Index

Adult Immunization (Monograph) Alladi Mohan, SK Sharma, RK Singal, AK Agarwal

1:Anthrax Vaccine
- Anthrax as Bioterrorism Weapon
  - Wet dispersal
  - Dry dispersal
- Clinical Aspects of Anthrax Infection
- Prevalence and Risk Factors
- Anthrax Toxin and Anthrax Vaccines
- Vaccine Administration and Adverse Effects
  - Administration
  - Adverse effects
    - Precautions to avoid adverse effects
- Potential Benefits of Anthrax Vaccination
- Evaluation Aspects of an Efficacious and Novel Vaccine
- Acknowledgements
- Key Points
2:Cholera Vaccines
- Pathophysiology
- Immunity in Cholera
- Cholera Vaccines (Parenteral)
- Cholera Vaccines (Oral)
- Herd Immunity
- Potential Uses of Oral Cholera Vaccines
- Surveillance
- Key Points
3:Dengue Virus Vaccines
- Clinical Presentation of Dengue
- Feasibility of Dengue Vaccines
- Obstacles in the Development of Dengue Vaccine
- Dengue Virus Antigens and Immune Response
- Pathogenesis of Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever
- Antibody-dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Replication
- Role of T-lymphocytes in Dengue Virus Infection
- Cytokines in Patients with Dengue
- Efforts to Produce Dengue Vaccines
- Tetravalent Live Attenuated Vaccine
- Chimeric Dengue Vaccine
- DNA Dengue Vaccines
- Inactivated Dengue Vaccines
  - Whole virus inactivated dengue vaccine
  - Recombinant subunit dengue vaccine
- Clinical Trials of Dengue Vaccines
- Precautions in Dengue Vaccine Formulations
- Acknowledgements
- Key Points
4:Diphtheria, Tetanus and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines: Status in Adults
- Diphtheria
- Vaccine Era
- Basis for Immunization Against Diphtheria in Adults
- Indian Context
- Basis for Immunization Against Tetanus in Adults
- Basis for Immunization Against Pertussis in Adults
- Vaccines Available for Adult Immunization Against Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis
  - Diphtheria vaccine
- Tetanus Vaccine
- Acellular Pertussis Vaccine
- Measurement of Immunity to Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis Vaccine
- Immunogenicity of Tdap in Adults
- Safety and Reactogenicity of Tdap in Adults
- Immunization in Special Circumstances
  - Tetanus prophylaxis after injuries
  - Immunization in immunocompromised host
- Recommendations on Immunization Against Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis in Indian Adults
- Key Points
5:Haemophilus influenzae Type b Vaccine
- Epidemiology
- Hib Vaccines
6:Hepatitis A Vaccine
- Epidemiology
- Hepatitis A Virus: Virology, Mode of Transmission and Infectivity
- Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis and Complications
- Vaccine Source and Preparations
- Immunogenicity
- Safety Profile
- Dosing Schedule
- Recommendations: Developed Countries vis-a-vis India
- Contraindications
- Post-exposure Prophylaxis
- Key Points
7:Hepatitis B Vaccination
- Burden of HBV Infection in India
- Adults at Risk for HBV Infection
  - Persons at risk for infection by sexual exposure
  - Persons at risk for infection by percutaneous or mucosal exposure to blood
- Adult Vaccination Schedules and Results of Vaccination
- Vaccine Safety
- Key Points
8:Hepatitis E Virus Vaccine
- Immunobiology of HEV
- Vaccine Approaches
  - Immunoprophylaxis
- Possible Vaccine Targets
- Preclinical and Clinical Trials
- Key Points
9:Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine
- Pathogenesis and Immune Response
- Obstacles for Vaccine Development
- Concepts for Vaccine Development
- Strategies Used for Candidate Vaccines
- Therapeutic HIV Vaccines
- Vaccine Efficacy
- Clinical Trials of HIV Vaccines
  - Ad5 trial
- AIDSVAX trial
- Ongoing HIV-1 Vaccine Trials
  - HIV-1 vaccine trials in India
- Ethical Issues in HIV Vaccine Trials
- Implementation Issues in HIV Vaccine Trials
- Key Points
10:Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine
- Burden of Disease
- Risk Factors and Association with Cervical Cancer
- Types of Vaccine
- Prevention of Cervical Cancer
  - Immunogenicity
  - Immunobridging trial in India
- Efficacy
- Duration of Immunity
- Prevention of Diseases Associated with HP-6 and −11
  - Efficacy in males
- Vaccine Administration and Safety
  - Indian experience
- Coadministration with Other Vaccines
- Recommendations for Use of the HPV Vaccine in Developed Countries
- Extrapolating to the Indian Setting
- Impact of Vaccine Introduction on Screening Programs
- Directions for Research
- Key Points
11:Influenza Vaccine
- Disease Burden
  - Monthly distribution of viruses
- Strategies for Controlling Influenza
- Influenza Vaccine
- Trivalent Inactivated Vaccine
  - Adverse events
- Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccine
  - Contraindications
- Efficacy, Effectiveness and Protection
- Avian or Swine Influenza
- Key Points
12:Japanese Encephalitis
- The Pathogen
