Pediatric Nephrology Arvind Bagga, RN Srivastava
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1PEDIATRIC NEPHROLOGY2
3PEDIATRIC NEPHROLOGY
FIFTH EDITION
Editors RN Srivastava FRCP FAMS Consultant Pediatric Nephrologist Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals New Delhi, India Arvind Bagga MD FIAP FAMS Professor of Pediatrics All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India
4
Published by
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
Corporate Office
4838/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002, India
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Pediatric Nephrology
© 2011, Editors
All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the editors and the publisher.
This book has been published in good faith that the material provided by contributors is original. Every effort is made to ensure accuracy of material, but the publisher, printer and editors will not be held responsible for any inadvertent error(s). In case of any dispute, all legal matters to be settled under Delhi jurisdiction only.
First Edition: 1994
Second Edition: 1997
Third Edition: 2001
Fourth Edition: 2005
Fifth Edition: 2011
9789350252437
Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unit
Printed in India
5Contributors 7Preface to the Fifth Edition
We are very happy to present the Fifth Edition of Pediatric Nephrology. Important advances in our understanding of the mechanisms and management of various renal disorders in children have taken place since the previous edition of this book. These have been incorporated and the contents extensively revised. Several new authors, having many years of clinical and investigative experience in the area of their expertise, have contributed. The chapters on electrolyte and acid-base disorders, nephrotic syndrome, acute kidney injury, urinary tract infection, tubulopathies, chronic kidney disease, renal replacement therapy, voiding disorders and neonatal renal problems have been expanded and provide most recent information, particularly concerning management of related diseases. A small section on prevention of kidney diseases has been added.
The emphasis remains on renal function and its derangement, diagnostic evaluation and treatment of important conditions. Detailed consideration of genetic and molecular mechanisms, which are very exciting but await therapeutic application, has been avoided.
We welcome new contributors—Shivaiah Balachandra, Lavjay Butani, Rahul Chanchlani, Ashima Gulati, Pankaj Hari, Manisha Jana, Alok Kalia, Sidharth Kumar Sethi, Aditi Sinha and M Srinivas. We thank Dr AK Dinda for providing renal histology illustrations.
The continued support of M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India is gratefully acknowledged.
RN Srivastava
Arvind Bagga8
9Preface to the First Edition
The need for a short practical text on disorders of the kidney and urinary tract in children has been long-felt.
Rapid advances have taken place in the diagnosis and management of various renal disorders in children. Antenatal diagnosis of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract is being increasingly made with ultrasonography. Computerized scanning, magnetic resonance and radionuclide imaging can provide definitive diagnostic information and enable continued evaluation of conditions such as vesicoureteric reflux and renal scarring, growth of a solitary kidney and renovascular lesions. New insights have been gained into the management of acute glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, urinary tract infections and chronic renal failure. The efficacy and feasibility of renal replacement therapy and renal transplantation in children have been well established.
Pediatricians and other first contact physicians bear a heavy responsibility of making a prompt diagnosis, carrying out initial therapy and preventing complications. A large proportion of renal disorders are recurrent or chronic and require long-trem care and surveillance. Psychoemotional and socioeconomic factors are very important in such cases and need to be trickled adequately for the optimal management of the child. Such patients seed to be jointly cared for by the family pediatrician and the pediatric nephrologists.
In developing countries the efforts must be directed toward appropriate therapy, cost-effectiveness and preventive nephrology. Unnecessary laboratory investigations and therapeutic modalities of unproven measures and recommendations must be promptly carried out.
The present text emphasizes the diagnostic evaluation and the management of children with renal and urinary tract disorders. Detailed considerations of renal pathophysiology and the mechanisms of diseases are not included for which pediatric nephrology textbooks and other sources may be consulted. We have attempted to give clear guidelines. Uncommon conditions have been very briefly referred to. Only a short Introduction to chronic dialysis and renal transplantation is given and those deciding to use these modalities will need detailed information.
We thank Prof UN Bhuyan for providing renal histology illustrations. The secretarial help of Mr Surest Sahni is gratefully acknowledged.
We are extremely grateful to Mr Harish Chawla, Director, Cipla Limited, for a generous contribution towards publication of this book.
We are indebted to Mr Rajesh Sardana of Cambridge Press for his help and guidance.
RN Srivastava
Arvind Bagga
10
Extracts…
First Edition (1994)
This book provides a concise account of Pediatric Nephrology. There is a simple description of developmental anomalies of the kidney, followed by excellent chapters on hereditary nephropathies, acute glomerulonephritis, renal vasculitis, asymptomatic hematuria and proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome, acute renal failure and the hemolytic uremic syndome syndrome. It contains all the essential information on pediatric nephrology and I think it will prove very useful to any doctor looking after sick children.
Cyril Chantler
Fourth Edition (2005)
This concise text provides essential information on common nephrourological disorders, which is both practical and comprehensive. There is ample factual information for the clinician on basic anatomy, physiology, embryology and etiopathogenesis. The layout of the book is pleasing to the eye, with excellent anatomical artwork, radiological images, tables and color clinical urinary microscopy and histopathological photograph plates. Excellent appendices providing further information. This book should be readily accessed from the shelves in the offices and libraries of general practitioners, pediatricians, nephrologists, urologists, intensivists, trainees, clinical nurse specialists, and any clinicians who manage children with nephrourological disorders.
SD Marks