554
craniofacial
expression 272
skeletal structure 235
death 38, 58
descending aorta 505, 507
deterioration 225
echocardiography 279, 312, 472
face 650, 735
and foot 244
and left forearm 290
in fetus with bilateral cleft lip 745
foot postaxial polydactyly 420
gastrointestinal system 72
goiter 279
growth and metabolism 67
hand 737
syndactyly 421
heart 59, 70, 486
in 3D and 4D 316
rate 174, 228
heartbeat 38
karyotyping 279
kidney 78
legs 290
lung and liver 75
musculoskeletal abnormalities 393
neck 734
normality 40
orbits and face 486
ovarian
cyst 16, 20
tumor 724, 725
pelvis 208
period 568
periventricular leukomalacia 271
pleural effusions 305, 687
pyelectasis 484
reduction 918
respiratory system 74
skeleton 17, 289, 393, 487
skull 404
spine 486
status 279
therapy 680
thorax 397, 486
oblique section 403
tone 38
tongue 643
tumors 316
umbilical cord insertion 39
unit 107
urinary system 76
venous circulation 509
weight estimation 59
yawning 739
Fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion 687
Fetus in third trimester of gestation 736
Fetus with
anencephaly 745
bilateral cleft lip 745
labiopalatoschisi 746
macroglossia 746, 747
osteochondrosis dysplasia 745
thanatophoric dysplasia 744
trisomy-18 744
unilateral cleft lip 745
Fibroid 976
elastoscans 792
polyps 970
Fibula 37
Finger movements 645, 646
First trimester
measurements 213
of pregnancy 562
screening for
fetal anomalies 188
preeclampsia 190
ultrasonography 49
Fisher exact test 119
Fixed human embryos 541
Flow index 94, 95
Focal endometrial lesions 968
Follicle-stimulating hormone 101
Follicular maturation 976
Folliculogenesis 818
Foramen
magnum 253
ovale 320, 328
Fraser
cryptophthalmos syndrome 308
syndrome 308
Free
fluid in cul-de-sac 136
surface scanning 12
Frontal
and parietal bones 235
holoprosencephaly 577
suture 546
Frontalis muscle 742
Frontomaxillary
angle 181
facial angle 181
Frontonasal dysplasia 612
Fryns syndrome 307
Fukuyama syndrome 260
Functional ovarian cysts 979
Functions of placenta 67
Fundal
height 38
measurement 222
muscular septum 967
Fundus corpus 119
Funneling of
bladder neck 1000
urethra 1000
G
Gallbladder 206
Gastrointestinal lesions 1005
Gastroschisis 362, 364
Gel infusion sonohysterography 895
Genetic
disorders 272
hydrocephalus 637
Genital tract bleeding 143
Genitalia 37, 211
Gestation fetus with right aortic arch 324
Gestational
age 57, 58, 153
choriocarcinoma 160, 165
diabetes 503
sac 121, 213
trophoblastic
disease 157, 161, 446
neoplasm 796
Glass body rendering volume 318
Goiter 283
Goitrogens 280, 281
Goldenhar syndrome. 285
Graaf follicle 564
Gray scale appearance of umbilical cord 486
Great arteries 329
Guthmann's image 721
Gyral abnormalities 258
H
Half Fourier acquisition single shot turbo spin echo 725
Hand and foot deformities 415
Hand-to-face movements 646
Hard(E) syndrome 260
Head 210, 587
and brain 199
and face 210
and neck 59
circumference 40, 37, 215
size 292
Heart 19, 211
volume 318
Hemangioma 283, 285
Hemimelia 295
Hemivertebra 611, 629
Hemorrhagic
cyst 767, 945
of ovary 767
ovarian cyst 845, 943
Hepatic
masses 374
portion of umbilical vein 185
vein 205
Hernial sac 555
Heterogeneous uterus 778
Heterotopias 258
Hexadactyly 296
High echogenic yolk sac 548
Hindfoot 416
Holoprosencephaly 248, 255
Holt-Oram syndrome 296
Homogeneous echogenicity 2 949
Homozygous achondroplasia 293
Honemeyer's case 167
Hormone replacement therapy 93
Huge
omphalocele 632
tumor 267
Human
chorionic somatomammotropin 69
placental lactogen 160
Hy-Co-Sy
procedure 903
requirements 903
Hydatidiform mole 38, 58, 157, 163, 447
Hydrocephalus 244, 248, 626
Hydronephrotic kidney 384
Hydropic
fetus 398
Wharton's jelly in syndromic fetus 427
Hydrops
E-bowel 1007
fetalis 493
hepatosplenomegaly 1005
splenomegaly hepatomegaly 1006
Hygroma 277
and fetal hydrops 575
