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Practical Manual of Medical Microbiology
CP Prince
1:
Laboratory Safety
2:
First Aid
3:
Hand Washing
INTRODUCTION
Method
4:
Units
5:
Microscope
INTRODUCTION
Types of Microscopes
Parts of Compound Microscope
MECHANICAL PARTS
MAGNIFYING PARTS
ILLUMINATING PARTS
Sub-stage Condensers
Iris Diaphragm
Filter Holder
Mirror
Electric Bulb
MAGNIFICATION
Adjustment of Microscope
Care of Microscope
6:
Micrometry
INTRODUCTION
Requirement
Method
Calibration of Eye Piece Micrometer
Measuring the Object
7:
Sterilisation
8:
Hanging Drop Preparation
INTRODUCTION
Requirements
Procedure (Fig. 8.3)
Observation (Fig. 8.4)
Notes
Bacterial Motility
Examples of Motile Bacilli
Examples of Non-motile Bacilli
Motility of Anaerobic Bacteria
9:
Preparation and Fixation of Smears
10:
Methylene Blue Staining
INTRODUCTION
Requirements
Staining Method
Uses
11:
Indian Ink Staining
INTRODUCTION
Staining Procedure
Observation
12:
Gram's Stain
INTRODUCTION
Requirement
Procedure (Fig. 12.1)
Observation (Fig. 12.2)
COCCI
BACILLI
Comments
13:
Ziehl-Neelsen's Stain (Acid Fast Stain)
14:
Albert's Stain
INTRODUCTION
Requirement
Method
Observation (Fig. 14.1)
15:
Leishman's Stain
INTRODUCTION
Requirements
Method
Note
Observation (Fig. 15.1)
16:
Preparation and Cleaning of Glassware
NEW GLASSWARES
Used Glasswares
Chromic Acid Cleaning
Cleaning of Pipettes
17:
pH in Microbiology
18:
Bacteriological Media
19:
Inoculation of Culture Media
20:
Anaerobic Cultivation
SOURCE OF ANAEROBES
Methods of Creating Anaerobiosis
McIntosh and Filde's Anaerobic Jar
21:
Important Bacterial Pathogens and the Diseases
BACTERIAL PATHOGENS AND RELATED DISEASES
22:
Collection of Clinical Materials for Microbiological Investigations
A. SPECIMEN FOR BACTERIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
1. Blood for Culture
General precautions while collecting blood
2. Urine
3. Stool Samples
4. Rectal Swab
5. Sputum
6. Throat Swab
7. Nasal, Nasopharyngeal and Oral Swabs
8. Ear Swab
9. CSF
10. Conjunctival Swab
11. Cervical and Vaginal Swabs
12. Urethral Swab and Prostatic Fluid
13. Pus
14. Serous Fluid
B. SPECIMENS FOR ACID FAST BACILLI
C. SPECIMENS FOR ANAEROBIC CULTURE
D. BLOOD FOR SEROLOGICAL TESTS
E. MATERIALS FOR MYCOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
F. SPECIMENS FOR PARASITOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
G. SPECIMENS FOR VIROLOGICAL INVESTIGATION
a. Diseases of central nervous system
b. Disease of the Skin
c. Disease of the Eye
d. Diseases of the Respiratory Tract
H. MATERIALS FOR STERILITY TESTS
23:
Biochemical Tests and Identification of Bacteria
24:
O/F Test (Hugh and Leifson's Test)
25:
Catalase Test
PRINCIPLE
Requirements
Method
Result
26:
Oxidase Test
PRINCIPLE
Requirements
Methods
1. Plate Method
Results
2. Dry filter paper method
Results
3. Wet Filter Paper Method
Example Oxidase Positive Bacteria
Example: Oxidase Negative
27:
Sugar Fermentation Test
PRINCIPLE
Requirments
Method
Result
28:
Nitrate Reduction Test
PRINCIPLE
Requirement
Method
Result
29:
Hydrogen Sulphide Production Test
PRINCIPLE
Method 1
List of media used for H2S detection
Method 2
Result
30:
Urease Test
PRINCIPLE
Requirements
Method
Result
31:
Citrate Utilisation Test
PRINCIPLE
Requirements
Method
Result
32:
Voges-Proskauer Test (VP Test)
PRINCIPLE
Requirements
Method
Result
33:
Methyl Red Test (MR Test)
PRINCIPLE
Requirements
Method
Result
34:
Indole Test
PRINCIPLE
Requirements
Method
Result
Note
35:
Bile Solubility Test
PRINCIPLE
Requirements
Procedure
Result
Note
36:
Coagulase Test
PRINCIPLE
Procedure and Results of Slide Test (to detect bound coagulase)
Result
Tube Test: (to detect free coagulase)
Result
37:
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
INTRODUCTION
MODIFIED KIRBY-BAUER METHOD
Requirements
Mueller-Hinton Agar
Antibiotic Discs
Turbidity Standard
Swabs
Method
Results
Quality Assurance in Susceptibility Test
Quality Assurance in Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
38:
Brucella Agglutination Test
PRINCIPLE
Materials Required
Procedure
Notes
39:
Anti-Streptolysin O (ASO) Test
PRINCIPLE
Requirements
Procedure
Notes
40:
CRP Screen Latex Agglutination Slide Test
INTRODUCTION
Principle
Requirements
SPECIMEN
TEST PROCEDURE
Qualitative Estimation
