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Materials in Restorative Dentistry
I Anand Sherwood
1:
Introduction to Dental Materials
INTRODUCTION
MATERIAL CATEGORIES
Metals (Fig. 1.1)
Ceramics
Polymers (Fig. 1.2)
Composites
PREVENTIVE MATERIALS
RESTORATIVE MATERIALS
AUXILIARY DENTAL MATERIALS
2:
Physical Properties
INTRODUCTION
Material Properties
Physical Properties
STRESS
STRAIN
VISCOSITY (FIG. 2.1)
Viscosity - Time and Temperature
Viscoelastic Materials
Creep
Creep Compliance
Mechanical Model Demonstrating Viscoelasticity
OPTICAL PROPERTIES
Color
Measurement of Color
Instrumental Technique
Visual Technique
Surface Finish and Thickness
Pigmentation
Metamerism
Fluorescence
Opacity, Translucency and Transparency
Index of Refraction (Fig. 2.12)
Other Terms of Interest
Thermophysical Properties
Thermal Conductivity
Specific Heat
Thermal Diffusivity
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Transition Temperature
Heat of Fusion
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
Electrical Conductivity
Dielectric Constant
Electromotive Force (EMF)
OTHER PROPERTIES
Water Sorption
Solubility and Disintegration
Setting Time
Shelf Life
TARNISH AND CORROSION
Causes of Tarnish and Corrosion
Tarnish
Corrosion
Classification of Corrosion
(i) Chemical Corrosion (Dry Corrosion)
(ii) Electrochemical Corrosion (Wet Corrosion)
Electrochemical Corrosion
Electrochemical Cell (Fig. 2.13)
Dissimilar Metals (Fig. 2.14)
Heterogeneous Surface Composition (Fig. 2.15)
Stress Corrosion
Concentration Cell Corrosion (Fig. 2.16)
Protection Against Corrosion
Evaluation of Tarnish and Corrosion
Clinical Significance of Galvanic Currents
3:
Mechanical Properties
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Stresses and Strain (Figs 3.1 and 3.2)
Tensile Stress
Compressive Stress
Shear Stress
Flexural (Bending) Stress
Mechanical Properties Based on Elastic Deformation (Stress-strain graph)
Elastic Modulus (Young's modulus, Modulus of elasticity)
Dynamic Young's Modulus
Flexibility
Resilience (Fig. 3.9)
Poisson's Ratio (Fig. 3.10)
Strength Properties
Proportional Limit
Hooke's Law (Fig. 3.11)
Elastic Limit
Yield Strength
Coldworking (Strain hardening or work hardening)
Diametral Tensile Strength (Fig. 3.12)
Flexural Strength
Fatigue Strength
Impact Strength
Shear Strength
Mastication Forces and Stresses
Other Mechanical Properties
Toughness (Fig. 3.14)
Fracture Toughness (Fig. 3.15)
Brittleness
Ductility and Malleability (Fig. 3.16)
Measurement of Ductility
Tear Strength and Tear Energy
Torsion (Fig. 3.17)
Bond Strength
Mechanical Properties of Composites
Surface Mechanical Properties
Hardness
Brinell Hardness Test
Rockwell Hardness Test
Advantages
Disadvantages
Vicker's Hardness Test
Knoop Hardness Test
Disadvantages
Barcol Hardness Test
Shore A Hardness Test
Nano-indentation
Friction (Fig. 3.19)
Wear
Four Types of Wear
Coefficient of Wear (Fig. 3.20)
Stress Analysis and Design of Dental Structures
Stress Concentration Factors (Fig. 3.25)
4:
Biocompatibility of Dental Materials
SPECIAL BIOLOGICAL INTERFACE WITH DENTAL MATERIALS
Dentin Resin Interface
Osseointegration
Dentin Bonding
Bleaching Agents
Measuring Biocompatibility of Materials
Types of Tests
In-vitro Tests
Animal Test
Usage Test
Correlation Among Tests
Standardization Procedure
ANSI/ADA Document 41
ISO Standard 10993