Hyperechogenic endometrium 830
Hyperstimulated ovary 859
Hypertension 145 129 12 4 666
Hypochondrogenesis 293
Hypoechoic cystic structure 363
Hypomineralization 292
Hypoplasia of
bone 292
bony thorax 292
long bones of limbs 295
vermis 262
Hypoplastic
cubitus and ulna 410
left heart syndrome 349
nasal bone 174, 551
thorax 397, 402, 403
vermis of cerebellum 262
Hypovolemic shock 954
Hysterectomy 797
Hysterosalpingo-contrast-salpingography 896
Hysteroscopic myomectomy 796
Hysteroscopy 794
Hysterosonography 848
I
Iliac artery 873
In vitro fertilization 38, 92
Incompetent cervix 58
Incomplete
abortion 114
and complete spontaneous abortion 114
Increased intracranial pressure 246
Induction of labor 38
Infantile polycystic renal dysplasia 381
Inferior vena cava 205, 226, 510, 609, 616
Infertility 949
Insertion of umbilical cord into abdominal wall 363
Insula 561
Interhemispheric cyst 263
Internal
carotid arteries 545
iliac vein 31
Interstitial
fibroid 978
pregnancy 138
Intertwin membrane folding 474
Interventional fetal cardiology 689
Interventricular
hemorrhage 267
septum 320, 323
Intervillous blood flow 64
Intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome 386
Intra-abdominal
pregnancy 141
vessels 316
Intra-amniotic infections 659
Intracavitary fluid 830
Intracerebral
peripheral vessels 238
vessels 316
Intracranial
cavity volume 237
hemorrhage 270
translucency 190, 582
tumor 267
Intrahepatic tract of umbilical vein 206
Intramural
fibroid 781
uterine fibroid 785
Intraovarian resistance index 867
Intrauterine
contraceptive device localization 38
device 28, 57, 130, 972
in uterine cavity 972
gestational sac 132
growth restriction 154, 220, 502, 503, 659, 664, 666, 1004
hematomas 118
infection 1004
insemination 100
pregnancy 57, 142
synechiae 774
transfusion 38
tumor 159, 167
Intraventricular hemorrhage 267, 270
Invasive
hydatidiform mole 157, 158, 161, 164
mole 165, 170
Ipsilateral corpus luteum 134136
Irregular
blood flow 124
synostosis 265
Isoechoic myometrial lesion 448
Isolated
anteflexion of head 643
eye blinking 645
Isolated
hand movement 646
head anteflexion 642, 662
limb movement 643
retroflexion of head 643
ventriculomegaly 248
J
Jarcho-Levin syndrome 407
Jaw bone 584
Jejunal atresia 372
Johanson-Blizzard syndrome 272
K
Kidney 59, 210
biopsy 686
Kleihauer-Betke test 305
Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome 285
Kurjak's antenatal neurological test 645, 646
Kyphosis 253, 611
L
Labia majora 208
Lacunae 167
Lambdoid suture 264
Laminae 203
Langer-Giedion syndrome 272
Laparoscopic
chromopertubation 901
myomectomy 796, 797
Large
ectopic pregnancy 953
endometrial polyp 876
fibroids 800
myelomeningocele 252
omphalocele containing liver 365
para-ovarian cyst 987
teratoma 284
umbilical cord 427
ventricular septum defect 350
yolk sac 548
Laser therapy 685
Lateral
cerebral ventricles 59, 210
ventricles 211
Lean umbilical cord 426
Left and right portal veins 39
Leiomyoma 780, 953, 876, 946
Leiomyomata 38
Leiomyomatosis 503
Leiomyosarcoma 783
Lethal pterygium syndrome 635
Levator ani 987, 996, 997
Level of
kidneys and umbilicus 40
stomach 40
Limb 37, 208, 210
anomalies 292
body-wall complex 548, 555
malformations 291
Liquor amnii 485
Lissencephaly 249, 259, 260
Liver
biopsy 686
calcification 1009
Lobster claw 295
Location of tumor 267
Loss of zona pellucida 542
Low
birth weight 220
resistance index 952
Lower
limb 208
limbs tibial bowing 402
part of abdomen 207
Lumbar spine 59, 210
Lumbosacral myelomeningocele 252
Lung
sequestration 306
vessels 316
Luteal phase of menstrual cycle 762
Luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome 864
Lymphangiomas 283
M
Macrocrania 403, 404
Macrosomia 154, 437
Macrosomic fetus 722
Main pulmonary artery 354
Male genitalia 208
Malignant
ovarian tumor 813
tumors of fallopian tube 837