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Features
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- Who Should be Vaccinated?
- Vaccines Against Japanese Encephalitis
- Genetically Engineered Vaccines
- Acknowledgements
- Key Points
13:Leishmania Vaccine
- Immunology of Leishmania Infections
- Leishmaniasis and Leishmania Vaccine
- Previous Leishmania Vaccines
- Leish-111
- Present and future studies with Leish-111f and MPL-SE vaccine
- Key Points
14:Leprosy Vaccines
- Immunomodulatory Agents Available or Tried in Leprosy
- BCG
  - Mycobacterium W
- ICRC Strain
  - M. Habana
  - M Vaccae
- BCG + Killed M Leprae
- Comparative Efficacy of Candidate Vaccines Against Leprosy
- Immunotherapy of Leprosy
- Subunit and DNA Vaccines
- Future Perspective
- Key Points
15:Immunization in Humans with Experimental Malaria Vaccines
- Pre-Erythrocytic Vaccines
- Pre-Erythrocytic Subunit Deoxyribonucleic Acid Vaccines
- Blood Stage Vaccines
- Key Points
16:MMR Vaccine
- MMR Vaccine
- Vaccine Administration and Adverse Reactions
- Contraindications
- Need in Adults
- Extrapolating Adult MMR Vaccination to the Indian Setting
- Key Points
17:Meningococcal Vaccination
- Epidemiology, Transmission, Pathogenesis and Immune Factors
- Disease Burden
- Risk Factors for Meningococcal Disease
- Prevention of Meningococcal Disease
  - Chemoprophylaxis
  - Meningococcal disease and vaccination
- Vaccine Availability in India
- Vaccine Administration, Contraindications and Adverse Effects
- Vaccination Guidelines
  - Vaccination guidelines in Indian setting
- Areas for Future Research
- Key Points
18:Pneumococcal Vaccine
- Burden of Pneumococcal Infections
- Risk Factors for Pneumococcal Infections
- S. pneumoniae and Pneumococcal Vaccines
- Vaccine Administration and Adverse Effects
- Potential Benefits of Pneumococcal Vaccination
- Recommendations for Use of PPV in Developed Countries
- Evidence for the Recommendations
- Extrapolating to the Indian Setting
- Directions for Research
- Acknowledgements
- Key Points
19:Rabies Immunization
- Burden of the Disease
- Modes of Transmission
- Immunity against Rabies
- Post-exposure Treatment
  - Decision to treat
  - Management of animal bite wound
- Passive Immunization by Rabies Immunoglobulin
  - Active immunization
  - Intramuscular regimens
- Post-exposure Therapy for Previously Vaccinated Persons
- Pre-exposure Prophylaxis
- Counselling of Patients and Attendants
- Effectiveness of Vaccination in Dogs
- Personal Safety Against Rabies
- Possible Reasons for Anti-Rabies Treatment Failure
- Control of Rabies in Reservoir
- Key Points
20:Rotavirus Vaccines
- Microbiology
- Rotavirus Epidemiology in India
- Rotavirus Infection and Immune Response
- Is the Protection to Rotavirus Disease Induced by Vaccines Serotype Specific?
- Mechanism of Disease
- Development of Vaccines to Protect from Rotavirus Infection
- Historical Overview of Rotavirus Vaccines
- Rotashield® [Quadrivalent Live Oral Human-Rhesus (RRV) Reassortant]
- RotaTeq® (Pentavalent Live Oral Human-Bovine, WC3 Reassortants)
- Coadministration of RotaTeq® with Childhood Vaccines
- UK based Bovine-Human Reassortant Vaccine
- Rotarix® (Monovalent Human G1 Rotavirus Vaccine)
- Coadministration of Rotarix® with Childhood Vaccines
- RV3 Neonatal Strain Vaccine
- 116E Neonatal Strain Vaccine
- Other Approaches to Rotavirus Vaccination
- Introduction of Rotavirus Vaccine in India
- Key Points
21:Typhoid Vaccines
- Disease Burden
- Overview of the Disease
- Prevention of Typhoid Fever
- Vi-rEPA vaccine
- Indian Prespective
- Key Points
22:Yellow Fever Vaccine
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Spectrum of Yellow Fever
- Laboratory Spectrum of Yellow Fever
- ‘Nuts and Bolts’ of Yellow Fever Vaccination
- Type of Vaccine
- Dosage and Protection of Vaccine
- Safety Issues
- Hazards to Visitors in Endemic Areas
- Legal Requirement in India
- Key Points
23:Tuberculosis Vaccine: Immunology, Strategies and Status
- Infection and Disease
- Mycobacterium Tuberculosis – Survival Strategies
- Immune Response and the need of Vaccine
- Innate Mechanisms
- Cell Mediated Immune Response
- Types of Vaccine
- Prophylactic Vaccine
- Post-exposure or Immunotherapeutic Vaccines
- Tuberculosis Vaccines: Approaches and Status
- Modified or Recombinant BCG (rBCG)/ Prime-Boost Regimens
- New TB Vaccines: Ongoing Clinical Trials Worldwide
  - Priming
  - Boosting
- Vaccine Based Immunotherapy
- Key Points
24:Varicella and Herpes Zoster Vaccines
- Varicella in Pregnancy and in Neonates
- Mortality
- Immune Response to Varicella Infection
- Herpes Zoster
- Laboratory Diagnosis
  - When is a laboratory test necessary?
- Treatment and Protection of Contacts
- Varicella Zoster Immunoglobulin
- Can Varicella Vaccine Prevent Herpes Zoster?
- Varicella Vaccines
- Control of Varicella
- Key Points

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes