Index

Recent Advances in Pediatrics (Volume 18): Hot Topics Suraj Gupte, Praveen C Sobti

PART ONE: SPOTLIGHT: HEMATOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY
CHAPTER 1:Hematologic Manifestations of Systemic Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- MECHANISMS
- RENAL DISEASE
- COLLAGEN VASCULAR DISEASES AND THE ANEMIA OF CHRONIC DISORDERS
- CARDIAC DISEASE
- ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
- METABOLIC DISEASES
- NEUROLOGIC AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
- PULMONARY DISEASE
- GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE
- LIVER DISEASE
- PANCREATIC DISEASE
- SKIN DISEASES
- INFECTIONS
- SPECIFIC MANIFESTATIONS IN VARIOUS INFECTIONS
CHAPTER 2:Megaloblastic Anemia
- INTRODUCTION
- PHYSIOLOGIC AND BIOCHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS
  - Folic Acid
    - Transport and Cellular Utilization
  - Cobalamin
    - Transport and Cellular Utilization
- CLASSIFICATION OF MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
CHAPTER 3:Acute Leukemias
- INTRODUCTION
- ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS IN CHILDHOOD ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA
- ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA
CHAPTER 4:Component Therapy
- INTRODUCTION
- WHY NOT WHOLE BLOOD and WHY COMPONENTS?
- PREPARATION OF BLOOD COMPONENTS
- WHICH COMPONENTS?
- STORAGE AND SHELF-LIFE
- WHOLE BLOOD
- STORAGE OF BLOOD
- DISADVANTAGES OF WHOLE BLOOD
  - Complications
- PACKED RED BLOOD CELLS (PRBC)
  - Special Considerations for Newborns
- FROZEN BLOOD CELLS
- LEUKOCYTE–POOR RBCs
- PLATELET TRANSFUSIONS
- TYPES OF PLATELETS
- SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR NEWBORN
- PLATELET TRANSFUSION EFFICACY
- GRANULOCYTES
- GUIDELINE FOR TRANSFUSION
- SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR NEWBORNS
  - Dosage
- CRYOPRECIPITATE
- INDICATION FOR TRANSFUSION
- FRESH FROZEN PLASMA
- INDICATIONS FOR TRANSFUSION
- SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR NEWBORNS
- SPECIFIC FACTOR CONCENTRATES
- LEUKODEPLETED BLOOD COMPONENTS
  - Methods of Leukodepletion
    - WBC Filter
    - Washed Cells
- IRRADIATED BLOOD AND GVHD; TRANSFUSION
  - Gamma Irradiation
  - Indications
CHAPTER 5:Stem Cells
- INTRODUCTION
- HEMATOPOIETIC
- CONDITIONING THERAPY
- CLASSES OF DISEASE TREATED
- METABOLIC DISEASES
- MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
- CARDIOVASCULAR
- LIVER
- NEUROLOGY
- AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE AND ARTHRITIS
- APPLICABILITY AND SAFETY OF SCT
- INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS
- GRAFT VERSUS HOST DISEASE
- CHIMERISM
- NEW DIRECTIONS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 6:Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation
- INTRODUCTION
- SOURCES OF STEM CELLS/DONORS
- CORD BLOOD TRANSPLANTATION
- LATE COMPLICATIONS OF TRANSPLANTATION
CHAPTER 7:Oncologic Emergencies
- INTRODUCTION
- SUPERIOR VENA CAVA SYNDROME (SVCS) AND SUPERIOR MEDIASTINAL SYNDROME (SMS)
  - Clinical Features
  - Therapy
- THE ALL-TRANS-RETINOIC ACID (ATRA) SYNDROME
- HYPERLEUKOCYTOSIS
- TUMOR LYSIS SYNDROME (TLS)
- FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA
PART TWO: GENERAL / MISCELLANEOUS
CHAPTER 8:Fluid Therapy in Acute Illnesses
- INTRODUCTION
- MAINTENANCE FLUIDS
- MAINTENANCE WATER
- MAINTENANCE ELECTROLYTES
- REPLACEMENT FLUID THERAPY5
- DEFICIT FLUID THERAPY
  - Hyponatremic Dehydration
  - Hypernatremic Dehydration
- FLUID THERAPY IN SPECIAL SITUATIONS
- SIADH
  - Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 9:Cystic Fibrosis Revisited
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
  - Causes of malnutrition in CF include:
- DIAGNOSIS11
  - Newborn Screening
  - Prenatal Diagnosis
- TREATMENT
- COMPLICATIONS AND THEIR TREATMENT
- PROGNOSIS18–20
CHAPTER 10:Pediatric Malaria
- INTRODUCTION
- LIFE CYCLE
- CLINICAL DISEASE
- DIAGNOSIS OF MALARIA
- RECOMMENDATIONS ON MALARIA DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT2
- SPECIAL ISSUES
- TREATMENT OF UNCOMPLICATED VIVAX MALARIA
- FUTURE
CHAPTER 11:Cerebral Malaria
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- PATHOLOGY
- IMMUNOLOGY
- DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT OF CEREBRAL MALARIA
- POST-MALARIA NEUROLOGICAL SYNDROMES
- DRUG RESISTANCE
- OUTCOME
- NEWER STRATEGIES
CHAPTER 12:Chikungunya Fever—A Re-emerging Viral Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- CAUSATIVE AGENT
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- RE-EMERGENCE OF CHIKUNGUNYA INFECTION
  - Outside India
  - In India
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES2
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
- PROGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
CHAPTER 13:H. pylori Infection: Noninvasive Tests
- INTRODUCTION
- ACTIVE TESTS
  - Urea breath test
  - Stool Tests
    - Fecal Detection of H. pylori DNA by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
    - Fecal Detection of H. pylori Antigen
- PASSIVE TESTS
CHAPTER 14:Acute Asthma: Trends in Management
- WHY IS ACUTE ASTHMA IMPORTANT?