Malpositioned
calcaneous valgus foot 419
fetal
foot 416, 421
hand 418
foot 416
hands 417
Management of
alloimmunized pregnancy 496
pregnancy 303
Mandibular hypoplasia 589
Manual removal of placenta 38
Marginal
cord insertion 441
placenta previa 448, 449
Martius image 721
Mastoid cells 277
Maternal
and fetal screening tests 489
cervical myoma 723
diabetes mellitus 482
fever 666
ingestion of antithyroid drugs 281
ovarian tumor 723
phenylketonuria 272
tumors 722
uterine unit 107
Maxillary hypoplasia 265
McCune-Albright syndrome 280, 281
Mean
ovarian diameter/size 889
sac diameter 213
Measurement of
crown-rump length 483
endometrial volume 94
endometrium 974
intrauterine temperature 720
nuchal translucency in first trimester 483
Meconium peritonitis 372, 473
Medial longitudinal fasciculus 80
Medical complications of pregnancy 38
Medulla oblongata 178, 180, 181, 190
Meningocele 249, 252
Menorrhagia 795, 855
Menstrual
age 57
cycle 761, 766
Mesenchymal dysplasia 437
Mesenteric cyst 374
Mesoblastic nephroma 389
Mesomelia 292, 293
Metastatic mole 161
Methimazole 280
Method of delivery 38
Metopic suture 264
Microcephaly 260, 272
Micrognathia 552
Microlissencephaly 260
Micromelia 292, 293, 397, 398
Micromelic limbs 403
Microretrognathia 409
Middle cerebral artery 67, 226, 305, 495, 507, 508, 545, 666
PI nomogram 508
RI nomogram 508
S/D ratio nomogram 508
Midfacial hypoplasia 265
Midline falx 59, 210
Midsagittal scan of brain 201
Migration disorder 258, 259
Mild
hydronephrosis 633
ventriculomegaly and micrognathia 245
Miller-Dieker syndrome 260, 272
Missed abortion 115, 951
Mixed
Muellerian tumor 838
solid-cystic tumor 285
Monochorionic pregnancy 470
Monochorionicity 460
Monolateral cleft-lip and cleft-palate 602
Monozygosity phenomenon 461
Morgagni hernia 302
Motochordal canal 542
Mottled gray scale appearance 884
Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma 985
Müllerian anomalies 879, 962
Multicystic
dysplastic kidney 634
renal dysplasia 381, 383
Multifetal pregnancies 153
Multilocular hydrosalpinx 979
Multiplanar
display of right lower limb 289
technique 324
Multiple
and cerebral palsy 475
gestation 38, 58, 505
hemivertebrae 422
hepatic calcifications 374
intrauterine fractures 422
lacunae 167
porencephaly 248
pregnancy 111, 701
synostosis 265
Muscle
biopsy 686
eye-brain disease 260
Myelocystocele 252
Myelomeningocele 241, 248, 252254
of aborted fetus 253
with kyphosis 628
Myeloschisis 252, 254
Myocardiac contractility 328
Myocardial performance index 227
Myomas and malignant potential after menopause 932
Myomectomy 795
Myometrial
invasion 778
layer of uterus 775
vascularity 534
Myometrium 158
N
Narrow thorax 293
Nasal
aplasia 242
bone 179181, 235, 483, 546, 583
and fetal aneuploidy 180
evaluation 180
Neonatal
death/stillbirth 47
intensive care unit 42
intraventricular hemorrhage 504
Neoplastic ovarian masses 983
Neural tube and limbs 606
Neuronal migration 249
Neurulating human embryo 543
Newborn and prepubertal uterus 760
Nomenclature for limb abnormalities 295
Non-bowel cystic masses 373
Nonfunctioning pulmonary parenchyma 307
Nongestational choriocarcinoma 157, 160, 166
Nonimmune hydrops fetalis 1004
Nonmultilayered endometrium 96
Nontrophoblastic placental tumors 446
Normal
appearance of heart and lungs 301
brain 236, 547
corpus luteum 867
early pregnancy 106
enchondral ossification line 400
feet 609
fetal
3D spine 400
brain 240
foot 419
fetus 19
intrauterine pregnancy 113, 950
medullary
veins 238
vessels 623
nuchal translucency measurement 215
puerperium 521
uterine cavity 771, 909
uterus 770, 846
Norman-Roberts syndrome 260
Nuchal
cord 746
fold 216, 483
skin 486
skinfold 37
translucency 50, 179, 214, 473, 555, 579, 632
O
Observation of fetal face 642
Obstructive cystic renal dysplasia 382
Occipitofrontal diameter 215