Semiquantitative Estimation
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
Qualitative Estimation
Semiquantitative Estimation
QUALITY CONTROL
NOTES
41:
VDRL Test
INTRODUCTION
Requirments
Preparation of Antigen
Preparation of Serum
Preliminary Testing of Antigen Emulsion
Qualitative Serum Test
Reading and Reporting the Results
Quantitative Serum Test
Notes
42:
Treponema Pallidum Haemagglutination Assay (TPHA)
INTRODUCTION
PRINCIPLE
Quantitative Test
Observation and Results
43:
Widal Test
INTRODUCTION
PRINCIPLE
Requirement
Procedure (Method)
Observation and Result
Notes
44:
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
ELISA FOR ANTIBODY DETECTION
Reagents
Procedure
Notes
Elisa for Antigen Detection
Reagents
Procedure
Note
TYPES OF ELISA
Stick ELISA (Indirect)
Stick ELISA (Sandwich)
Competitive (ELISA)
Inhibition ELISA
Note
45:
Experimental Animals
46:
Potassium Hydroxide Wet Mount
47:
Lactophenol Cotton Blue Mount
48:
Culture of Fungi
INTRODUCTION
Culture Media
Sabouraud's Dextrose agar
Sabouraud's Dextrose Agar with Antibiotics
49:
Fungal Slide Culture (Riddle's Method)
INTRODUCTION
Requirements (Fig. 49.1)
Method
Observation
50:
Identification of Fungal Isolates
INTRODUCTION
Methods
Macroscopic Examination
Microscopic Examination
Note the Characteristics like
Cryptococcus Neoformans
Candida Albicans (Figs 50.2 to 50.5)
Trichophyton rubrum
Microsporum canis
Epidermophyton floccosum
Aspergillus
Pencillium
Rhizopus
Mucor
51:
Germ Tube Test
INTRODUCTION
Requirements
Method
Observation
Note
52:
Diagnosis of Virus Infections
53:
Lab Diagnosis of Malaria
54:
Parasitological Examination of Faeces
55:
Medical Entomology
INTRODUCTION
Mosquitoes
Classification of Mosquitoes
Anopheles Mosquitoes (Fig. 55.2)
Aedes Mosquitoes (Fig. 55.3)
Culex Mosquitoes (Fig. 55.4)
Mansonia Mosquitoes (Fig. 55.5)
Sandy fly (Phlebotomus spp) (Fig. 55.6)
TseTse Flies (Glossina palpalis) (Fig. 55.7)
HOUSE FLY (MUSCA DOMESTICA) (FIG. 55.8)
Diseases transmitted (Mechanical vector)
RAT FLEA (XENOPSYLLA) (FIG. 55.9)
Diseases Transmitted
LOUSE (PEDICULUS HUMANUS) (FIGS 55.10 AND 55.11)
ITCH MITE (SARCOPTES) (FIG. 55.12)
TICKS
Hard Ticks
CYCLOPS (WATER FLEAS) (FIG. 55.13)
Control of Guinea worm infection by ingestion of cyclops
56:
Bacteriological Examination of Water
57:
Mocrobiology of Milk
INTRODUCTION
58:
Lab Diagnosis of Tuberculosis
59:
Urinary Tract Infection
60:
Spotters
PLATINUM WIRE LOOP (FIG. 19.4)
CANDLE JAR (FIG. 20.2)
TESTING OF AUTOCLAVES
SEITZ FILTER
CENTRIFUGE (FIG. 22.2)
THROAT SWAB (FIG. 22.3)
GLUCOSE BROTH
GELATIN
NUTRIENT AGAR
BLOOD AGAR
AGAR AGAR
SABOURAUD'S GLUCOSE AGAR
STAPHYLOCOCCI(FIG. 60.1)
HAEMOLYSIS ON BLOOD AGAR
NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE
GRAM POSITIVE BACILLI
THIOGLYCOLLATE MEDIUM
ROBERTSON'S COOKED MEAT MEDIUM
McINTOSH AND FILDE'S JAR
MAcCONKEY'S AGAR WITH LACTOSE AND NON-LACTOSE FERMENTERS
MAcCONKEY'S AGAR (FIG. 60.4)
CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI WITH TERMINAL SPORES
SUGAR MEDIA TO TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATE FERMENTATION
GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI
RABBIT
MICE
GUINEA PIG
VDRL (VENEREAL DISEASE RESEARCH LABORATORY) TEST SLIDE
WIDAL TEST
ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY PLATE
CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE
UREASE POSITIVE AND UREASE NEGATIVE REACTIONS
DERMATOPHYTE ON SABOURAOUD'S AGAR
CANDIDA IN GRAM'S SMEAR
ASPERGILLUS
ASPERGILLUS ON SABOURAUD'S AGAR
MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS ON LOWENSTEIN-JENSEN MEDIUM
MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS IN ACID-FAST SMEAR (FIG. 13.1)
LOWENSTEIN-JENSEN MEDIUM
OVUM ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES (ROUNDWORM) (FIG.54.9)
OVUM OF ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE (HOOKWORM) (FIG. 54.6)
OVUM OFTRICHURIS TRICHURA(WHIP WORM) (FIG. 54.7)
MALARIAL PARASITE (GAMETOCYTE)
MICROFILARIA
MALARIAL PARASITE (TROPHOZOITE)
HOOKWORM (ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE) (FIG. 54.6)
ROUND WORM (ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES) (FIG. 54.9)
WHIP WORM (TRICHURIS TRICHURA) (FIG. 54.7)
HYDATID CYST (FIG. 60.5)
TAPE WORM (FIG. 60.6)
INDEX
TOC
Index
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