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Pathology & Genetics for Nurses K Swaminathan

PART I PATHOLOGY: SECTION 1: PATHOLOGY OF CELLS AND TISSUES
1:Cellular Injury
- INTRODUCTION
- CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS
- CELL INJURY
- CALCIFICATION
2:Inflammation
- INTRODUCTION
- ACUTE INFLAMMATION
- CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
3:Healing and Repari
- INTRODUCTION
- REGENERATION
- HEALING OF SKIN WOUND
- FACTORS INFLUENCING WOUND HEALING
4:Fluid and Hemodynamic Disturbances
- GENERAL FEATURES
- EDEMA
- HYPEREMIA AND CONGESTION
- HEMORRHAGE
  - Causes for Hemorrhage
- SHOCK
- THROMBOSIS
- EMBOLISM
  - Definition
  - Types of Embolism
- INFARCTION
5:Neoplasia
- INTRODUCTION TO NEOPLASIA
  - Definition
  - Nomenclature
- CHARACTERISTICS OF BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS
- METASTASIS
  - Routes of Metastasis
  - Mechanism of Metastasis
- CARCINOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES OF NEOPLASIA
- LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF NEOPLASIA
SECTION 2: PATHOLOGY OF BLOOD VESSELS, HEART AND LUNGS
6:Blood Vessels
- NORMAL STRUCTURE
- PATHOLOGY OF BLOOD VESSELS
  - Arteriosclerosis
    - Definition
  - Atherosclerosis
- ANEURYSMS
7:Heart
- INTRODUCTION
- BLOOD SUPPLY
- DISEASES OF HEART
8:Lungs
- GENERAL FEATURES
- DISORDERS OF LUNG
- CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES (COPD)
- TUMORS OF LUNG: BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA
- DISEASES OF PLEURA
SECTION 3: PATHOLOGY OF GASTROINTESTINAL AND RENAL SYSTEM
9:Esophagus and Stomach
- INTRODUCTION
- ESOPHAGUS
  - Esophagitis
  - Tumors of Esophagus
- STOMACH
10:Small Intestine and Large Intestine
- NORMAL STRUCTURE
- DISORDERS OF INTESTINES
11:Liver
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOLOGY OF LIVER
- HEPATITIS
- CIRRHOSIS
- TUMORS OF LIVER
  - Hepatocellular Carcinoma
    - Etiological Factors
  - Cholangiocarcinoma
    - Hepatoblastoma
12:Gallbladder
- INTRODUCTION
- CHOLELITHIASIS (GALLSTONE)
  - Risk Factors and Etiological Agents
  - Clinical Implications of Calculi
- CARCINOMA GALLBLADDER
13:Exocrine Pancreas
- NORMAL STRUCTURE
- PANCREATITIS
14:Renal System
- INTRODUCTION
- FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEY
- ANATOMY OF KIDNEY
  - Glomeruli
- FUNCTIONS OF KIDNEY
  - Glomerular Filtration
    - Size Dependent Filtration
    - Charge Dependent Filtration
- RENAL DISEASES
  - Clinical Profile of Renal Diseases
- GLOMERULAR DISEASES
- TUBULOINTERSTITIAL DISEASES
- UROLITHIASIS
- TUMORS OF KIDNEY
- CYSTITIS
  - Special Forms of Cystitis
SECTION 4: PATHOLOGY OF GENITAL SYSTEM
15:Male Genital System
- NORMAL STRUCTURE
- CRYPTORCHIDISM (SYN—UNDESCENDED TESTIS)
  - Causes for Cryptorchidism
- EPIDIDYMO-ORCHITIS
- TUMORS OF TESTIS
- PROSTATE
- TUMORS OF PENIS
  - Condyloma Acuminatum
  - Squamous Cell Carcinoma
16:Female Genital System
- PATHOLOGY OF CERVIX
- PATHOLOGY OF UTERUS
- PATHOLOGY OF OVARIES
17:The Carcinoma of Breast
- INTRODUCTION
  - Etiopathogenesis
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Noninvasive Cancer
  - Invasive Cancers
- PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES
- SPREAD OF BREAST CANCER
- CLINICAL PROFILE AND DIAGNOSIS
- PROGNOSTIC FACTORS
SECTION 5: PATHOLOGY OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, BONES AND JOINTS
18:Central Nervous Syste
- GENERAL FEATURES
- HYDROCEPHALUS
- INFECTIONS
19:Bones and Joints
- GENERAL FEATURES
- OSTEOMYELITIS
  - Pyogenic OM
- OSTEOPOROSIS
- TUMORS OF BONE
- PATHOLOGY OF JOINTS
SECTION 6: CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
20:Introduction to Practical Hematology
- BLOOD
  - Collection of Blood
    - Collection of Capillary Blood by Skin Puncture
    - Collection of Blood by Venipuncture
  - Anticoagulants