Occult dysraphic states 249
Oligoamniotic sac 482
Oligodactylia 295
Oligohydramnios 38, 47, 482
Omental cyst 373
Omphalocele 144, 365, 555, 574, 577
Opening of
fetal mouth 741
mouth and movements of eyebrows 732
Ossification of calvaria 292
Osteochondrodysplasias 292, 397, 408
Osteogenesis imperfecta 292294, 400, 404, 405
Ovarian
cancer 812, 813, 815
causes of infertility 856
cycle 16, 763, 917
cyst 811
cystic tumor 812
endometrioma 948
endometriosis 886
factor in infertility 888
follicle 38
hyperstimulation 983
malignancy in postmenopause 928
multilocular cyst with solid components 811
parenchyma 833
pregnancy 142
stroma 862
stromal blood flow 890
tumors 723
vein thrombosis 949
volume 889
Ovaries 763
Ovulation 764, 890
Ovulatory and anovulatory cycles 844
P
Pachygyria 249
Pallister-Killian syndrome 306
Parallel-plane display of fetal heart 15
Para-ovarian cysts 987
Parietolateral part of unilateral cerebrum 270
Part of fetal face, fetal nose and lips 650
Partial
absence of limb 295
adnexal torsion 947
hydatidiform mole 157, 158, 161, 164, 169
placenta previa 448
syndactyly 265
Parvovirus B19 infection 1008
Patau syndrome 272
Patellar anterior luxation 423
Pelvic
angiography 165
bones 292
congestion syndrome 949, 950
endometriosis 887
infection 868
inflammatory
conglomerate 836
disease 130, 829, 837, 944
mass 58
pain 57, 58
peritoneum 979
Pelvis 18
Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling 494
Perigestational hemorrhage 119
Peripheral vascular system in 3D 315
Periphery of
adenomyotic lesions 775
endometrium 771
Permanent diastolic flow 124
Peroneal diaphysis 395
Persistent
cloaca 387
signs 583
trophoblastic disease 157, 160, 161, 166, 170
Pes equinovarus 292
Pfeiffer syndrome 244, 265
Phocomelia 295, 410
Pierre Robin
sequence 624
syndrome 245
Placenta 23, 37, 63, 727
accreta 442, 533
and umbilical cord 611
increta 443, 533
percreta 533, 727, 728
previa 38, 58, 448, 449, 503
Placental
abruption 58, 953, 954
bleeding 666
cysts 503
disease 436
infarction 503
insufficiency 47
location 447
septation 412
site trophoblastic tumor 157, 160, 161, 166, 170
texture 438
trophotropism 440
Plasma protein 174
Polycystic
ovarian syndrome 861, 892
ovary 862, 893
renal dysplasia 380, 381
Polydactyly 292, 295, 419, 554, 636
Polyhydramnios 38, 47, 482, 493, 666
Polymicrogyria 249
Polypoid endometrial lesions 974
Pontine tegmentum 82
Portion of cervix and cul-de-sac 28
Position of
myoma 565
umbilical cord 616
Positive pregnancy test 118, 136
Possible causes of fibroids 789
Postaxial polydactyly of
hand 420
left hand 420
Posterior
coronal scan 592
cranial fossa 570, 606
fossa 216
plagiocephaly 264
Postmenopausal
atrophy 998
bleeding 805
endometrial thickness 934
endometrium 933935
intrauterine fluid collection 935
ovary 926, 930
palpable ovary syndrome 928
state 762
uterus 931
Postnatal hand appearance 636
Postpartum
endometritis 529
hemorrhage 800
urinary retention 535
Pouch of Douglas 831
Prader-Willi syndrome 272
Precordial veins 226
Pre-embryonic period 562
Pregnancy test 144
Premature
cranial bones 235
delivery 38
labor 47
ovarian failure 983
Preovulatory
cumulus oophorus 764
follicle 763
Primary
amenorrhea 966
fallopian tube carcinoma 838, 840
Prominent calcaneous 419
Proteinuria 38
Proximal
femoral focal deficiency 410, 413
part of maxilla and eyes 595
Prune-Belly syndrome 556
Pseudopapillomatous protrusion 833
Pubocervical ligament 987, 997
Puerperal mastitis 535
Pulmonary
artery 15, 37, 205, 325, 582, 609, 616
atresia 353
hypoplasia 292
valve 328
veins 204, 582
Pulsatility index of uterine arteries 93
Pulse repetition frequencies 31
R
Radial arteries 771
Radiohumeral synostosis 265
Regular enchondral ossification line 401
Renal
agenesia 379
and urinary
abnormalities 628
tract anomalies 390
arteries 379
disease 503