Current Issues in Biocompatibility
Latex
Nickel
Beryllium
Mercury and Amalgam
Estrogenicity
Disadvantages
SUMMARY
5:
Dental Cements
CAVITY VARNISH
Composition
Manipulation
Properties
Application
CAVITY LINERS
Composition
Properties
CEMENT BASES
Low Strength Bases
High Strength Bases
Clinical Considerations
ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT
Composition
Liquid
Composition
Liquid
Setting Reaction
Working Time and Setting Time
Manipulation
Frozen Slab Technique
Advantages
Indications
Physical Properties
Retention
Biologic Properties
Indications
ZINC OXIDE EUGENOL CEMENT
Setting Reaction (Fig. 5.3)
Types
Manipulation
Temporary ZOE Restoration Type III
Intermediate Restoration Type IV
Temporary Luting Cement Type I
Long-term ZOE Luting Cement (Type II)
Applications
ZINC POLYCARBOXYLATE CEMENT
Composition and Chemistry
Setting Reaction
Bonding to Tooth Structure
Film Thickness
Working and Setting Time
Mechanical Properties
Biological Consideration
Manipulation
Surface Preparation and Retention
Removal of Excess Cement
Indications
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE
Cavity Liners
Mechanism of Secondary Dentin Formation
Mechanism of Action of Antibacterial Effect
Composition
Properties
Bases
Applications
SILICATE CEMENT
Composition and Chemistry
Biological Properties
Indications
Anterior Restorative Material
GLASS IONOMER CEMENT
Composition
Chemistry of Setting
Classification of GICs
Type I Luting
Type II Restorative
Type III Liners/Bases
Adhesion to Tooth Structure
Bond to Mineralized Tissue (Fig. 5.6)
Bond to Collagen
Biological Properties
Physical Properties
Manipulative Consideration for GIC
Surface Preparation
Preparation of Material
Advantages
Metal Reinforced GICs
General Properties
Clinical Consideration
Highly Viscous GIC
Resin Modified GIC (Hybrid Ionomer)
Composition
Characteristics
Liners/base Application
Applications
COMPOMER (Poly acid Modified Composite)
Composition and Chemistry
Characteristics of Compomers
Manipulation of Compomers
Application
Resin Cements
Composition and Chemistry
Property Requirements
Characteristics of Resin Cements
Manipulation
Metallic Prosthesis
Ceramic Prosthesis
Applications
6:
Direct Filling Gold
CONCLUSION
7:
Amalgam
PROPERTIES OF AMALGAM
Dimensional Stability
Dimensional Change (Fig. 7.4)
Theory of Dimensional Change
Factors Influencing Dimensional Change
Effect of Moisture Contamination
Strength
Measurement of Strength
Factors Affecting Strength
Temperature
Trituration
Mercury Content
Effect of Condensation
Effect of Porosity
Particle Size
Gamma 2 Phase
Corrosion
Effect of Amalgam Hardening Rate
Creep
Influence of Microstructure on Creep
Effect of Manipulative Variables on Creep
Clinical Performance of Amalgam Restoration
Factors Affecting Success of Amalgam Restoration
Properties of Mercury
Tarnish and Corrosion
Manipulation of Amalgam
Selection of Alloy
Mercury/Alloy Ratio
Proportioning
Advantages
Disadvantages
Mechanical Trituration
Objectives of Trituration
Consistency of Mix
Condensation
Hand Condensation
Condensation of Spherical Alloys (Fig. 7.7)
Condensation Pressure
Mechanical Condensation
Carving and Finishing
Clinical Significance of Dimensional Change
Repaired Amalgam Restoration
Advantages of Amalgam
Disadvantages of Amalgam
Side Effects of Mercury
Allergy
Toxicity