- DETERMINATION OF HEMOGLOBIN
  - Other Methods for Estimating Hemoglobin
- BLOOD CELL COUNTS
- STUDY OF BLOOD SMEAR AND DIFFERENTIAL LEUKOCYTE COUNT
  - Steps in Staining
21:Examination of Blood Films
- INTRODUCTION
- UNIFORM GRADING OF BLOOD PICTURE
- MEASUREMENT OF PCV IN AUTOMATED INSTRUMENTS
- INTERPRETATION
22:Examination of Bone Marrow
- INTRODUCTION
- INDICATIONS FOR BONE MARROW STUDY
- INDICATIONS FOR BONE MARROW BIOPSY
- COMMON SITES FOR BONE MARROW ASPIRATION
- INSTRUMENTS
- METHOD
- INTERPRETATION
23:Tests for Hemostasis
- INTRODUCTION
- BLEEDING TIME
  - Principle
  - Method
    - Normal Values
- WHOLE BLOOD CLOTTING TIME
  - Principle
  - Method
- BLOOD GROUPING AND TYPING
- RH TYPING
- COMPATIBILITY TESTING
  - Major Cross Match Technique
SCETION 7: LABORATORY PATHOLOGY
24:Urine Analysis
- INTRODUCTION
- FORMATION OF URINE
- COMPOSITION OF NORMAL URINE
- COLLECTION OF URINE SPECIMEN
- PRESERVATION
  - Preservatives
- ROUTINE EXAMINATION OF URINE
  - Physical Examination of Urine
- PROTEINS IN URINE
  - Test for Detection of Proteins
- SUGARS IN URINE
- KETONES IN URINE (KETONURIA)
  - Other Causes of Ketonuria
- BLOOD IN URINE
  - Tests for Detection of Blood
- BILE IN THE URINE
  - Tests for Detection for Bilirubin
  - Tests for Detection of Urobilinogen
- MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF URINE SEDIMENT
25:Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Examination
- INTRODUCTION
- FORMATION AND COMPOSITION OF CSF
  - Characteristics of Normal CSF
  - Composition of CSF
- INDICATIONS OF CSF EXAMINATION
- COLLECTION AND HANDLING OF CSF
- EXAMINATION OF CSF
26:Examination of Body Fluids
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF EFFUSION
- EXAMINATION OF PLEURAL FLUID
- EXAMINATION OF PERICARDIAL FLUID
- EXAMINATION OF PERITONEAL FLUID (ASCITIC FLUID)
- EXAMINATION OF SYNOVIAL FLUID
27:Sputum Examination
- INTRODUCTION
- PRODUCTION AND NORMAL COMPOSITION OF SPUTUM
- EXAMINATION OF THE SPUTUM
28:Semen Analysis
- INTRODUCTION
- COMPOSITION AND PRODUCTION OF SEMEN
- CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF SEMEN ANALYSIS
- SPECIMEN COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION
- ROUTINE EXAMINATION OF SEMEN
- SPERM FUNCTIONAL TESTS
29:Stool Examination
- INTRODUCTION
- COLLECTION
  - Precautions in Collection
- PRESERVATION
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- APPENDIX
PART II: HUMAN GENETICS
30:Historical Highlights
31:Principles of Cytogenetics
- CELL CYCLE
  - Mitosis
- MEIOSIS
- MEIOSIS I
- MEIOSIS II
- SPERMATOGENESIS
- OOGENESIS
32:Morphology of Chromosomes
- KARYOTYPING
33:Structure of DNA and Gene
- INTRODUCTION
34:Mutations
35:Recombinant DNA Technology
- VARIOUS TECHNIQUES OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
36:Chromosomal Aberrations
- CLINICAL PROFILES OF SOME OF THE COMMON CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS INVOLVING THE AUTOSOMAL CHROMOSOMES
- CLINICAL PROFILES OF SOME OF THE COMMON CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS INVOLVING THE SEX CHROMOSOMES
37:Modes of Inheritance
- INTRODUCTION
- AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT PATTERN OF INHERITANCE
- AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE PATTERN OF INHERITANCE
- X-LINKED PATTERN OF INHERITANCE
38:Prenatal Diagnosis
39:Genetic Counseling
- GENETIC COUNSELOR
  - Functions of a Genetic Counselor
  - Other Functions of the Counselor
- ETHICS IN PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS AND THE SUBSEQUENT ABORTIONS
  - Abortion Choices
  - Access to Prenatal Diagnosis Service
- ETHICAL PROBLEMS FACED BY THE COUNSELOR
- ETHICAL GUIDANCE IN GENETIC COUNSELING
40:Analysis of Genetic Disorder—Role of Paramedical Personnel
41:Recent Advances in Medical Genetics

INDEX

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Chapter Notes