tumors 389
vessels 316
Resistance index 2 949
Retained placental tissue 526
Retroflexion of head 652
Retroplacental hematoma 445
Retroverted uterus 524
Rhizomelia 292, 293, 406
Right
diaphragmatic hernia 368
ventricle outflow tract 206
Ring of fire 768
Rubella 305, 1009
Rudimentary mouth 277
S
Sacral spine 59, 210
Sarcoma 282
Scaphocephaly 264
Scapula and iliac wings 203
Schizencephaly 249, 258, 260
Schlesinger veins 623
Sclerosis tuberose 325
Seckel syndrome 272
Secondary
amenorrhea 973
hydrocephalus 246
palate 598, 604
Secretory endometrium 96
Segmental spinal dysgenesis 630
Semilobar holoprosencephaly 256
Septate
cystic hygroma 575
uterus 849, 880, 904
Septo-optic dysplasia 249
Septum pellucidum 270
Serous cystadenocarcinoma 986
Severe
adenomyosis 775
diabetes mellitus 38
fetal scoliosis 418
hydrocephalus 246
kyphosis 252
platyspondyly 403
scoliosis 550
vertebral scoliosis 629
Short
rib polydactyly syndrome 293, 295
umbilical cord 629
Simple
hydrocephalus 246
ovarian cyst 918, 947
Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome 307
Single
needle and free-hand technique 696
shot fast spin echo 726
umbilical arteries 429
Sirenomelia 295
Situs
solitus 341
visceral 328
Skin
biopsy 686
edema 493
Skull 37, 210
Sleeping expression of fetus 734
Slip and fall injuries 60
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome 272
Smphysis pubis 994
Snow-storm pattern 162
Solid ovarian lesions 984
Speckle reduction system 321
Sphenoid bone 591
Sphenoidal fontanelle 546
Spin technique 324
Spina bifida 241, 251, 253
aperta 249
occulta 253
Spinal
canal 203
column 110, 292
cord 159, 251, 544
Spine 37, 59, 202, 210, 211
Spleen 487
Split hand 295
and split-foot malformation 410
Spondylothoracic dysplasia 407
Spontaneous abortion 123, 950
Standard
fetal measurements 37
gray scale 300
Stimulated ovary 889
Stomach in thoracal cavity 302
Stromal
echogenicity 893
ovarian tissue 766
Subarachnoid space 246, 247
Subcapsular cyst in hydronephrotic kidney 383
Subchorionic hematoma 120, 954
Subendometrial myometrial waves 762
Subependymal
pseudocysts 268
veins 623
Submucosal
fibroid 782, 783, 796
leiomyomas 851
Submucous
fibroids 794
and polyps 968
myoma 795, 808
small myoma distorting uterine cavity 878
Subplacental myometrium 442
Subseptate uterus 963, 964, 967
Subserosal
fibroid 783, 784
uterine fibroid 781
Supercoiled cord 431
Superior
and inferior vena cava 206
sagittal sinus 238
vena cava 205
Suprasellar arachnoid cyst 264
Swiss cheese
appearance 444
appearance of myometrium 775
Sylvian fissure 622
Symphysis pubis 993, 994, 996
Syndactyly 421, 554, 636
Synechial bands in endometrium 973
Syphilis 305
Systemic disease 165
T
Talipes
clubfoot 295
equinovarus 419
deformity 417
foot 416
Temporal ambiguity 32
Teratoma 282, 283
Termination of pregnancy 38
Tetralogy of Fallot 346, 352
Thanatophoric dysplasia 292294, 401403, 636
Theca lutein cysts 158, 165
Therapy of trophoblastic diseases 169
Thermal index 6
Thick
heterogeneous endometrium 777
lobulated endometrium 971
Thickened placenta 493
Thoracic spine 59, 210
Thoracolumbar vertebra 630
Thorax 211
Threatened abortion 113
Thrombophilia 664
Thyroglossal cyst/fistula 285
Thyroid
hemiagenesis 280, 281
hormone production 280
stimulating
hormone 279
immunoglobulin 280
tumors 280
Thyrotropin-binding inhibitory immunoglobulin 280
Tibial diaphysis 398, 408
Tongue
and maxillary bone 598
expulsion 643, 646
Tortuous
and dilated pelvic venous plexuses 950
structure of spinal cord 253
Total
cranial sutures 264
ovarian volume 893
ventricular volume 237
Toxoplasma 1007
Toxoplasmosis 305
Tracheoesophageal atresia 308
Transabdominal
embryoscopy 679
fetoscopy 679
ultrasound 131
Transcerebellar scan 200
Transcervical embryoscopy 679
Transorbitary scan 200
Transplacental infection 659
Transverse cerebellar diameter 200
Treatment of CMV infection 1007
Tricuspid
atresia 350
valve 174, 183
regurgitation 182
Trigonocephaly 264
Triplet pregnancy 112
Trophoblast 158
cell invasion 65
Trophoblastic
diseases 157
tumor 168
T-sign in monochorionic twins 112
Tubal
abortion 134
arteries 833
cause of infertility 834, 867
ectopic pregnancy 135, 136
factor of infertility 894
mucosa 831
mucosal fold 834
ostia 959
patency 910
walls 831835
Tubercular synechial bands 973
Tubo-ovarian abscess 831, 835, 944
Turner syndrome 278
Twin
pregnancy 163
reversed arterial perfusion syndrome 577
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome 111, 175, 470, 471, 683
Types of
fibroids 790
limb malformations 288
Typical
banana sign 254
face of achondroplasia 592
lemon sign 254
U
Umbilical
artery 66, 225, 501503, 505, 574, 609
pulsatility index 502
resistance index 502
cord 39, 486, 728
and placenta 315
angioarchitecture 430
cyst 578
insertion and intact abdominal wall 211
insertion site into fetal abdomen 59, 210
vessel number 59, 210
hernia 109, 110, 629
ring 433
vein 19, 72, 226, 501, 509, 510, 622
Unicornuate uterus 853, 965
Unilateral
cleft lips 746
cleft palate 553
coronal suture 264
lambdoid suture 264
Unilocular ovarian cysts in postmenopause 928
Upper
limb 208
lip 210
mediastinum 324
Ureterocele 385
Urethra obstruction 387
Urethral valve stenosis 633
Urinary
bladder 39, 993, 994
exstrophy 387, 389
tract abnormality 556
Uterine
anomalies 503
arteries
PI nomogram 515
RI nomogram 514
S/D ratio nomogram 514
arteriovenous lesions 533
artery 65, 190, 225, 525, 844
blood flow 191
origin 873
causes of infertility 843
cervical cancer 809
cervix 455
Doppler 93, 97
fibroid 781, 785, 791, 801
and pregnancy 799
embolization 797, 798
fundal leiomyoma distorting uterine cavity 878
fundus 849
leiomyomas and sarcomas 808
vein 31
wall 790
Uterus 759
and fallopian tubes 901
arcuatus 534
didelphys 38, 965
Uvula 596
V
Vaginal
abortion 60
bleeding 38, 47, 58, 60, 118, 165
Valsalva maneuver 995
Valve of ureter 385
Valvular aortic stenosis 350
Varicella zoster 1009
Vascular chorioangioma 446
Vascularity in adenomyoma 978
Vascularization
flow index 94, 95, 101
index 94, 95, 101
mapping of fibroid 799
Vein of Galen aneurysm 265
Velamentous insertion of cord 441
Venous blood flow 124
Ventricular
septal defect 324
systole 183
Vertebra and spinal cord 549, 626
Vertebral scoliosis 629
Vesicoamniotic shunt operation 557
Vesicoureteral reflux 385
Vital trophoblast 144
Vocal rotational method 804
W
Walker-Warburg syndrome 260
Wall of urinary bladder 444, 1000
White blood cell count 944
Willis circle 594
Wilms tumor 389
syndrome 272
Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome 272
Wrinkling of brows or face 748
X
X-linked hydrocephalus 242, 260
Y
Yolk sac 121, 547
lies 570
vascularity 122
Z
Z-scores 355
×
Chapter Notes

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1Donald School Textbook of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology2
3Donald School Textbook of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
THIRD EDITION
Editors Asim Kurjak MD PhD Professor and Chairman Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Medical School University of Zagreb Sveti Duh Hospital Zagreb, Croatia Frank A Chervenak MD PhD Professor and Chairman Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The New York Weill Hospital-Cornell Medical Center New York, USA
4Published by
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
Corporate Office
4838/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002, India
Phone: +91-11-43574357, Fax: +91-11-43574314
Offices in India
Overseas Offices
Donald School Textbook of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
© 2011, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the editors and the publisher.
