Examination of Lumps and Ulcers

Kanchana  Sundaramurthy

Clinical Surgical Case Manual Kanchana Sundaramurthy

CHAPTER 1:Examination of Lumps and Ulcers
- LUMPS
- ULCERS
CHAPTER 2:Carbuncle
- CHARACTERS
- CLINICAL APPEARANCE
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 3:Ganglion
- DEFINITION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- INCIDENCE
- SPECIFIC SITES
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DEVELOPMENT OF GANGLIA
- DIAGNOSIS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- COMPLICATIONS
- TREATMENT
- POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS
- PEARL GANGLIA
- COMPOUND PALMAR GANGLION
CHAPTER 4:Basal Cell Carcinoma
- PREDISPOSING FACTORS
- OTHER NAMES
- CELL OF ORIGIN
- PATHOGENESIS
- INCIDENCE
- TYPES
- EARLY LESIONS
  - Morphological Types
- GORLIN-GOLTZ SYNDROME
- CHARACTERS
- SUPERFICIAL SPREADING/SUPERFICIAL CICATRIZING
- FIBRO EPITHELIOMA OF PINKUS
- BASOSQUAMOUS/METATYPICAL CARCINOMA
- NEVOID BCC SYNDROME
- TREATMENT
- EXCISION MARGIN
- CYLINDROMA (TURBAN TUMOR)
- PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 5:Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- CHARACTERS
- PREDISPOSING FACTORS
- SCC IN SITU
- INCIDENCE
  - Can also Occur in
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- MARJOLIN'S ULCER
- MULTIPLE FAMILIAL SELF HEALING SCC
- XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM
- TWO CLINICAL PATTERNS OF TUMOR GROWTH
- PATHOLOGY
- COMMONEST SITES
- REGIONAL NODE ENLARGEMENT
- LOCAL X-RAY
- TREATMENT
- SURGERY
- DESTRUCTIVE THERAPY
- RADIOTHERAPY
  - Topical 5FU
- PROGNOSIS
- RATE OF METASTASES
- SURVIVAL
- FOLLOW-UP
CHAPTER 6:Malignant Melanoma
- INCIDENCE
- COMMON FEATURES OF MELANOMA
- ETIOLOGY AND PREDISPOSING FACTORS
- ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS
- PATHOLOGY
- CLINICAL TYPES
  - Giant Nevi
  - Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome
- BRE SLOW THICKNESS
- CLARKE'S LEVELS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
  - DD from Acanthotic Seborrheic Keratosis
  - DD for Subungual Melanoma
- SPREAD
- STAGING
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
  - Management Guidelines
- PROGNOSTIC FACTORS
  - MacKie's Algorithm for Identifying High Risk Group
  - Follow-up
- RECURRENCE
  - Treatment of Recurrence
CHAPTER 7:Radiodermatitis
- PATHOLOGY OF IRRADIATION TO SKIN
- ACUTE RADIODERMATITIS
  - May form Malignant Lesions
    - Treatment
    - Histopathology
- CHRONIC RADIODERMATITIS
CHAPTER 8:Keloids
- DEFINITION
- CHARACTERS
  - Comparison of Hypertrophic and Keloid Scars
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- TREATMENT
  - Indications for Surgery
  - Additional Therapy
CHAPTER 9:Split Skin Grafting
- DEFINITION
- CLASSIFICATION
- VARIATIONS IN THE THICKNESS OF NORMAL SKIN
- CHECKING THE THICKNESS OF DONOR SKIN
  - Contraction
- SURVIVAL
- EXCEPTIONS TO SSG
- TEMPORARY SSG
- COLOR MATCH
- SSG IN FLEXOR SURFACES
  - Donor Site
- MUCOSAL REPLACEMENT
- REQUIREMENTS FOR SURVIVAL OF A SKIN GRAFT
  - Bridging Phenomenon
  - Poor Recipient Areas
- STEPS OF GRAFT TAKE
- PREPARATION OF THE OPEN WOUND
- CUTTING THE SKIN GRAFT
- INSTRUMENTS AVAILABLE
