Measurement of skeletal framework forms an important part in the study of growth. Anthropology is the study of humans. Anthropometry, a branch of anthropology, is a systematized art of measuring and making observations on man, his skeleton, his brain and other organs by the most reliable means and methods and for scientific purposes. Craniometry, osteometry, cephalometry and somatometry are branches of anthropometry. Measurement of craniofacial skeleton became accurate after the invention of cephalometric radiology, which forms the basis of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. This chapter gives an insight into the history of anthropometry, its pioneers, some of the important indices used in anthropometry. There is an emphasis on cephalometry. The following uses of cephalometry are discussed elaborately as to evaluate growth status of an individual, to quantify growth, to estimate the timing of growth spurt, to assess the growth of soft tissue, to assess the dynamics of dental and skeletal relationship during childhood, adolescence and adulthood, finally to assess the impact of growth on orthodontic treatment.