Index

Neuro-ophthalmology Ashok Garg, Emanuel Rosen, Arturo Perez Arteaga, Jawahar Lal Goyal

SECTION 1: APPLIED ANATOMY AND PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS IN NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY
1:Visual Pathway
- INTRODUCTION
- LOCALIZATION IN THE VISUAL PATHWAY
- BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE VISUAL PATHWAY
- LESIONS OF THE VISUAL PATHWAY AND FIELD DEFECTS
2:The Pupil
- NORMAL PUPIL
- PUPILLARY PATHWAYS
- PUPIL CYCLE TIME
- LESIONS OF THE PUPIL
- PHARMACOLOGY OF THE PUPIL
- PUPIL ABNORMALITIES
3:Binocular Vision
- DEFINITION
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSIS OF BINOCULAR DISORDERS
- ACCOMMODATIVE PERFORMANCE
  - COVER TEST
- SUBJECTIVE TESTS TO ESTIMATE THE PRESENCE, DIRECTION AND MAGNITUDE OF PHORIAS
- FIXATION DISPARITY TEST
- EVALUATION OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FUSIONAL VERGENCE
- MEASUREMENT OF THE NEAR POINT OF CONVERGENCE
  - CONVERGENCE JUMP TEST
- EXTERNAL OPHTHALMOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
- RETINOSCOPY AND REFRACTION
- MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION OF DEVIATION
- SENSORY STATE
  - WORTH'S FOUR DOT TEST
  - ESTIMATION OF THE LEVEL OF SUPPRESSION
- STEREOPSIS
  - EVALUATION OF STEREOPSIS
- ACCOMMODATION
- PUPILLARY REFLEXES
- EYE MOVEMENTS
- BINOCULAR VISION ANOMALIES
  - BINOCULAR ANOMALIES
  - ACCOMMODATIVE ANOMALIES
  - OCULOMOTOR ANOMALIES
- BINOCULAR ANOMALIES
  - CONVERGENCE INSUFFICIENCY
    - Treatment
  - FALSE CONVERGENCE INSUFFICIENCY
  - DIVERGENCE INSUFFICIENCY
    - Diagnosis
    - Treatment
  - CONVERGENCE EXCESS
  - DIVERGENCE EXCESS
    - Treatment
  - BASIC EXOPHORIA
  - BASIC ESOPHORIA
  - HYPERPHORIAS
- ACCOMMODATIVE ANOMALIES
  - ACCOMMODATIVE INSUFFICIENCY
  - ACCOMMODATIVE EXCESS
  - ACCOMMODATIVE INFLEXIBILITY
- OCULOMOTOR ANOMALIES
4:Supranuclear Pathways for Eye Movements
- INTRODUCTION
- SUPRANUCLEAR AND INFRANUCLEAR PATHWAYS
- SUPRANUCLEAR EYE MOVEMENT SYSTEMS
- SACCADIC SYSTEM
- PURSUIT SYSTEM
- VERGENCE SYSTEM
  - VOLUNTARY VERGENCE
  - PURSUIT OR REFLEX VERGENCE
- NON-OPTIC REFLEX SYSTEM
- POSITION MAINTENANCE SYSTEM
- SUMMARY
5:Laws of Ocular Motility
- INTRODUCTION
- DONDER'S LAW
- LISTING'S LAW
- HERING'S LAW OF MOTOR CORRESPONDENCE
  - CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
- SHERRINGTON'S LAW OF RECIPROCAL INNERVATION
  - CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
6:Pediatric Neuro-ophthalmology Examination
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- VISUAL DEVELOPMENT
- VISUAL ACUITY
- HEAD POSTURE
- PUPILLARY EXAMINATION
- REFRACTION
- COLOR VISION
- NYSTAGMUS
  - LOCALIZING TYPE NYSTAGMUS
- CONFRONTATIONAL VISUAL FIELDS
- FUNDOSCOPIC EXAMINATION
- GENERAL NEUROLOGICAL EVALUATION
SECTION 2: VISUAL SENSORY SYSTEM DISORDERS
7:Congenital Optic Disc Anomalies
- INTRODUCTION
- ENTITIES
8:Papilledema
- BACKGROUND
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
  - HISTORY
  - PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- MANAGEMENT
- TREATMENT
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- PROGNOSIS
9:Acquired Optic Nerve Disorders
- OPTIC NEURITIS
- TREATMENT
  - PROGNOSIS
- ISCHEMIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY
- COMPRESSIVE AND INFILTRATIVE OPTIC NEUROPATHIES
- TOXIC AND DEFICIENCY OPTIC NEUROPATHIES
- HEREDITARY OPTIC NEUROPATHIES
10:Optic Atrophy
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION OF OPTIC ATROPHY
- CLINICAL PICTURE OF OPTIC ATROPHY
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF OPTIC ATROPHY
  - INVESTIGATIONS IN A CASE OF OPTIC ATROPHY
- TREATMENT
11:Optic Nerve Tumors
- INTRODUCTION
- OPTIC NERVE GLIOMAS
- MALIGNANT GLIOMAS OF THE OPTIC NERVE
- OPTIC NERVE MENINGIOMAS
- SECONDARY OPTIC NERVE TUMORS
12:Compressive Chiasmatic Lesions
- INTRODUCTION
- SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- PROGNOSIS
SECTION 3: OCULAR MOTOR SYSTEM DISORDERS
13:Supranuclear Disorders of Eye Movements
- INTRODUCTION
- PSEUDO-OPHTHALMOPLEGIA
- CLASSIFICATION
- SACCADIC DISORDERS
- CONJUGATE PALSIES
- DISSOCIATED PALSIES
- PURSUIT DISORDERS
  - OVERACTIVITY
  - UNDERACTIVITY
- VERGENCE DISORDERS
  - PARALYSIS OF CONVERGENCE
  - PARALYSIS OF DIVERGENCE
- NONOPTIC REFLEX SYSTEM DISORDERS
  - VESTIBULAR SYSTEM DISORDERS
  - CEREBELLAR DISORDER
14:Cranial Nerve Palsies and their Management
- DEFINITION
- TYPES
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- CLASSIFICATION OF PARALYTIC SQUINT
- THIRD NERVE PALSY
- FOURTH NERVE PALSY
- SIXTH NERVE PALSY
15:Infranuclear Disorders of Ocular Motility
- OCULOMOTOR NERVE PALSY
- WORK-UP
  - TREATMENT
- ABDUCENS NERVE PALSY
16:Disorders of Neuromuscular Transmission
- MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
17:Myopathies Affecting Extraocular Muscles
- CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE EXTERNAL OPHTHALMOPLEGIA
- MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY
- CONGENITAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
  - FUKUYAMA CONGENITAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
- OCULAR PHARYNGEAL DYSTROPHY
18:Nystagmus
- DEFINITION
- GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
- TERMINOLOGY
- GRADES
- EXAMINATION OF A CASE OF NYSTAGMUS
- CLASSIFICATION
- OCULAR NYSTAGMUS
- VESTIBULAR NYSTAGMUS
- CEREBELLAR NYSTAGMUS
- CENTRAL NYSTAGMUS
- MISCELLANEOUS
- SYMPTOMS
- TREATMENT
SECTION 4: NEURO-OPHTHALMIC NONORGANIC DISORDERS
19:Neuro-ophthalmologic Manifestations of Nonorganic Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- TERMINOLOGY
- DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN HYSTERIA AND MALINGERING
- SPECIFIC NONORGANIC NEURO-OPHTHALMIC DISORDERS
- NONORGANIC DISEASE AFFECTING THE AFFERENT VISUAL PATHWAY
- EVALUATION FOR VISION LOSS
- OTHER OPHTHALMIC MANIFESTATIONS OF NONORGANIC DISEASES
- TREATMENT OF FUNCTIONAL EYE DISEASE
- OTHER CAUSES OF NONORGANIC VISUAL LOSS
20:Amblyopia
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOLOGICAL CONSIDERATION
- OTHER IMPORTANT FEATURES OF AMBLYOPIA
- SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
- INVESTIGATION
  - FOR REFRACTIVE OR ANISOMETROPIC AMBLYOPIA
    - Check Visual Acuity
  - FOR STRABISMIC AMBLYOPIA
- TYPES OF STRABISMUS
- TESTING FOR STRABISMUS
  - FORM-DEPRIVATION AND VISUAL PATHWAY OBSTRUCTION AMBLYOPIA
  - OTHER PROBLEMS TO BE CONSIDERED
    - Imaging Studies
    - Other Tests
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF AMBLYOPIA
- TREATMENTS—MEDICAL AND SURGICAL
- ACTIVITY AFTER TREATMENT
- FURTHER FOLLOW-UP CARE
- DETERRENCE/PREVENTION
  - AMBLYOPIA AFTER TRAUMA
- COMPLICATIONS
- CLINICAL TRIALS AND EXPERIMENTS
- PROGNOSIS
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 5: AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS AND MISCELLANEOUS
21:The Neuro-anatomical Basis of Accommodation and Vergence
- INTRODUCTION
- ACCOMMODATION
- THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
- VERGENCE
22:Functional Brain Imaging of Suppression
- ABSTRACT
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- DISCUSSION
23:Headache and Facial Pain
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
  - LIFE OR VISION THREATENING
  - OTHERS
- WORK-UP
24:Ophthalmic Manifestations of Intracranial Lesions
- INTRODUCTION
  - CLASSIFICATION OF INTRACRANIAL LESIONS
  - SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- GENERAL OPHTHALMIC SIGNS
- FALSE-LOCALIZING SIGNS
  - HYDROCEPHALUS
  - NERVE DYSFUNCTION
- TRUE LOCALIZING SIGNS
25:Visual Impairment in Cortical Lesions
- INTRODUCTION
- TEMPORAL LOBE
- PARIETAL LOBE
  - OCCIPITAL LOBE
- CORTICAL BLINDNESS
- CLINICAL FEATURES OF CORTICAL BLINDNESS
  - VISUAL EVOKED POTENTIALS
  - OTHER INVESTIGATIONS
- SPECIAL FORMS OF CORTICAL BLINDNESS
- RECOVERY
26:Multiple Sclerosis
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- PROGNOSIS
27:Abnormal Eyelid Functions
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- PROGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- PROGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - CAUSES OF LID RETRACTION
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- PROGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- PROGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- PROGNOSIS
28:Imaging in Neuro-ophthalmology
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
- CONGENITAL PATHOLOGY OF OPTIC PATHWAYS
- INTRACRANIAL PATHOLOGY OF THE VISUAL PATHWAY
- SELLAR TUMORS
29:Role of HRT II in Diagnosis of Neuro-ophthalmic Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- PITUITARY TUMORS
  - MOREKER KATARIA CLASSIFICATION OF HRT II CHANGES IN PITUITARY
    - Acute
    - Chronic
- OPTIC NEUROPATHIES
  - AAION VS NAAION3
- PAPILLEDEMA
  - SIGNIFICANCE
- HRT IN OPTIC DISC EXCAVATION IN CHILDREN AFFECTED BY CEREBRAL VISUAL IMPAIRMENT (CVI)7

INDEX

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Index

Chapter Notes