- APPLICATION AND CARE OF SSG
- FIXATION OF GRAFTS
- DRESSING OF SKIN GRAFTS
- POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- CARE OF THE INFECTED SKIN GRAFT
  - Local Wound Care
  - Organism
  - Hyperbaric Oxygen
- IMMOBILIZATION PERIOD
  - Lower Extremity
- STORAGE OF GRAFTS
- CARE OF DONOR SITE
- CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAFTED SKIN
CHAPTER 10:Bone Secondaries
- INCIDENCE
- DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY BONE TUMORS
- SITE OF ORIGIN
- METHODS OF SPREAD
- PATHOLOGY
- MECHANISMS OF BONE DESTRUCTION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- COMPLICATIONS
- TREATMENT
  - For Objective Assessment of Response to Systemic Therapy
CHAPTER 11:Soft Tissue Sarcoma
- TYPES
- SITE
- INCIDENCE
- LYMPH NODAL SPREAD IN STS
- DD FROM CARCINOMA
- PREDISPOSING FACTORS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- MICROSCOPIC FEATURES
- GRADING
- TNM STAGING
- COMBINED STAGING
  - In Other Words
  - MSKCC Scoring System
  - MSKCC Staging
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT OF STS
  - Treatment Modalities
  - Reconstruction
  - Radiotherapy
  - Chemotherapy
  - Combination Therapy for STS
    - Case Study
  - Ideal Treatment
  - Advantages of Preoperative RT
- FACTORS AFFECTING LOCAL RECURRENCE
- FOLLOW-UP
- PROGNOSIS
- QUICK CLINICAL SUMMARY OF STS FEATURES
  - Important Differential Diagnosis
- SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT APPROACH
- AGGRESSIVENESS OF STS
- MALIGNANT FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA
- RETROPERITONEAL SARCOMA
  - Management Algorithm for Retroperitoneal Sarcoma
- CHONDROSARCOMA
- FIBROSARCOMA
- SYNOVIAL SARCOMA
- EWING'S SARCOMA
- KAPOSI'S SARCOMA
- LYMPHANGIOSARCOMA
- HEMANGIOSARCOMA
- RHABDOMYOSARCOMA
- LEIOMYOSARCOMA
- LIPOSARCOMA
- DESMOID TUMORS
CHAPTER 12:Cervical Spondylosis
- CHARACTERISTICS
- APPLIED ANATOMY
- PATHOLOGY OF DEGENERATIVE DISEASE
- SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- PATTERNS OF CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS
  - Cervical Radiculopathy
  - Sites of Referred Pain
- INVESTIGATIONS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
- SURGICAL TREATMENT
  - Advantages and Disadvantages of Anterior and Posterior Approaches
- PROGNOSIS
- OTHER SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
CHAPTER 13:Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
- DEFINITION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE
- ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- SURGERY
  - Postoperative Period
- PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 14:Peripheral Nerves
- ANATOMY
  - Quadrangular Space
  - Triangular Space
- SEDDON CLASSIFICATION OF PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURIES
  - Neuropraxia
  - Axonotmesis
  - Neurotmesis
- CAUSES OF CHRONIC NERVE COMPRESSION
  - Conditions Predisposing to Compression Syndromes
- SUNDERLAND'S CLASSIFICATION OF DEGREES OF NERVE INJURY
- ANOTHER CLASSIFICATION OF NERVE LESIONS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Clinico-pathophysiologic Correlation
  - Signs and Symptoms
  - Characteristic Postures in Nerve Lesions
