Jaypee Brothers
In Current Chapter
In All Chapters
X
Clear
X
GO
Normal
Sepia
Dark
Default Style
Font Style 1
Font Style 2
Font Style 3
Less
Normal
More
The Short Textbook of Medical Microbiology for Nurses
Satish Gupte
SECTION ONE: GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
1:
Microbiology and Nurse
INFECTION CONTROL TEAM
Infection Control Nurse
ROLE OF NURSES IN PREVENTION OF HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTION
2:
History and Scope
INTRODUCTION
Historical Events
MICROBIOLOGY
Branches of Microbiology
Scope of Microbiology
BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
3:
Morphology of Bacteria
SLIME LAYER
CAPSULE (FIG. 3.4)
Demonstration of Capsule
Functions
CELL WALL
Chemical Structure of Cell Wall
Gram-negative Cell Wall
Gram-positive Cell Wall
Demonstration
Functions
CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE
Demonstration
Functions
CYTOPLASM
Functions
Intracytoplasmic Inclusions
NUCLEUS
FLAGELLA
Demonstration
FIMBRIAE
Common Pili
F Pili
Col I Pili
Demonstration
Functions
SPORES (FIG. 3.12)
Formation of Spores (Fig. 3.13)
Spore Forming Bacteria
Germination of Spore
Study of Morphology of Bacteria
Optical Methods
UNSTAINED PREPARATIONS
STAINING OF BACTERIA
Gram's Stain
Acidic Acridine Orange Stain
Albert Stain
Ziehl-Neelsen Stain
Spore Stain
Capsular Stain
BIOFILM
4:
Nutritional Requirements of Bacteria
GROWTH REQUIREMENTS
Nutritional Requirements
Gas Requirements
Moisture
Accessory Nutritional Requirements
GROWTH CURVE
Lag Phase
Log Phase
Stationary Phase
Decline Phase
Survival Phase
Factors Influencing Growth
BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION
GENERATION TIME
5:
Media for Bacterial Growth
FLUID MEDIA
Types of Fluid Media
Broth
Peptone
FLUID MEDIA
SOLID MEDIA
SOLID MEDIA
Classification of Media
Culture Techniques
METHODS OF ISOLATING PURE CULTURE
Methods of Culture
METHODS OF ANAEROBIC CULTURE
6:
Classification and Identification of Bacteria
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
Division Protophyta
MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA
Common Staining Techniques
Gram Stain (Fig. 6.1A)
Ziehl-Neelsen Stain (Fig. 6.1B)
Staining Reaction
Biochemical Reactions
7:
Sterilization and Disinfection
APPLICATION OF DISINFECTANTS
In Bacteriology
In Surgical Procedures
In Hospitals
In Public Health Services
Physical
Chemicals
Physical Methods
Dry Heat
Precautions in Use of Hot Air Oven
Sterilization Control of Hot Air Oven
Moist Heat
Temperature below 100°C
Temperature at 100°C
Temperature above 100°C
AUTOCLAVE (FIG. 7.3)
Types of Autoclave
Sterilization by Filtration
Other Uses of Filter
Radiations
Ultrasonic and Sonic Vibrations
Chemical Methods
Hydrogen peroxide vapors:
Uses of Disinfectant
8:
Infection
CLASSIFICATION OF INFECTION
Sources of Infection in Man
Methods of Transmission of Infection
Characters of Pathogens
Factors Predisposing to Microbial Pathogenicity
9:
Chemotherapeutic Agents
SECTION TWO: BACTERIAL GENETICS
10:
Bacterial Genetics
STRUCTURE OF DNA
PLASMID
Features of Bacterial Plasmids
TRANSMISSION OF GENETIC MATERIAL
Transformation
Transduction
Lysogenic Conversion
Conjugation (Fig. 10.2)
Protoplast Fusion
Drug Resistance
SECTION THREE: IMMUNOLOGY
11:
Immunity
HISTORICAL EVENTS IN IMMUNOLOGY
APPLICATION OF IMMUNOLOGY
IMMUNITY
INNATE IMMUNITY
Mechanism of Innate Immunity
Humoral Factors
Cellular Factors
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
VACCINATION
History of Development of Immunization
Schedule of Immunization
NEWER VACCINES
Advantages of Newer Vaccines
Disadvantages of Newer Vaccines
APPLICATION OF VACCINE
12:
Antigen
PROPERTIES OF ANTIGEN
SUPERANTIGEN
13:
Antibodies-Immunoglobulins
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Structure of Immunoglobulin
Papain Digestion (Fig. 13.1)
Pepsin Digestion (Fig. 13.2)
Function of Immunoglobulins
Immunoglobulin Classes (Table 13.1)
14:
Antigen and Antibody Reactions
PRECIPITATION
Uses of Precipitation Reaction
LATTICE HYPOTHESIS (FIG. 14.1)
Techniques of Precipitation Reaction
Examples of Gel diffusion (Fig. 14.2)
AGGLUTINATION REACTIONS
Uses
TECHNIQUE OF AGGLUTINATION TEST
Direct Agglutination Test
Indirect or Passive Agglutination Test
Neutralization Test
Opsonization
Immune Adherence Test (Treponema pallidum)
Immunofluorescence
Immunoelectron Microscopic Test
15:
The Complement System
16:
Hypersensitivity
HYPERSENSITIVITY
Mechanism
