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Essentials of Human Anatomy
BK Tandon
ONE: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
CHAPTER 1:
The Basics
THE SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
THE POSITIONS OF THE BODY
THE PLANES OF THE BODY
THE DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMICAL TERMS
THE TERMS RELATED TO THE MOVEMENTS
CHAPTER 2:
The Skin and Its Appendages
THE SKIN
Main Functions of the Skin
Parts of the Skin
The Cleavage Lines [Lines of Langer]
The Skin Creases
The Appendages of the Skin
The Nerve Supply of the Skin
Clinical Importance of Skin
THE MAMMARY GLAND
Architecture of the Mammary Gland
The Nerve Supply of the Mammary Gland
The Blood Supply
The Lymphatic Drainage
Development
The Anomalies of Development
Clinical Importance of the Mammary Gland
CHAPTER 3:
The Bones, Cartilages and Joints
THE BONES
The Main Functions of the Bones
The Structure of the Bone
Types of Bones
Ossification of the Bones
Functional Considerations
The Blood Supply of the Bones
Clinical Considerations
THE CARTILAGES
THE JOINTS
The Blood Supply of the Joints
The Nerve Supply of the Joints
CHAPTER 4:
The Muscles and the Fasciae
THE MUSCLES
Skeletal Muscles
Parts of the Skeletal Muscle
Shapes of the Muscle Belly
Types of the Skeletal Muscles
The Contraction of the Muscle
The Nerve Supply of the Muscle
Electromyography
THE FASCIAE
THE BURSAE AND SYNOVIAL SHEATHS
Clinical Considerations
CHAPTER 5:
The Blood Vascular System
THE HEART
The Rate of Contraction of Heart
The Coronary Circulation
Clinical Considerations
The Fetal Circulation
Clinical Considerations
THE ARTERIES
THE VEINS
THE ARTERIO-VENOUS ANASTOMOSIS
THE CAPILLARIES
CHAPTER 6:
The Lymphatic System
CHAPTER 7:
The Nervous System
FUNCTIONS
PARTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Functional Classification of Nervous System
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
The Brain
The Membranes (Coverings) of the Brain
The Spinal Cord
The Neuron
The Neuroglia
The Nerves Fibers
The Lumbar Puncture
THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
The Cranial Nerves
The Spinal Nerves
FUNCTIONAL PARTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
The Somatic Nervous System
The Visceral Nervous System
TWO: THE UPPER EXTREMITY
CHAPTER 8:
The Bones of the Upper Extremity
FEATURES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
THE SCAPULA
General Features
The Angles
The Surfaces
The Borders
Special Features
Ossification
THE CLAVICLE (COLLAR BONE)
General Features
Special Features
Ossification
Applied Anatomy
THE HUMERUS
General Features
Special Features
Ossification
THE RADIUS
General Features
Special Features
THE ULNA
General Features
Special Features
Ossification of Radius and Ulna
Applied Anatomy of Radius and Ulna
THE CARPAL BONES
THE METACARPAL BONES
THE PHALANGES
Ossification of Bones of Hand
CHAPTER 9:
The Joints of the Upper Extremity
THE STERNO-CLAVICULAR JOINT
THE ACROMIO-CLAVICULAR JOINT
THE SHOULDER JOINT (SCAPULO-HUMERAL JOINT)
THE MOVEMENTS OF SHOULDER GIRDLE (SCAPULA)
THE ELBOW JOINT
THE RADIO-ULNAR JOINTS
THE RADIOCARPAL (WRIST) JOINT
THE MID-CARPAL JOINT
THE INTER-CARPAL JOINTS
THE SMALL JOINTS OF THE HAND
CHAPTER 10:
The Shoulder Region and Superficial Back Region
THE PECTORAL REGION
THE AXILLA
THE SHOULDER REGION PROPER
The Deltoid Muscle
THE SCAPULAR REGION
Serratus Anterior Muscle
The Blood Supply of Scapular Muscles
The Nerves of Scapular Region
THE SUPERFICIAL BACK REGION
CHAPTER 11:
The Upper Arm and the Elbow Region
THE ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF ARM
The Cubital Fossa
The Blood Vessels of the Upper Arm
The Arterial Anastomosis Around the Elbow Joint
Applied Anatomy
The Veins
The Lymphatics of the Arm
The Nerves of the Anterior Compartment of Arm
THE POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF ARM
The Triceps Brachii
The Blood Vessels of Posterior Compartment
The Arteries
The Nerves of the Posterior Compartment (Fig. 11.4)
CHAPTER 12:
The Region of Forearm
THE ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT
THE POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF FOREARM (FIG. 12.3)
The Blood Vessels of Posterior Compartment
The Arteries
The Veins
The Nerves of Posterior Compartment
Course
Branches
Applied Anatomy
CHAPTER 13:
The Region of Wrist and Hand
THE DORSUM OF WRIST AND HAND
The Blood Vessels on Dorsum of Hand
The Arteries
The Veins
The Deep Veins
The Nerves on the Dorsum of Hand
THE PALM OF THE HAND
The Long Flexor Tendons in the Palm (Fig. 13.5)
The Blood Vessels of the Palm
The Arteries
The Veins of the Palm
The Nerves of the Palm (Fig. 13.10)
THREE: THE LOWER EXTREMITY
CHAPTER 14:
The Bones of the Lower Extremity
FEATURES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
THE HIP BONE (INNOMINATE BONE)
General Features
Special Features
Ossification
THE FEMUR
General Features
Special Features
Ossification
THE TIBIA
General Features
Special Features
Ossification
THE FIBULA
General Feature
Special Features
Ossification
THE PATELLA (KNEE CAP)
General Features
Ossification
Ossification of Tarsal Bones
Ossification of the Metatarsals and Phalanges
Applied Anatomy of Bones of Foot
CHAPTER 15:
The Joints of the Lower Extremity
THE HIP JOINT
THE KNEE JOINT
THE ANKLE (TALO-CRURAL) JOINT
THE TIBIO-FIBULAR JOINTS
THE SUBTALAR JOINT
THE MID-TARSAL JOINT (TRANSVERSE TARSAL JOINT)
A. Talo-Calcaneo-Navicular Joint
B. The Calcaneo-Cuboid Joint
THE SMALL JOINTS OF THE FOOT
THE ARCHES OF THE FOOT
CHAPTER 16:
The Hip Region
THE MUSCLES OF THE GLUTEAL REGION
Relations of Gluteus Maximus (Fig. 16.1)
Relations of Gluteus Medius
Relations of Gluteus Minimus
The Blood Vessels of the Gluteal Region
The Arteries
The Veins
The Lymphatic Drainage of the Gluteal Region
The Nerves of the Gluteal Region
CHAPTER 17:
The Region of the Thigh
THE ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH (TABLE 17.1)
The Femoral Triangle (Fig. 17.1)
The Adductor Canal (Sub-Sartorius or Hunter's Canal) (Fig. 17.2)
The Blood Vessels of the Anterior Compartment
The Arteries
The Veins
The Lymph Nodes of the Anterior Compartment
The Nerves of the Anterior Compartment
The Femoral Sheath (Fig. 17.3)
The Femoral Canal
The Femoral Hernia
THE MEDIAL COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH
The Blood Vessels of Medial Compartment
The Arteries
The Veins
The Nerves of the Medial Compartment
THE POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH
The Blood Vessels of the Posterior Compartment
The Nerves of the Posterior Compartment
THE POPLITEAL FOSSA
Contents (Fig. 17.7)
Applied Anatomy
CHAPTER 18:
The Region of the Leg
THE ANTERIOR (EXTENSOR) COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG
The Muscles of the Anterior Compartment (Fig. 18.1 and Table 18.1)
The Blood Vessels of the Anterior Compartment
The Nerves of the Anterior Compartment
THE LATERAL (PERONEAL) COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG
The Blood Vessels of the Lateral Compartment
The Nerves of the Lateral Compartment
THE POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG
The Blood Vessels of the Posterior Compartment
The Arteries
The Veins
The Nerves of the Posterior Compartment
CHAPTER 19:
The Region of the Foot
THE DORSUM OF THE FOOT
The Muscles and Tendons on Dorsum of Foot
The Blood on the Dorsum of Foot
The Arteries
The Veins
The Nerves of the Dorsum of Foot (Fig. 19.2)
THE SOLE OF THE FOOT
The Muscles of the Sole (Table 19.1)
The Blood Vessels of the Sole
The Arteries
The Veins
The Nerves of the Sole
FOUR: THE THORAX
CHAPTER 20:
The Bones and Joints of Thorax
THE BONES OF THE THORAX
THE STERNUM
General Features
Special Features
Ossification
THE RIBS
General Features
Special Features
Ossification
Applied Anatomy of Ribs
The Costa Cartilages
The Thoracic Vertebrae
Ossification
THE JOINTS OF THE THORAX
I. The Costo-Vertebral Joints
II. The Costo-Transverse Joints
III. The Sterno-Costal Joints (Chondro-Sternal Joints)
IV. The Interchondral Joints
V. The Costochondral Joints
VI. The Manubrio-Sternal Joint
VII. The Xiphisternal Joint
VIII. The Joints between Thoracic Vertebrae
Applied Anatomy
THE INLET OF THORAX
CHAPTER 21:
The Musculature of the Thoracic Wall
THE EXTRINSIC MUSCLES
THE INTRINSIC MUSCLES
The External Intercostal Muscles
The Internal Intercostal Muscles
The Innermost Intercostal (Intercostalis Intimus)
The Sternocostalis (Transversus Thoracis)
The Subcostalis
MUSCLES CONNECTING THORACIC CAGE TO VERTEBRAL COLUMN
I. The Serratus Posterior Superior
II. The Serratus Posterior Inferior
III. The Levatores Costarum
THE THORACIC DIAPHRAGM
Other Structures Passing Through Diaphragm
Anomalies
Applied Anatomy
THE MOVEMENTS OF RESPIRATION
The Costal Movements
a. Normal Costal Inspiration
b. Forced Costal Inspiration
c. Normal Costal Expiration
d. Forced Costal Expiration
The Diaphragmatic Movements
a. The Diaphragmatic Inspiration
b. The Diaphragmatic Expiration
Applied Anatomy
The Blood Vessels of the Thoracic Wall
The Arteries
The Veins
The Nerve Supply of the Thoracic Wall
The Typical intercostal Nerve (Fig. 21.8)
CHAPTER 22:
The Pleura and Lungs
THE PLEURA
The Lines of Pleural Reflection (Fig. 22.1)
I. The Anterior Lines of Pleural Reflection
II. The Inferior Lines of Pleural Reflection
III. The Posterior Lines of Pleural Reflection
The Pleural Recesses (Fig. 22.2)
The Nerve Supply of Pleura
The Blood Supply of the Pleura
The Functions of Pleura
Applied Anatomy
THE LUNGS (PULMONES)
The Lobes of the Lung
The Broncho-Pulmonary Segments
The Blood Vessels of the Lungs
The Lymphatic Drainge of Lungs
Nerve Supply of Lungs
Applied Anatomy
THE BRONCHIAL TREE
CHAPTER 23:
The Pericardium and the Heart
THE PERICARDIUM
THE HEART
External Features
Sulci and Fissures
The Borders of the Heart
The Blood Supply of the Heart
The Arteries
Variations of the Coronary Arteries
The Venous Drainage of the Heart (Fig. 23.6)
The Myocardial Circulation
The Nerve Supply of the Heart
Applied Anatomy
The Interior of the Chambers of the Heart
The Inter-ventricular Septum
The Structure of the Heart
Applied Anatomy
The Valvular Defects
The Septal Defects
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
The Dextrocardia
CHAPTER 24:
The Mediastinum
THE SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUM
THE ANTERIOR MEDIASTINUM
THE MIDDLE MEDIASTINUM
THE POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM
THE SYMPATHETIC TRUNKS (THORACIC PART)
FIVE: THE ABDOMEN
CHAPTER 25:
The Anterior Abdominal Wall and the Inguinal Region
THE BONES AND JOINTS OF ABDOMINAL WALL
THE LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
Variations of Lumbar Vertebrae
Ossification of Lumbar Vertebrae
THE JOINTS OF LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
THE LUMBO-SACRAL JOINT
THE ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL
The Blood Vessels of the Anterior Abdominal Wall
The Arteries
The Veins
The Lymphatic Drainage of the Anterior Abdominal Wall
The Nerve Supply
Applied Anatomy
Applied Anatomy
THE INGUINAL REGION
Applied Anatomy
Differences Between Oblique and Direct Inguinal Hernia
The Descent of the Testes (Fig. 25.9)
Sequence of Descent of Testes
Applied Anatomy of Descent of Tests
The Nerves of the Inguinal Region
CHAPTER 26:
The Peritoneum
THE PERITONEUM
The Mesenteries
The Peritoneal Cavity
Subdivisions of Peritoneal Cavity
The Peritoneal Recesses
The Blood Supply of the Peritoneum
The Lymphatic Drainage of the Peritoneum
The Nerve Supply of the Peritoneum
Applied Anatomy
The Rotation of Gut
Development and Rotation of Stomach
Rotation of Duodenum
The Rotation of the Midgut
Anomalies of Rotation of Mid-Gut
Anomalies of Meckel's of Diverticulum (Fig. 26.10)
CHAPTER 27:
The Gastrointestinal System—1
ESOPHAGUS
THE STOMACH (GASTER)
THE DUODENUM
THE LIVER (HEPAR)
THE EXTRA-HEPATIC BILIARY APPARATUS (FIG. 27.14)
THE PANCREAS
THE SPLEEN (LIEN)
CHAPTER 28:
The Gastrointestinal System—2
THE JEJUNUM AND THE ILEUM
The Blood Supply of the Jejunum and Ileum
The Lymphatic Drainage of the Jejunum and Ileum
The Nerve Supply of Jejunum and Ileum
Applied Anatomy
THE LARGE INTESTINE
Cecum
THE VERMIFORM APPENDIX
Colon
The Blood Supply of the Colon
The Veins
The Lymphatic Drainage of the Colon
The Nerve Supply of the Colon
Applied Anatomy
THE ARTERIES OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
THE PORTAL VEIN
Features of the Hepatic-Portal System
Applied Anatomy
CHAPTER 29:
The Kidneys, Suprarenals and the Posterior Abdominal Wall
THE KIDNEYS
Surfaces, Borders and Ends
General Structure of Kidney
The Blood Supply of the Kidney
The Arteries
The Veins
The Lymphatic Drainage of the Kidney
The Nerve Supply of the Kidney
Applied Anatomy
THE URETER
The Nerve Supply of the Ureter
Applied Anatomy
THE SUPRARENAL (ADRENAL) GLANDS
The Veins
The Lymphatic Drainage of the Gland
The Nerve Supply of the Gland
The Parts of the Suprarenal Gland
Applied Anatomy
THE POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL
The Blood Vessels of the Posterior Abdominal Wall
The Arteries
The Veins
SIX: THE PELVIS
CHAPTER 30:
The Bones and Joints of the Pelvis
THE BONY PELVIS
The Shapes of the Bony Pelvis
The Sex Differences of the Bony Pelvis
THE SACRUM
General Features
Variations
Special Features
Sex-difference
Ossification
THE COCCYX
Ossification
The Joints of the Bony Pelvis
CHAPTER 31:
The Fasciae, Muscles, Blood Vessels and Nerves of the Pelvis
THE PELVIC FASCIA
THE PELVIC MUSCLES
THE PELVIC PERITONEUM
Clinical Considerations
The Blood Vessels of the Pelvis
The Arteries
The Veins
The Venous Plexuses of the Pelvic Viscera
The Lymphatic Drainage of the Pelvic Organs
The Nerves of the Pelvis
The Autonomic Nerves in the Pelvis
CHAPTER 32:
The Perineum
THE ANAL TRIANGLE
The Anal Canal
The Musculature of the Anal Canal (Fig. 32.1)
The Blood Supply of the Anal Canal
The Arteries
The Veins
The Lymphatic Drainage of the Anal Canal
The Nerve Supply of the Anal Canal
Clinical Considerations
The Ischio-Rectal Fossa
Clinical Considerations
The Pudendal Canal (Alcock's Canal)
The Blood Vessels of the Perineum
The Arteries
The Veins
The Nerves of the Perineum
Clinical Consideration
THE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE IN THE MALES
The Scrotum
The Penis (Male Copulatory Organ)
The Blood Vessels of the Penis
The Lymphatics of the Penis
The Nerves of the Penis
The Spermatic Cord
Clinical Importance
The Superficial Perineal Pouch in Males (Fig. 32.4)
Nerve Supply
The Deep Perineal Pouch in Males
Contents
Nerve Supply
THE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE IN FEMALES
The Superficial Perineal Pouch in Females (Fig. 32.5)
Nerve Supply
The Deep Perineal Pouch in Females
Nerve Supply
CHAPTER 33:
The Pelvic Viscera—1
THE RECTUM
Peritoneal Relations
Interior of Rectum
The Blood Supply of the Rectum
The Arteries
The Veins
The Lymphatic Drainage of Rectum
The Supports of the Rectum
The Nerve Supply of the Rectum
Clinical Considerations
THE PELVIC PART OF URETER
The Blood Supply of Ureter
The Lymphatic Drainage of Ureter
The Nerves Supply of the Ureter
Clinical Considerations
THE URINARY BLADDER
The Ligaments of the Urinary Bladder
The Inferior Urinary Bladder
The Blood Supply of the Urinary Bladder
The Lymphatic Drainage of the Urinary Bladder
The Nerve Supply of the Urinary Bladder
Clinical Considerations
THE URETHRA
MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
Testis
The Coverings of the Testis
Structure of the Testis
The Blood Supply of the Testis
The Veins
The Lymphatic Drainage of the Testes
The Nerve Supply of the Testes
Clinical Considerations
THE EPIDIDYMIS
The Vas Deferens
The Blood Supply
Applied Anatomy
The Seminal Vesicles
Clinical Considerations
The Ejaculatory Ducts
The Prostate Gland
The Lymphatic Drainage
The Nerve Supply
Clinical Considerations
CHAPTER 34:
The Pelvic Viscera—2
THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
The Ovaries
The Blood Supply
The Lymphatic Drainage
The Nerve Supply
Clinical Considerations
The Uterus [The Womb] (Fig. 34.1)
The Blood Supply
The Lymphatic Drainage
The Nerve Supply
The Supports of the Uterus
Clinical Considerations
The Uterine Tubes (Fallopian Tubes)
The Blood Supply
The Lymphatic Drainage
The Nerve Supply
Clinical Considerations
The Vagina
The Blood Supply
The Lymphatic Drainage
The Nerve Supply
SEVEN: THE HEAD AND NECK
CHAPTER 35:
The Bones of the Head and Neck
THE CRANIUM
EXTERIOR OF THE SKULL
INDIVIDUAL BONES OF SKULL
Special Features of Mandible
Body of Mandible
Ramus of Mandible
Age Changes of Mandible
INTERIOR OF THE SKULL
The Fontanelles of the Skull
Wormian (Sutural) Bones
THE CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
The Hyoid Bone
General Features
Special Features
The Body
The Greater Cornu
The Lesser Cornu
Ossification of Hyoidbone
The Vertebral Column
The Spinal Curvatures
Applied Anatomy
CHAPTER 36:
The Joints, Fasciae and Deep Muscles of the Back of Head and Neck
THE JOINTS OF THE HEAD AND NECK
1. The Temporo-Mandibular Joint (Fig. 36.1)
2. The Atlanto-Occipital Joint
3. The Atlanto-Axial Joints (Fig. 36.4)
4. The Ligaments Connecting Axis with the Occipital Bone
5. The Sutures of the Skull
6. The Joints between the Cervical Vertebrae
THE FASCIAE OF THE HEAD AND NECK
THE DEEP MUSCLES OF THE BACK
CHAPTER 37:
The Scalp, Face and the Cranial Cavity
THE SCALP
The Blood Supply of the Scalp
The Lymphatic Drainage of the Scalp
The Nerve Supply of the Scalp
THE FACE
The Blood Vessels of the Face
The Lymphatic Drainage of the Face
The Nerve Supply of the Face
Applied Anatomy
The Motor Nerves
Applied Anatomy
THE CRANIAL CAVITY
Trigeminal Ganglion
The Nerves in the Cranial Cavity
The Hypophysis Cerebri (Pituitary Gland)
Applied Anatomy
CHAPTER 38:
The Parotid Region, Temporal and Infratemporal Fossae
THE PAROTID GLAND
THE TEMPORAL FOSSA
THE INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA
The Pterygopalatine Fossa
Contents
The Muscles of Mastication
The Blood Vessels of the Region
The Arteries
The Veins
The Nerves of the Region
The Maxillary Nerve
The Parasympathetic Ganglia
CHAPTER 39:
The Triangles of the Neck
THE POSTERIOR TRIANGLE OF THE NECK
THE SUBOCCIPITAL TRIANGLE OF NECK
THE ANTERIOR TRIANGLE OF THE NECK
CHAPTER 40:
The Muscles, Glands, Blood Vessels and Nerves of the Front of Neck
THE THYROID GLAND
THE PARATHYROID GLANDS
THE THYMUS GLAND
BLOOD VESSELS OF THE FRONT OF NECK
SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
THE SUBCLAVIAN VEIN
The Lymphatic Drainage of the Head and Neck
THE NERVES OF THE FRONT OF NECK
THE CERVICAL SYMPATHETIC TRUNK
CHAPTER 41:
The Viscera of the Head and Neck—1
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The Openings in the Lateral Wall
The Blood Supply of the Nasal Cavity
The Nerve Supply of the Nasal Cavity
PARANASAL AIR SINUSES
THE LARYNX
The Muscles of the Larynx
The Cavity of the Larynx
The Vocal Folds
The Blood Supply of the Larynx
The Arteries
The Veins
The Nerve Supply of the Larynx
Applied Anatomy
THE CERVICAL PART OF TRACHEA
CHAPTER 42:
The Viscera of the Head and Neck—2
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
THE MOUTH CAVITY
THE PALATE
The Blood Supply of the Palate
The Arteries
The Veins
The Nerve Supply of the Soft Palate
THE TEETH
Structure of A Tooth
Shape and Functions of Teeth
Eruption of Teeth
Nerve Supply of Teeth
THE TONGUE
The Muscles of Tongue
The Blood Vessels of the Tongue
The Arteries
The Veins
The Lymphatic Drainage of the Tongue
The Nerve Supply of the Tongue
SUBMANDIBULAR REGION
The Salivary Glands
The Submandibular Salivary Duct
The Nerve Supply
The Sublingual Salivary Gland
THE LINGUAL NERVE
THE PHARYNX
The Palatine Tonsil
Applied Anatomy
The Pharyngeal Musculature
The Gaps in the Pharyngeal Wall
The Blood Supply of the Pharyngeal Wall
The Nerve Supply of the Pharynx
THE CERVICAL PART OF ESOPHAGUS
EIGHT: THE SPINAL CORD, BRAIN, EYES AND THE EARS
CHAPTER 43:
The Spinal Cord
THE SPINAL CORD
The Meninges of the Spinal Cord (Fig. 43.1)
The Blood Supply of Spinal Cord
The Veins
The Internal Structure
The Nerve Tracts in Posterior White Column
The Nerve Tracts in Lateral White Column
The Nerve Tracts in Anterior White Column
Applied Anatomy
CHAPTER 44:
The Meninges and Blood Supply of Brain
THE MENINGES OF THE BRAIN
The Blood Supply of the Brain
The Arteries
Applied Anatomy
The Veins of the Brain
CHAPTER 45:
The Hind-Brain and Mid-Brain
THE HIND-BRAIN AND MID-BRAIN
Subdivisions
The Brain Stem
The Medulla Oblongata
Internal Structure
The White Matter
The Pons
Internal Structure
The Cochlear Nuclei
THE MID-BRAIN (THE MESENCEPHALON)
The White Matter
THE CEREBELLUM
The White Matter
THE FOURTH VENTRICLE OF BRAIN
CHAPTER 46:
The Forebrain
THE EPITHALAMUS
THE HYPOTHALAMUS
THE SUBTHALAMUS
THE THIRD VENTRICLE (FIG. 46.3)
THE TELENCEPHALON
THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
THE BASAL NUCLEI
THE WHITE MATTER OF CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE
THE LATERAL VENTRICLE
THE LIMBIC SYSTEM
CHAPTER 47:
The Cranial Nerves
THE FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRANIAL NERVES
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CRANIAL NERVES
CHAPTER 48:
The Eyes
THE ORBIT (FIG. 48.1)
THE EYELIDS (PALPEBRAE)
THE LACRIMAL APPARATUS
THE EYEBALL
THE EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES
The Blood Vessels of the Orbit
The Nerves of the Orbit
CHAPTER 49:
The Ears
THE EXTERNAL EAR
THE MIDDLE EAR (TYMPANIC CAVITY)
THE MASTOID ANTRUM (THE TYMPANIC ANTRUM)
THE AUDITORY TUBE [PHARYNGO-TYMPANIC TUBE]
THE INTERNAL EAR
ORGAN OF CORTI
INDEX
TOC
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