  - Rapid Methods of Demonstrating Injury of a Major Nerve of Upper Limb
  - Rapid Methods for Demonstrating Injury to Major Nerves of Lower Limb
  - Rapid Method of Eliminating Major Nerve Injuries
  - Jump Function
  - Tinel's Sign
  - Key Muscles for Each Nerve
- CLINICAL EXAMINATION
- GRADING OF LEVEL OF DYSFUNCTION
  - MRC Classification of Sensory Nerve Dysfunction
  - MRC Classification of Motor Dysfunction
- COMPLICATIONS OF NERVE INJURY
  - Neuroma
  - Investigations
- TREATMENT
  - Gaps which can be Closed Primarily
  - Contraindications to Late Repair (Repair at All)
  - Expendable Nerve Trunk for Interposition Graft
  - Frozen Muscle Grafts
  - Other Methods of Nerve Grafts
- RECOVERY
  - Grades of Functional Recovery
- GENERAL FACTORS AFFECTING PROGNOSIS
- SPECIFIC TYPES OF INJURY
  - Spinal Accessory Nerve
  - Treatment
  - Shoulder Girdle Lesions (Multiple Nerve Injuries)
  - Algodystrophy
  - Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
  - Pronator Teres Syndrome
  - Anterior Interosseus Nerve Syndrome
  - Digital Nerve Entrapment
  - Claw Hand
  - Cervical Radiculopathy
- SPECIFIC NERVE INJURIES
  - Brachial Plexus
  - Traction Injury
  - Histamine Test
  - Management of Traction Injury
  - Criteria for Inoperability
  - Postoperative Care
- AXILLARY NERVE
  - Route
  - Causes of Injury
  - Effects
  - Treatment
- NERVE OF BELL (NERVE TO SERRATUS ANTERIOR)
  - Route
  - Causes of injury
  - Effect
  - Treatment
- RADIAL/MUSCULOSPIRAL NERVE
  - Sites of Injury
  - Common Entrapment Syndromes
  - Axillary Injury
  - Clinical Features
  - Radial Groove Injury
  - Clinical Features
  - Injury to Posterior Interosseus Nerve
  - Clinical Examination
  - Treatment of Radial Nerve Palsy
- ULNAR NERVE
  - Sites of Injury
  - Common Entrapment Syndromes
  - Elbow Injury
    - Causes
  - Clinical Features
  - Injury at Wrist
  - Clinical Examination
- MEDIAN NERVE
  - Common Entrapment Syndromes
  - Elbow Injury
    - Causes
  - Clinical Features
  - Wrist Injuries
    - Causes
  - Clinical Features
  - Prognosis
  - Clinical Examination
    - General way of Remembering Upper Limb Nerve Injuries
- COMMON PERONEAL (LATERAL POPLITEAL) NERVE
  - Causes
  - Clinical Features (Complete Lesion)
  - Clinical Examination
- TIBIAL NERVE
  - Clinical Examination
- FEMORAL NERVE
  - Causes
  - Treatment
- SCIATIC NERVE
  - Causes of Injury
CHAPTER 15:Chronic Arterial Occlusion
- CAUSES OF LOWER LIMB ISCHEMIA
- CAUSES OF UPPER LIMB ISCHEMIA
- PATHOGENESIS
- COLLATERALS
- SYMPTOMS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- CLINICAL EXAMINATION
  - General Examination
  - Local Examination
  - Upper Limb Ischemia
  - Relationship of Clinical Findings to Site of Disease
- AORTO ILIAC DISEASE
  - Fontaine Classification
  - Double Blocks
- INVESTIGATIONS
- CLINICAL CATEGORIES OF CHRONIC LIMB ISCHEMIA
- MANAGEMENT
- ALGORITHM FOR MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LIMB ISCHEMIA
- ANESTHESIA FOR BYPASS PROCEDURES
- PROSTHETIC MATERIALS
  - Porosity of a Graft
  - Preclotting
  - Graft Healing (Prosthetic Graft)
  - Suture Materials
  - Complications of Prosthetic Grafting
- PROFUNDOPLASTY
  - Why Longitudinal Arteriotomies are Preferable?