- DEFINITIONS
- MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE ASTHMA
- ASSESSMENT OF SEVERITY
  - Initial Rapid Assessment of Severity
- RISK FACTORS FOR DEATH FROM ASTHMA6
- SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT OF INFANTS6
- DETAILED CLINICAL ASSESSMENT6,9,10
- INITIAL TREATMENT
- PRINCIPLES OF THERAPY9,10
  - Management at Home1,6,15
  - Management at Hospital1,5,6,9,10,15
- ASSESSMENT OF RESPONSE TO INITIAL THERAPY9,10,15
- FURTHER MODIFICATION OR ADDITION OF TREATMENT9,10,15
CHAPTER 15:Severe Respiratory Distress
- INTRODUCTION
- PEDIATRIC CONSIDERATIONS
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- EVALUATION OF A CHILD WITH RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
  - Physical Examination2–7
- LABORATORY STUDIES2–5
- MANAGEMENT
- PROGNOSIS
- FURTHER OUTPATIENT CARE
CHAPTER 16:Hospital-acquired Pneumonia
- INTRODUCTION
- EARLY VS LATE ONSET
- PATHOGENESIS
- ETIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Laboratory Studies
  - Imaging Studies
- BRONCHOSCOPIC TECHNIQUES
  - Lung Tissue (culture and histology)
- OTHERS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
  - Supportive Care
- PREVENTION
- PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 17:Oxygen Therapy
- INTRODUCTION
- NATURE OF OXYGEN
- OXYGEN AND ENERGY
- OXYGEN CASCADE
- OXYGEN THERAPY
- OXYGEN TRANSPORT
  - a. Whole Blood Oxygen Content
  - Oxygen Delivery
  - Oxygen Uptake
  - Oxygen Extraction Ratio
- OXYHEMOGLOBIN DISSOCIATION CURVE
- PULSE OXIMETER
- SOURCES OF OXYGEN
  - Oxygen Cylinders
  - Oxygen Concentrators
  - Liquid Oxygen
- OXYGEN ADMINISTRATION
- LOW FLOW SYSTEM
  - Nasal Catheter
  - Nasal Prongs
  - Nasopharyngeal Catheter
  - Tracheostomy Oxygen Adapters
  - Simple Oxygen Masks
  - Partial-rebreathing Masks
  - Non-rebreathing Masks
- HIGH-FLOW SYSTEM
  - An air-entrainment Mask or Venturi Mask
  - Air-entrainment Nebulizers
- ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS
  - Oxygen Hoods
  - Closed Incubators
  - Oxygen Tent
- INDICATION OF OXYGEN THERAPY33–35
  - Indication for Supplemental Oxygen Therapy
  - Potential Indications for Low Flow Oxygen Delivery Systems
  - Potential Indications for High Flow Oxygen Delivery Systems
- OXYGEN TOXICITY
  - Atelectasis
  - Retinopathy of Prematurity
  - Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity
- WHEN TO STOP OXYGEN?