Amalgam Waste Management
Recent Advancements in Amalgam
Gallium Based Alloys
Disadvantages
Mercury Free Direct Filling Silver Alloys
Indium Containing Alloy Powder and Binary Mercury - Indium Liquid Alloy
Fluoride Containing Amalgam
Low Mercury Amalgams
Bonded Amalgam
8:
Polymer
9:
Bonding
TYPES OF BONDING (FIG. 9.1)
Mechanical Bonding
Physical Bonding
Chemical Bond
Surface Energy (Fig. 9.2)
Wetting
Contact Angle of Wetting (Fig. 9.3)
Adhesion to Tooth Structure (Fig. 9.4)
Enamel
Mechanism of Interfacial Debonding
Clinical Application of Adhesion (Fig. 9.7)
Enamel and Dentin Bonding
Enamel Bonding
Goals of Enamel Etching
Patterns of Etching
Resin Tags (Fig. 9.8)
Two Types
Etching Procedure (Fig. 9.9)
Concentration of Acid
Etching Time
Rinsing Time
Form
Alternative Enamel Etchant (Fig. 9.11)
EDTA
Pyurvic Acid
Sulphuric Acid
Other inorganic Acid 2.5% Nitric Acid
Enamel Bonding Agents
Dentin Bonding
Challenges in Dentin Bonding
Adhesion Based on Ionic Polymer
Adhesion Based on Coupling Agents (Fig. 9.17)
Basic Formula, M-R-X (Fig. 9.18)
Grafting to Collagen (Table 9.2)
Etchants
Primers
Adhesives
Initiators and Accelerators
OTHER INGREDIENTS
Fillers
Scientific Classification of Modern Adhesives
Van Meerbeek Scientific Classification
Based on Smear Layer Treatment
Smear Layer Modifying (Fig. 9.19)
Smear Layer Removing
Smear Layer Dissolving
Based on Number of Steps (Fig. 9.20)
Three Step
Two Step
Single Step
Based on Generation (Flow chart 9.1)
First Generation
Second Generation
Disadvantages
Third Generation
Disadvantages
Fourth Generation
Steps (Fig. 9.21)
Major Components (Tables 9.3 to 9.5)
Fifth Generation
Major Components (Tables 9.6 and 9.7)
Sixth Generation
Major Components
Hybridization
Wet vs. Dry Bonding
Disadvantages
Glass Ionomer Adhesives
Amalgam Bonding (Fig. 9.23)
Ceramic Bonding
Surface Treatment
Silane Coupling Agents (Fig. 9.24)
Resin - Metal Bond
Mechanical
Chemical
Microleakage
Biocompatibility
Uses
HEMA, META (FIG. 9.25)
HEMA (Fig. 9.26)
Disadvantages
META (Fig. 9.27)
Pit and Fissure Sealant (ADA no 39) (Fig. 9.28)
Indication
Clinical Technique (Figs 9.29 and 9.30)
Preventive Resin Restoration
10:
Composites
11:
Inlay Wax
12:
Ceramics
CERAMICS
Historical Background
General Properties of Ceramics
Classification of Ceramics
Silicate Ceramics
Oxide Ceramics
Non-oxide Ceramics
Glass Ceramic
Classification of Dental Ceramics
Metal Ceramic Prostheses
COMPOSITION
Glass Modifiers
Feldspathic Porcelain
Other Additives
Manufacture
Esthetic Potential of Metal-ceramic Crown v/s All-ceramic Crown
Porcelain Condensation (Compaction)
Vibration
Spatulation
Brush Method (Fig. 12.1)
Drying
Sintering of Porcelain (Firing) (Fig. 12.2)
Low Bisque Stage (low biscuit)
Medium Bisque Stage (medium biscuit)
High Bisque Stage (high biscuit)
Overglazing and Shading of Ceramics
Cooling of Metal Ceramic Prostheses
Copings for Metal Ceramics
Metal - Ceramic Crowns Based on Burnished Foil Copings (Fig. 12.3)
Renaissance and Sunrise (Figs 12.4 and 12.5)
Bonding of Porcelain to Metal
Bonding by Electrodeposited Substrates
Ceramic Metal Bonding
Benefits and Drawbacks of Metal Ceramics (Fig. 12.6)
Metals Used in Metal-ceramics
Noble Metal: High Noble, Noble Metal Alloys
Base Metal
Ceramics for Ceramic Metal Restorations (Table 12.3)
All Ceramic Prostheses
Aluminous Porcelain Crowns
Hi-Ceram
Castable and Machinable Glass Ceramics: (Dicor, Dicor MGC) (Fig. 12.7)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Dicor MGC
Pressable Glass Ceramics (Fig. 12.11)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Slip Cast All-ceramic Materials
Inceram
Advantages
Disadvantages
Spinell and Zirconia Based Materials
Inceram Spinell
Inceram Zirconia
Procera Allceram
Non-shrink Ceramics (Shrink free ceramics)
Cerastore (Injection Moulded Ceramics)
Disadvantages
Less Abrasive Ceramics
Ultra Low Fusing Ceramics
Copy Milling
Celay (Fig. 12.13)
CAD-CAM Ceramics (Figs 12.14 and 12.15)
CEREC
Advantages
Disadvantages
Zirconia Ceramics
CERCON
Methods of Strengthening Ceramics
Methods of Strengthening Ceramics
Stress Raisers
Develop Residual Stresses
Thermal Coefficient Mismatch
Ion Exchange
Thermal Tempering
Disruption of Crack Propagation (Fig. 12.16)
Dispersion of a Crystalline Phase (Fig. 12.16)
Transformation Toughening
Minimizing Number of Firing Cycles
Comparative Data (Tables 12.6 and 12.7)
Abrasiveness of Dental Ceramics
Reducing Abrasiveness of Ceramics by Polishing and Glazing
Guidelines to Minimize Wear
Clinical Performance of Ceramic Prosthesis
Chemical Attack of Glass Phase by APF
Criteria for Selection and Use of Dental Ceramics
General Applications of Ceramics in Restorative Dentistry
Ceramic-Metal Crowns (Fig. 12.17)
Advantages
Disadvantages
All Ceramic Crowns, Inlays and Veneers (Figs 12.18 and 12.19)
Ceramic Veneer
Ceramic Posts (Figs 12.20 and 12.21)
13:
Finishing and Polishing Materials
14:
Rotary Cutting Instruments
CUTTING MECHANISMS
Evaluation of Cutting
Cutting Effectiveness
Cutting Efficiency
Bladed Cutting (Fig. 14.27)
Abrasive Cutting
Ductile Material (Fig. 14.28)
Brittle Material (Fig. 14.29)
Cutting Recommendations
Hazards of Cutting Instruments
15:
Endodontic Materials and Instruments
ROOT CANAL INSTRUMENTS
Classification
ISO Grouping
In Cohen Pathways of Pulp
In Grossman's Endodontics
Standardization
Barbed Broach and Rasps (Fig. 15.15)
Files and Reamers
K-type Instruments (Fig. 15.16)
K-Style Modifications (Fig. 15.17)
K-Flex File
Triple-Flex File
Hedstroem Files (H-file) (15.18)
H-File Modifications
U-File (Fig. 15.19)
GT Profiles
Light speed Instrument (Fig. 15.20)
Tip Modification (Fig. 15.21)
Functional Characteristics of Files and Reamers
Filing (Fig. 15.22)
Reaming (Fig. 15.23)
Turn and Pull (Fig. 15.24)
Watch Winding Motion (Fig. 15.25)
Watch Winding and Pull (Fig. 15.25)
Balanced Force Technique (Figs 15.26 and 15.27)
Circumferential Filing (Fig. 15.28)
Anticurvature Filing (Fig. 15.29)
MECHANICAL INSTRUMENTATION (FIG. 15.30)
Classification
Rotary
Reciprocal
Vertical
Random
Disadvantages
Power Driven Instruments
Gates-Glidden Drill (Fig. 15.31)
Paeso Reamer (Fig. 15.32)
Gates-Glidden Modification (Fig. 15.33)
Ultrasonic and Sonic Instruments (Fig. 15.34)
Sonic Vibration
Ultrasonic Instrument (Fig. 15.34)
Nickel Titanium Instruments (Fig. 15.35)
Bibliography
University Questions
PROPERTIES
Essays
Short Notes
COMPOSITES
Essays
Short Notes
AMALGAM
Essays
Short Notes
DIRECT FILLING GOLD
Essays
Short Notes
BONDING
Essays
Short Notes
CEMENTS
Essays
Short Notes
CERAMICS
Essays
Short Notes
FINISHING AND POLISHING MATERIALS
Short Notes
ENDODONTIC MATERIALS
Short Notes
INDEX
TOC
Index
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