- SALVAGE PROCEDURES
  - Postoperative Investigations
- RESULTS
  - Etiology of Fibrointimal Hyperplasia and Graft Failures
  - Cardiac Prognosis
- GENE THERAPY IN PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE
  - Nonviral Gene Transfer
  - Viral Gene Transfer
  - Procedure
  - Viral
- RARE CAUSES OF LOWER LIMB ISCHEMIA
- OTHER SITES OF OCCLUSION
- HEPARIN
- ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS
- THROMBOLYTICS
CHAPTER 16:Acute Arterial Occlusion
- CAUSES
- SOURCES OF ARTERIAL EMBOLI
- OTHER ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS FOR ACUTE LOWER LIMB THROMBOSIS
- SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EMBOLI AND ATHEROSCLEROTIC ARTERIAL OCCLUSION
- CLINICAL FINDINGS IN FAVOR OF EMBOLISM
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- BLUE TOE SYNDROME
- CLINICAL CATEGORIES OF ACUTE LIMB ISCHEMIA
- SITE IN ARTERIAL TREE WHERE AN EMBOLUS WILL LODGE
- CRITERIA FOR CRITICAL ISCHEMIA
- DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP FOR HYPERCOAGULABILITY
- LEVEL OF LINE OF DEMARCATION
- INDICATIONS FOR ANGIOGRAPHY
- TREATMENT
- REVASCULARIZATION INJURY
- MESENTERIC ARTERY OCCLUSION
- OTHER CAUSES OF EMBOLISM
  - Caisson's Disease
  - Traumatic Occlusion
CHAPTER 17:Aneurysms
- DEFINITION
- TYPES
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- OLD METHODS OF ARTERIAL LIGATION FOR ANEURYSM
  - Other Old Methods
- ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM
- PERIPHERAL ANEURYSMS
CHAPTER 18:Arteriovenous Fistula
- DEFINITION
- PATHOGENESIS
- TYPES
  - Iatrogenic AVF
  - Other Causes of Acquired AVF
- EFFECTS OF AVF
  - If not Treated
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY
- TREATMENT
  - Embolization Materials
- COMPLICATIONS
- PROGNOSIS
- PARKES-WEBER SYNDROME
- TRAUMATIC AVF
- CASE EXAMINATION
CHAPTER 19:Arteritis, Raynaud's, Sympathectomy
- TAO (BUERGER'S DISEASE)
- RAYNAUD'S
- SYMPATHECTOMY
  - New Procedures
CHAPTER 20:Hemangioma
- DEFINITION
- SITES
- OTHER CHARACTERS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TYPES
- DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PURE AND ONE ASSOCIATED WITH AVF
- VASCULAR MALFORMATION
- CAPILLARY HEMANGIOMA
- CAVERNOUS HEMANGIOMA
- PLEXIFORM/ARTERIAL HEMANGIOMA
- SPIDER NEVUS
- COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 21:Embolization
- MATERIALS
- INDICATIONS
- CONTRAINDICATION
- ROUTE
- METHODS
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 22:Gangrene
- DEFINITION
  - Other Definitions
- TYPES
- SIGNS OF ARTERIAL INJURY
- CLINICAL TYPES
- SEPARATION OF GANGRENE
- FEATURES OF ISCHEMIC ULCER
  - Ankle Pulses
- TREATMENT OF GANGRENE
CHAPTER 23:Amputation
- INDICATIONS
- IDEAL LEVEL OF AMPUTATION
- MAJOR AMPUTATION
- TYPES
  - Ideal Length of Stump to give Sufficient Leverage for Movement
- PROCEDURE
- IDEAL STUMP
  - Why is below Knee better than above Knee Amputation?