- HYPERBARIC OXYGEN
- HYPOXIA
  - Types of Hypoxia
  - Effects of Hypoxia
  - Treatment
- HYPOXEMIA
  - Treatment
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MONITORING OXYGEN THERAPY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 18:Hot Water Epilepsy
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- PATHOGENESIS
- GENETICS OF HWE
- INVESTIGATIONS
- HWE
- PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 19:Intractable Pediatric Epilepsy: Surgical Aspects
- INTRODUCTION
- EPILEPSY AND THE DEVELOPING BRAIN
- THE EFFECTS OF ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION
- MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF PEDIATRIC EPILEPSY
- SURGICALLY REMEDIABLE PEDIATRIC EPILEPSY SYNDROMES AND THEIR SURGICAL TREATMENT33–35
- HEMISPHERIC EPILEPSY
  - Outcome of Hemispheric Epilepsy Surgery
- SUBHEMISPHERIC EPILEPSY
- FOCAL EPILEPTIC DISORDERS
- MULTIFOCAL EPILEPTIC DISORDERS
CHAPTER 20:Perinatal Hypoxicischemic Encephalopathy
- INTRODUCTION
- NEURONAL PROPHYLAXIS
CHAPTER 21:Care of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants
- INTRODUCTION
- MANAGEMENT OF ELBW BABIES
- MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 22:Noninvasive Ventilation in the Newborn
- INTRODUCTION
- POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION
- NASAL INTERMITTENT POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION (NIPPV)
  - Vapotherm
- NEGATIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION
CHAPTER 23:Chemoprophylaxis in Pediatric Practice
- INTRODUCTION
- GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS
- CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS IN CHILDREN WITH CONDITIONS PREDISPOSING TO INFECTIONS
- SPECIFIC PATHOGENS
- CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS FOR PREVENTION OF FETAL INFECTIONS
  - Early Onset Group B Streptococcal Infection (GBS)
  - Prevention of Vertical Transmission of HIV Infection to the Fetus
- CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS FOR NEONATAL INFECTIONS
- CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS FOR SURGICAL PROCEDURES AND TRAUMA
  - Principles1
- CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS FOR PREVENTION OF HIV INFECTION
- PROPHYLAXIS FOR NON-TUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS31
- PROPHYLAXIS FOR TOXOPLASMOSIS31
- PROPHYLAXIS FOR FUNGAL INFECTIONS31
  - Cryptococcal Infections
  - Candida Infections
- CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS WITH RECURRENT BACTERIAL INFECTIONS31
- POST-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS29–35
CHAPTER 24:Immunosuppressive Therapy
- INTRODUCTION
- MANIPULATIONS OF IMMUNE RESPONSE
- CLASSIFICATION OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS
- MECHANISM OF ACTION
- GLUCOCORTICOIDS
- CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE
- METHOTREXATE
- AZATHIOPRINE AND MERCAPTOPURINE
- CYCLOSPORINE
- TACROLIMUS
- SIROLIMUS (SRL)
- MYCOPHENOLATE
- LEFLUNOMIDE AND MALONONITRILOAMIDES
- ACTINOMYCIN-D
- ANTIBODIES
- HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE
- SMALL BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
CHAPTER 25:Hypertensive Emergencies
- INTRODUCTION
- WHAT IS HYPERTENSION?
  - What is hypertensive urgency4–7 and what is an emergency?4–7
- WHAT ARE THE CAUSES?
- WHAT ARE THE CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS?
- INVESTIGATIONS9,10
- MANAGEMENT10
  - Hypertensive Emergency
- HYPERTENSIVE URGENCY10
- PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 26:Hygiene Hypothesis and its Relevance
- INTRODUCTION
- HYGIENE HYPOTHESIS
- IMMUNOLOGICAL BASIS OF HYGIENE HYPOTHESIS
- EVIDENCE IN FAVOR OF HYGIENE HYPOTHESIS
- THE FUTURE
CHAPTER 27:Scorpion Envenomation
- INTRODUCTION
- THE CULPRIT10
- THE VENOM
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- HISTORY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
- IMAGING STUDIES
- PROGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 28:Postgraduate Pediatric Education: A Reappraisal
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY OF MEDICAL EDUCATION IN INDIA
  - Curriculum Evaluations
- POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION IN INDIA
- IMPACT OF THE CURRENT POSTGRADUATE SELECTIONS
- POSTGRADUATE CURRICULUM AND TRAINING—CURRENT STATUS AND SUGGESTIONS
- CLINICAL TEACHING DURING THE POSTGRADUATE TRAINING
  - The One Minute Preceptor
- MINI CLINICAL EXAMINATION (MINI-CEX)
- POSTGRADUATE TRAINING AND UTILIZATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- THE PLACE OF RESEARCH IN POSTGRADUATE TRAINING—‘THESIS/DISSERTATION’
- TEACHING BY THE POSTGRADUATES
- POSTGRADUATE EVALUATION—PRESENT AND FUTURE SUGGESTIONS
- FACULTY DEVELOPMENT—TEACHING THE TEACHERS
- APPENDIX 1

INDEX

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Chapter Notes