First Edition: 2004
Second Edition: 2008
Third Edition: 2011
9789350252598
Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unit
Printed in India
5To Ian Donald (Our Teacher and Friend)6
7CONTRIBUTORS 11PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION
The Ian Donald International School of Ultrasound bears testament to globalization in its most successful and worthwhile form. The school was founded in Dubrovnik in 1981; in the preface of the first edition in 2004 we were proud to announce that the School had grown to 8 branches. Since then, the growth has been meteoric and now consists of 55 branches in almost every corner of the globe. The reason for this success has been the tireless and selfless efforts of the world's leading authorities in ultrasound who are willing to dedicate their valuable time without reimbursement to teach sonologists and sonographers throughout the world. Our teachers put national, religious, political, and other parochial considerations aside as they strive to improve the care of all women and fetal patients. Politicians in the countries represented by our School have much to learn from the purity of spirit that exists throughout our international family. We believe that Ian Donald is smiling down from heaven at the School that bears his name.
In the educational efforts of the 55 branches of the Ian Donald School, there is clearly a need for a textbook to complement and supplement lectures and didactic sessions. The first and second textbooks were successful in this endeavor, but with the explosion of knowledge, it was clear that an expanded and updated third edition would be invaluable. For the sake of simplicity, our book is divided into three sections. Section One deals with a variety of topics that lay the foundation for the rest of the book. Section Two addresses the myriad subtopics in obstetric ultrasound that optimize the care of pregnant women and fetal patients. The last section addresses the essential role that ultrasound plays in the many dimensions of clinical gynecology.
A special word of thanks to Jadranka, our tireless secretary for her hundreds of dedicated hours of quality work.
We are grateful to many course directors and lecturers of the Ian Donald School who have enabled its growth and have selflessly contributed to this volume. In order to maximize the reach of this textbook by minimizing its price, all contributors have waived any honorarium or royalty. Their dedication to the dream of globalized quality ultrasound has enabled its reality.
Asim Kurjak
Frank A Chervenak12
13PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
Ultrasound is the backbone of modern obstetric and gynecology practice. For those of us old enough to remember the dark ages of clinical practice prior to ultrasound, this is not an overstatement. Younger physicians may find it hard to imagine the clinical realities of doctors who delivered undiagnosed twins presenting at delivery, who performed unnecessary surgeries for the clinical suspicion of a pelvic mass that was not present, and who consoled anguished parents when an anomalous infant was born unexpectedly. Recent technological breakthroughs in diagnostic ultrasound, including the advent of color Doppler, power Doppler, three-dimensional and fourdimensional imaging, have led ultrasound to surpass the expectations of Ian Donald, its visionary father.
The Ian Donald School was founded in 1981 and is devoted to international education and research cooperation concerning all aspects of diagnostic ultrasound. The first chapter was founded in Dubrovnik at that time and has now expanded to 7 additional national branches.
To facilitate the educational efforts of the Ian Donald School we believed a textbook would be of value. The text is divided into three parts general aspects, obstetrics, and gynecology. All contributors are either present or former teachers in the 8 branches of the Ian Donald School. We believe this comprehensive text with state-of-the-art images will be of value for both new learners and experienced practitioners.
We are grateful to all of the teachers in the School and especially to all of the contributors to this textbook for their tireless efforts to enhance the quality of ultrasound practice throughout the world.
Asim Kurjak
Frank A Chervenak