Classification
TYPE I REACTIONS
Anaphylaxis
Cutaneous Anaphylaxis
Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis
Schütz-Dale Phenomenon
Mechanism of Anaphylaxis
Pharmacological Mediators of Anaphylaxis (Table 16.3)
TYPE II REACTIONS
Cytotoxic and Cytolytic
TYPE III REACTIONS
Immune Complex Diseases
Arthus Reaction
Serum Sickness
DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY (TYPE IV REACTION)
Manifestations
CLASSICAL TYPE
GRANULOMATOUS REACTIONS
Type V or Stimulation Hypersensitivity
SCHWARTZMAN REACTION
17:
Immunohematology
18:
Miscellaneous
IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME
ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
Mechanism of Autoimmune Disease
Features Observed in Autoimmune Diseases
IMMUNOLOGY OF TRANSPLANTATION
IMMUNOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE
IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE
LIMULUS AMEBOCYTE LYSATE TEST (LAL TEST)
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY METHOD
Immunoblotting
ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA)
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
NOBEL PRIZE IN MEDICINE IN 1987
SECTION FOUR: SYSTEMIC BACTERIOLOGY
19:
Staphylococcus
MICROCOCCACEAE
Classification
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (STAPHYLOCOCCUS PYOGENES)
Selective Media
Factors Influencing Pigment Production
Biochemical Reactions
Characteristics of Pathogenic Strain
BIOTYPES
Enzymes Produced
TOXINS
Other Toxins
Virulence Factors
Laboratory Diagnosis
1. Hematological Investigations
2. Bacteriological Methods
METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
STAPHYLOCOCCUS SAPROPHYTICUS
STAPHYLOCOCCUS ALBUS
Cultural Characters
Differentiation Between Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus
STAPHYLOCOCCUS CITRUS
Differentiation Between Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus
MICROCOCCUS TETRAGEN (GAFFKYA TETRAGENA)
Cultural Character
SARCINA
20:
Streptococcus
GROUP A
Streptococcus pyogenes
Toxin Production
Laboratory Diagnosis
GROUP B
DISEASES CAUSED BY GROUP ‘B’ STREPTOCOCCI
Newborn
Adult
GROUP C
GROUP D
Cultural Characters
ALPHA HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
ANAEROBIC STREPTOCOCCUS
ANAEROBIC COCCI
21:
Pneumococcus
22:
Neisseria
NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS
Laboratory Diagnosis
NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE
Laboratory Diagnosis
Commensal Neisseriae
Non-gonococcal Urethritis
Etiology
Veillonellae
23:
Corynebacterium
CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE
Biochemical Reactions
Resistance
Antigenic Structure
Bacteriophage Typing
Toxin
Mode of Action of Toxin
Pathogenicity
Complications
Laboratory Diagnosis
Bacteriological Investigations
Virulence Test
Immunity
Treatment
DIPHTHEROIDS
24:
Mycobacteria
MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
Cultural Characters
Resistance
Determinants of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Pathology
Laboratory Diagnosis (Table 24.3)
Concentration Methods
Tuberculin
Interpretation of Mantoux Test
False Negative Tuberculin Test
False Positive
Uses of Tuberculin Test
BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin)
BCG VACCINE
Complications of BCG
ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIA (TABLE 24.4)
SKIN PATHOGENS
MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE
Laboratory Diagnosis
25:
Bacillus
BACILLUS ANTHRAX
Biochemical Reactions
Laboratory Diagnosis
BACILLUS SUBTILUS
BACILLUS CEREUS
26:
Clostridium
CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI
Laboratory Diagnosis
CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS (CLOSTRIDIUM WELCHII)
NAGLER'S REACTION
Laboratory Diagnosis
Microscopic Examination
Animal Pathogenicity
Bacteriological Diagnosis of Clostridium perfringens Food Poisoning
CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM
Laboratory Diagnosis
CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE
Morphology
Toxins
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
27:
Enterobacteriaceae
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Smear Examination
Culture
EDWARDSIELLA
CITROBACTER
KLEBSIELLA
Difference between Klebsiella and Escherichia coli
ENTEROBACTER
HAFNIA
SERRATIA
PROTEUS
Laboratory Diagnosis
SHIGELLA
Biochemical Reactions (Fig. 27.3)
TOXIN
Laboratory Diagnosis
SALMONELLA
Antigenic Variation
Laboratory Diagnosis
