HBV-infected patients expressing hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) for more than 6 months are regarded as chronic HBV carriers. However, mere expression of choric HBV carriers provide almost no information about extent of liver diseases, possibility of development of complications, and need of therapy. Many chronic HBV carriers pass uneventful life and HBV infection exhibit little, if any, impact on their quality of life and overall survival. On the other hand, considerable numbers of chronic HBV carriers develop progressive liver damages and complications, like liver cirrhosis and HCC. Expression of different HBV-related markers in chronic HBV carriers provide some insights about extent of liver damages, but, a combination of different serological markers should always be considered to assess extent of liver damages and to design management strategies of these patients. The entity of these pathological conditions has been defined in this chapter. Also, extensive discussions have been made regarding diagnosis and management of HBV carriers. The importance of correct diagnosis of this condition is also related to HBV prophylaxis.