Interpretation of Widal Test
28:
Pseudomonas
PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA (PSEUDOMONAS PYOCYANEA)
Antigenic Structure
TOXINS AND ENZYMES PRODUCED BY PSEUDOMONAS
Laboratory Diagnosis
29:
Vibrio
VIBRIO CHOLERAE
Special Media
Laboratory Diagnosis
Hematological Investigations
Bacteriological Investigations
Vibrio El Tor
Vibrio Cholerae 139
Non-agglutinable Vibrios (NAV)
Aeromonas and Plesiomonas
30:
Brucella
GRAM-NEGATIVE COCCOBACILLI
Classification
Laboratory Diagnosis
31:
Hemophilus
32:
Spirochaetes
BORRELIA
Borrelia recurrentis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Bacteriological Investigations
Borrelia vincentii
LYME DISEASE
LEPTOSPIRA
Leptospira icterohemorrhagica
Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Hematological Investigations
Bacteriological Investigations
Serological Test
TREPONEMA
Treponema pallidum
Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Bacteriological Investigations
Secondary Stage
Tests using live T. pallidum
Tests using Killed T. pallidum
Tests using T. pallidum extract
Treponema pertenue
Treponema carateum
SECTION FIVE: VIROLOGY
33:
General Characteristics of Viruses
INCLUSION BODIES
Laboratory Diagnosis
Microscopic Examination
Identification in Cell Culture
Detection of Viral Antigens
Detection of Viral Nucleic Acids
Serology
34:
Classification of Viruses
35:
DNA Viruses
POXVIRUS
Morphology
Antigenic Properties
SMALLPOX (VARIOLA MAJOR)
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Collection of Specimen
Demonstration of Virus
Demonstration of Antibody
Prophylaxis
Vaccination
Method of Vaccination
Response of Vaccination
Complication of Primary Vaccination
MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM
ADENOVIRUSES
HERPES VIRUS (FIG. 35.4)
Human Herpes Virus Type 6
Human Herpes Virus Type 7
Human Herpes Virus Type 8
36:
RNA Viruses
PICORNAVIRUSES A
Enteroviruses
Newer Enteroviruses (68 to 72)
Rhinoviruses
ORTHOMYXOVIRUSES
INFLUENZA VIRUSES
PARAMYXOVIRUSES
Mumps
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Parainfluenza Viruses
Measles
Rubella Virus
RHABDOVIRUS
Rabies Virus
37:
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
CLINICAL PICTURE
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
38:
Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)
SPREAD OF INFECTION
SYMPTOMS
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT
39:
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
IMPORTANT EVENTS IN AIDS
History
Structure and Properties of HIV
Laboratory Diagnosis
Direct Methods
Indirect Methods
Other Investigations
Strategies of HIV Testing in India
Strategy I: (Blood Donation)
Strategy II: (Surveillance and Diagnosis)
Strategy III: (Diagnosis)
Preventive Measure in Biosafety
SECTION SIX: MYCOLOGY
40:
Mycology
MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI
SYSTEMATIC CLASSIFICATION
Laboratory Diagnosis
Direct Microscopy
Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) Preparation
Gram Stain
India Ink Preparation
Culture
Tissue Sections
Serology
Superficial Mycosis
Pityriasis Versicolor
Tinea Nigra
Black Piedra
White Piedra
MICROSPORUM
Trichophyton
Trichophyton rubrum
Diseases Produced
Trichophyton Mentagrophytes
Diseases Produced
Trichophyton Tonsurans
Trichophyton Schoenleinii
EPIDERMOPHYTON
SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSIS
Chromoblastomycosis
Mycetoma
Etiology
Sporotrichosis
SYSTEMATIC MYCOSIS
Candidiasis
Histoplasmosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Paracoccidioidomycosis
Blastomycosis
Pneumocystis Carinii
OPPORTUNISTIC MYCOTIC INFECTIONS
Penicillosis
Zygomycosis
Etiology
MISCELLANEOUS MYCOLOGY TOPICS
SECTION SEVEN: PARASITOLOGY AND MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY
41:
Protozoa
RHIZOPODA
Entamoeba histolytica
Geographical Distribution
Habitats
Morphology
Trophozoite
Precystic Stage
Pathogenesis
Pathology
Characters of Amebic Intestinal Ulcers
Laboratory Diagnosis
SEROLOGICAL TESTS IN INVASIVE AMEBIASIS
Treatment
Nonpathogenic Amebae
Entamoeba coli (Table 41.4)
Entamoeba gingivalis
Endolimax nana
Iodamoeba butschlii
FREE LIVING SOIL AMEBA
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)
Etiologic Agent
Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis
Etiologic Agent
Clinical Picture
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
MASTIGOPHORA
Giardia lamblia
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Symptomatology
Pathology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Mode of Transmission
Incubation Time
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Clinical Picture
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
TRICHOMONAS TENAX
TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS
TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Life Cycle
Clinical Picture
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Clinical Picture
Laboratory Diagnosis
LEISHMANIA DONOVANI
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Amastigote Form
Promastigote Form
Culture
Animal Models
Mode of Transmission
Life Cycle
PATHOLOGY AND CLINICAL PICTURE
Spleen
Macroscopic Picture
Microscopic Picture
Liver
Macroscopic Picture
Microscopic Picture
Bone Marrow
Miscellaneous
The clinical picture is as under (Kala-azar):
AIDS and Visceral Leishmaniasis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Direct Agglutination Test (DAT)
Treatment
Preventive Measures
POST KALA-AZAR DERMAL LEISHMANIASIS (DERMAL LEISHMANIASIS)
Geographical Distribution
Pathogenesis and Clinical Picture
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
LEISHMANIA TROPICA
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Clinical Features
Pathology
Laboratory Diagnosis
LEISHMANIA BRAZILIENSIS
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Life Cycle
Clinical Features
Pathology
Laboratory Diagnosis
SPOROZOA
Malarial Parasite
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Life Cycle in Man (Schizogony)
Life Cycle in Mosquito (Sporogony)
Pathogenesis of Plasmodium
Clinical Picture
Complications of P. falciparum
Transmission Modes
Immunity
Liver
Macroscopic (Gross)
Microscopic
Spleen
Macroscopic
Microscopic
Kidney
Macroscopic
Microscopic
Bone Marrow
Macroscopic
Microscopic
Brain
Macroscopic
Microscopic
Heart
Lungs
Gastrointestinal Tract
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
TOXOPLASMA GONDII
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Trophozoites (Fig. 41.8)
Tissue Cysts
Oocysts
Life Cycle
Enteric Cycle in Cat
Exoenteric Cycle in Man
Mode of Transmission
Pathogenesis
Clinical Picture
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
ISOSPORA BELLI
Morphology
Life Cycle (Fig. 41.10)
Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM
Geographical Distribution
Morphology
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis and Clinical Picture
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
BABESIA
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Transmission of Infection
Incubation Period
Pathogenesis and Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
PARASITES ASSOCIATED WITH AIDS
CILIATA BALANTIDIUM COLI
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Cyst (Fig. 41.11)
Pathology
Laboratory Diagnosis
Prophylaxis
42:
Helminths
NEMATODES
Trichinella spiralis
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Pathogenicity and Clinical Picture
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Pathogenicity and Clinical Picture
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Ascaris lumbricoides (Roundworm)
Habitat
Morphology
Pathogenicity and Clinical Picture
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Ancylostoma duodenale (Hookworm)
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Pathogenicity and Clinical Picture
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Necator americanus (Table 42.1)
Geographical Distribution
Strongyloides stercoralis
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis and Clinical Picture
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Enterobius vermicularis (Threadworm)
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis and Clinical Picture
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea Worm)
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Life Cycle
Pathogenesis and Clinical Picture
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Wuchereria bancrofti
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Life Cycle
Clinical Picture and Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Brugia malayi
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Life Cycle
Pathogenicity and Clinical Picture
Treatment
Onchocerca volvulus
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Life Cycle
Pathogenicity and Clinical Picture
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Loa Loa
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Life Cycle
Pathogenicity and Clinical Picture
Treatment
Mansonella ozzardi
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
Cestodes
Diphyllobothrium latum (Fish Tapeworm)
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Life Cycle (Fig. 42.1)
Clinical Picture
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Prophylaxis Prevention
Taenia saginata (Beef Tapeworm)
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology (Fig. 42.2)
Life Cycle
Clinical Picture
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Taenia solium (Pork Tapeworm)
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology (Table 42.3)
Life Cycle
Clinical Picture
Diagnosis
Treatment
Cysticercus cellulosae
Morphology
Transmission
Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Echinococcus granulosus(Dog Tapeworm)
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Life Cycle
Hydatid Cyst (Fig. 42.4)
Ectocyst
Endocyst
Hydatid Fluid
Hydatid Sand
Formation of Daughter Cysts
Animal Model
Immunology
Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Echinococcus multiloculares
The salient features are:
Hymenolepis nana (Dwarf Tapeworm)
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Life Cycle (Fig. 42.5)
Clinical Picture
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
TREMATODES
Schistosoma
General Clinical Symptoms
Schistosoma hematobium (Bilharzia Hematobium)
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Life Cycle (Fig. 42.7)
Pathogenicity and Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
43:
Medical Entomology
SECTION EIGHT: CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
44:
The Normal Flora
LOCATION OF NORMAL FLORA
Skin
Nose and Mouth
Gastrointestinal Tract
Urogenital Tract
Advantages of Normal Flora
Disadvantages
45:
Collection and Transport of Clinical Specimens
46:
Collection and Preliminary Processing of Specimens
47:
Diagnosis Microbiology-An Approach to Laboratory Diagnosis
PYREXIA OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN (PUO)
SORE THROAT
Etiology
Collection of Specimen
Culture
URINARY TRACT INFECTION
Causes
Collection of Specimens
Cultural Procedure
MENINGITIS
Causes
Collection of Specimen
Processing and Culture of Specimen
INFECTIVE DIARRHEA
Causes
Further Processing and Culture Procedure
WOUND INFECTION
Etiology
Aerobes
Anaerobes
Fungi
FOOD POISONING
Etiology
PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
Sputum
Laryngeal Swab
Gastric Lavage
INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
Causes
Collection of Specimen
Culture Procedure
SEPTICEMIA/BACTEREMIA
Laboratory Diagnosis
Etiology of septicemia
48:
Serological and Skin Tests
49:
Microbiology in the Service of Human Being
MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
ROLE OF MICROBIOLOGY
IMPORTANCE IN DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE
50:
Community Microbiology
51:
Hospital Infections
52:
Hand Washing
FACTORS INFLUENCING HAND WASHING
STEPS TO WASH HANDS
WHEN TO WASH HANDS
HOW TO WASH HANDS
53:
Hospital and Laboratory Wastes
INFECTIOUS WASTE OF HOSPITAL AND LABORATORY
INFECTIOUS MICROORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH HOSPITAL OR LABORATORY
Segregation of Hospital Waste
TECHNIQUES FOR WASTE TREATMENT
Chemical Method to Dispose of Hospital Waste
Incinerator
Autoclave
Microwaving
Hydroclaving
Plasma Technology
DISPOSAL OF HOSPITAL AND LABORATORY WASTE
54:
Emergency Microbiology
VISUALIZATION OF THE AGENT OF DISEASE
ANTIGEN DETECTION
Detection of Substances Produced by the Infecting Organisms in Specimens
Detection of Substances Produced by the Host in Response to Infection
55:
Bacteriology of Milk, Air and Water
BACTERIOLOGY OF MILK
Sources of Bacteria in Milk
Milk-borne Diseases
Pasteurization of Milk
Biological Standards of Milk
Bacteriologic Examination
Bacteriology of Air
Indications of Bacteriological Examination of Air
Methods of Bacteriological Examination of Air
Bacteriological Examination of Environment Dust
Interpretation
BACTERIOLOGY OF WATER
Bacterial Flora of Water
Water-borne Diseases
Sampling of Water
Types of Water to be Sampled
Sample from Reservoir
Sample from Well
Presumptive Coliform Test (Fig. 55.1 and Table 55.1)
Detection of Fecal Streptococci and Clostridium perfringens
Colony Count
Viruses in Water
56:
Glossary
INDEX
TOC
Index
×
Chapter Notes
Save
Clear