- PROSTHESIS
- DISTAL AMPUTATION
- POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Special Problems
  - Rehabilitation
- LONG-TERM CARE
CHAPTER 24:Varicose Veins
- DEFINITION
- INCIDENCE
- ETIOLOGY AND TYPES
- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CHRONIC LOWER LIMB VENOUS DISEASE (AMERICAN VENOUS FORUM)
  - Other Classifications
- SYMPTOMS
- SIGNS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
- RESULTS
  - Causes of Recurrence
  - To Prevent Further Recurrence
- SURGICAL RESTORATION OF VALVE FUNCTION IN WEAK VEIN SYNDROME
- VENOUS ULCERS
- LIPODERMATOSCLEROSIS
  - Cause of Lipodermatosclerosis
- VENOUS CLAUDICATION
- CLINICAL EXAMINATION
CHAPTER 25:Deep Vein Thrombosis
- RISK FACTORS
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
- TREATMENT
  - Surgical Treatment for DVT
- SUPERFICIAL VEIN THROMBOSIS
  - Axillary Vein Thrombosis
- POST-THROMBOTIC LIMB
- PULMONARY EMBOLISM
CHAPTER 26:Leg Ulcers
- INCIDENCE
- GENERAL POINTS
- CAUSES OF LEG ULCERS
- CLINICAL EXAMINATION
- INFECTED LEG ULCERS
- DIABETIC ULCER
- ISCHEMIC ULCERS
- NEUROPATHIC ULCERS
- VENOUS ULCERS
- OTHER RARE CAUSES OF LEG ULCERATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT OF AN ULCERATED LEG
CHAPTER 27:Drainage Area of Each Lymph Nodal Group
CHAPTER 28:Lymphedema
- DEFINITION AND CHARACTERS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION
- TYPES
  - Congenital Lymphedema
  - Acquired Lymphedema
    - Causes
- DIAGNOSIS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- CHYLOUS REFLUX
- FILARIASIS
- LYMPHANGIOSARCOMA
CHAPTER 29:Lymphoma
- HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA
- NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA
CHAPTER 30:Cleft Lip and Palate
- NORMAL UPPER LIP
- RISK FACTORS FOR CLEFTING
- SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH CLEFTS
- CLEFT LIP
  - Microform Cleft Lip
- CLEFT PALATE
  - Cleft/Bifid Uvula
- INCIDENCE
  - Inheritance
- KERNAHAN AND STARKE CLASSIFICATION
- EFFECTS UPON FUNCTION
- TREATMENT
- POSTOPERATIVE CARE AFTER CLEFT LIP/PALATE REPAIR
CHAPTER 31:Oral Cavity Cancer
- ANATOMY OF THE ORAL CAVITY
- PREMALIGNANT LESIONS
  - Carcinogenic Factors in Head and Neck Tumors
- MODES OF PRESENTATION
- TNM CLASSIFICATION (UICC)
  - AJCC Staging
- CLINICAL EXAMINATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- NECK NODES
- PROGNOSIS
- CARCINOMA CHEEK
- CARCINOMA LIP
- CARCINOMA TONGUE
- RADICAL NECK DISSECTION
- RECONSTRUCTION FOR ORAL CARCINOMA
- CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF A PATIENT WITH ORAL CAVITY CANCER
- FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 32:Evaluation of Neck Masses
- HISTORY
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- ADDITIONAL STUDIES
- CERVICAL NODES
- ACUTE LYMPHADENITIS
- CHRONIC LYMPHADENITIS
- PRIMARY MALIGNANCY
  - A. Carotid body tumor (chemodectoma)
  - B. Lymphomas
- SECONDARIES
- BLOCK DISSECTION
CHAPTER 33:Neck Secondaries
- INCIDENCE
- EXAMINATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
CHAPTER 34:Tuberculous Cervical Lymphadenopathy
- STAGES
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- ALGORITHM OF MANAGEMENT
- TREATMENT
  - Antituberculous Therapy (ATT)
  - Surgical Treatment
CHAPTER 35:Non-Lymph Nodal Neck Masses
- MIDLINE SWELLINGS
- LATERAL SWELLINGS
- PULSATILE SWELLINGS
- SWELLINGS WHICH MOVE UP WITH DEGLUTITION
- BRANCHIAL APPARATUS
- BRANCHIAL CYST
- BRANCHIAL FISTULA
  - Branchial Cartilage
  - Cervical Auricle
- PHARYNGEAL POUCH
- LARYNGOCELE
- CYSTIC HYGROMA
- CERVICAL RIB/SCALENE SYNDROME
- MIDLINE DERMOID
- SUBLINGUAL DERMOID
- STERNOMASTOID TUMOR
- CAROTID BODY TUMOR
- SUBHYOID BUCCAL CYST
- MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS
- CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF A CASE OF NECK SWELLING
CHAPTER 36:Branchial Cyst and Fistula
- EMBRYOLOGY
  - Work Classification of Branchial Cleft Anomalies
  - Theories of Origin of Branchial Cyst
- BRANCHIAL CYST
- BRANCHIAL FISTULA
  - Course of the Track
- SURGICAL TREATMENT
CHAPTER 37:Salivary Glands
- PAROTID GLAND
- SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND
- MINOR SALIVARY GLANDS
  - Management Policies
- SALIVARY FISTULA
CHAPTER 38:Thyroid Gland
- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
  - Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
  - Superior/External Laryngeal Nerve
  - Reverse T3
  - TRH Test
- CAUSES OF HYPOTHYROIDISM
- CAUSES OF HYPERTHYROIDISM
- SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS OF HYPO/HYPERTHYROIDISM
- DYSHORMONOGENESIS
- CLASSIFICATION OF GOITER
  - Simple Goiter
  - Endemic Goiter
  - Stages of Goiter Formation
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Clinical Assessment
  - Pitfalls in Clinical Examination
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
- RETROSTERNAL GOITER
- NEOPLASIA
  - Definitions
  - Hurthle Cell Tumor
  - Causes of Hoarseness
  - FNAC
  - Dosages of Thyroxine
  - Thyroidectomy
- THYROTOXICOSIS
  - Clinical Types
  - S/S and Characteristics of Increased Sympathetic Tone and Increased Catabolic Activity
  - Graves’ Disease
  - Features of Exophthalmos
  - Eye Signs
  - Toxic Nodular Goiter
  - Toxic Nodule
  - Miscellaneous
  - Uncommon Causes of Thyrotoxicosis
  - Pretibial Myxedema
  - Diagnosis
  - DD for Hyperthyroidism
  - Treatment
  - Therapeutic Choice
  - Indications for Surgery
  - Operative Surgery
  - Postoperative Complications
  - Thyroid Storm
  - Special Problems
  - Other Causes of Hyperthyroidism
- SOLITARY NODULE OF THYROID
  - Incidence
  - Investigations
  - Indications for Surgery
  - Risk Factors for Carcinoma
  - Management
- MULTINODULAR GOITER
  - Characters
  - Investigations
  - Complications
  - Treatment
  - Indications for Surgery
  - Resection
- RETROSTERNAL GOITER
  - Etiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
- LINGUAL THYROID
  - Incidence
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigation
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Complications
  - Treatment
- CARCINOMA THYROID
  - Classification of Thyroid Tumors
  - Common Clinical Features of all Thyroid Carcinoma
  - Important Points in History Taking
  - Benign
  - Malignant
  - Radioactive Iodine Therapy
  - Papillary Carcinoma
  - Follicular Carcinoma
  - Differences between Follicular and Papillary Carcinoma
  - Prognostic Factors
  - Surgical Treatment
  - Treatment Policy
  - Postoperative management
  - Follow-up:
  - Undifferentiated/Anaplastic Carcinoma
  - Medullary Carcinoma
  - Lymphoma
  - Squamous Carcinoma
  - Teratomas
  - Metastatic carcinoma
  - Prognostic Indices
  - Presentations and Treatment Policies
- THYROIDITIS
  - Acute Suppurative Thyroiditis
  - Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis
  - Granulomatous Thyroiditis
  - Riedel's Thyroiditis
  - Autoimmune Thyroiditis
  - Atrophic Thyroiditis
  - Silent Thyroiditis
- THYROID SURGERY
  - Preparative Preparation for Thyrotoxicosis
  - Indications of Thyroid Surgery
  - Subtotal Thyroidectomy (Crile Operation)
  - Surgery for Papillary Carcinoma
  - Surgery for Follicular Carcinoma
  - Isthmusectomy
  - Lobectomy
  - Near Total Thyroidectomy
  - Total Thyroidectomy
  - Redo Thyroidectomy
  - Neck Dissection for Follicular Carcinoma of Thyroid
  - Sternotomy
- THYROGLOSSAL CYST
  - Anatomy and Embryology
  - Common Situations
  - Clinical Features
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Source of Infection of Thyroglossal Cyst
  - Treatment
  - Thyroglossal Duct Carcinoma
- THYROGLOSSAL FISTULA
  - Characters
  - Treatment
- CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THYROID
  - Diagnosis
  - Points to Remember in Clinical Examination
  - Differential Diagnosis of Thyroid Swellings
- FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 39:Breast
- SURGICAL ANATOMY
- CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - Flowchart for Investigations
- BENIGN BREAST DISEASES
- CARCINOMA OF THE BREAST
- MALE BREAST
  - Gynecomastia
    - DD
    - Treatment
  - Carcinoma of Male Breast
- OPERATIVE SURGERY
- CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF CARCINOMA BREAST
- FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 40:Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
- PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- CLASSIFICATION OF ENDOSCOPIC GRADING OF ESOPHAGITIS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
- COMPLICATIONS OF GERD
- OPERATIVE SURGERY
- INTRAOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS
- POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS
- HIATUS HERNIA
  - Mechanisms
- PARAESOPHAGEAL ROLLING HIATUS HERNIA
- SLIDING HIATUS HERNIA
- FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
  - Which patients with GERD should be given the option of surgery as a primary therapy?
CHAPTER 41:Bariatric Surgery
- MORBID OBESITY
- CRITERIA FOR SELECTION FOR SURGERY (INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION FOR SURGERY OF OBESITY)
- POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
- TYPES OF BARIATRIC SURGERY
- SUGGESTED ALGORITHM
CHAPTER 42:Examination of an Abdominal Case
- GENERAL EXAMINATION
- LOCAL EXAMINATION
- RECTAL EXAMINATION IN ABDOMINAL CASE
  - To Differentiate Ascites from Ovarian Cyst
  - Right Iliac Fossa Mass
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 43:Gastric Outlet Obstruction
- CAUSES
- SITE
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- METABOLIC EFFECTS
- CRITERIA FOR DIAGNOSIS
  - Investigations
- MANAGEMENT
  - Operative Surgery
- POST-OPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS
- OTHER CAUSES OF GOO
CHAPTER 44:Carcinoma Stomach
- INCIDENCE
- ETIOLOGY
- SEQUENCE OF OCCURRENCE
- TYPES OF INTESTINAL METAPLASIA
- SITE OF OCCURRENCE
- MORPHOLOGICAL INCIDENCE
- PATHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
- SPREAD
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- STAGING
- COLLOID CARCINOMA
- LINITIS PLASTICA
- DIFFUSE TYPE (DIO)
- MANAGEMENT
- PROGNOSIS
- FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
  - Why does not Carcinoma Occur in the Small Intestine?
CHAPTER 45:Sarcoma of Stomach
- INCIDENCE
- LYMPHOMA
- LEIOMYOSARCOMA
- FIBROSARCOMA
- KAPOSI'S SARCOMA
CHAPTER 46:Primary GI Lymphoma
- DEFINITION
- INCIDENCE
- PREDISPOSING FACTORS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- DARSON'S CRITERIA FOR DIAGNOSIS
- PATHOLOGY
- TYPES
- LEVISON CLASSIFICATION
- STAGING (ANN ARBOR MODIFICATION)
- TREATMENT
- SITES OF OCCURRENCE AND CHARACTERS
CHAPTER 47:Mesenteric Cyst
- SOURCE
- TYPES
- CLASSIFICATION
- CHARACTERS
- LOCATION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- COMPLICATIONS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
CHAPTER 48:Intestinal Obstruction
- COMMON SURGICAL EMERGENCY
  - Functions of Intestinal Bacteria
- CLASSIFICATION OF INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
  - Dynamic
  - Adynamic
- CHARACTERS ACCORDING TO LOCATION
- PATHOLOGY
- CLINICAL EXAMINATION
  - Abdominal Examination
  - General Examination
- QUESTIONS TO ASK YOURSELF IN DIAGNOSING
- DIAGNOSIS
- FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
  - Why does cecum rupture in colonic obstruction with competent ileo cecal valve?
CHAPTER 49:Small Bowel Tumors
- SCARCITY DUE TO
- PATHOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
- CLASSIFICATION
- LEIOMYOSARCOMA OF SMALL BOWEL
- PEUTZ-JEGHER'S SYNDROME
- ADENOCARCINOMA
CHAPTER 50:Irritable Bowel Syndrome
- DEFINITION
- CHARACTERS
- CLINICAL FEATURES AND ASSOCIATIONS
- HYPOTHESIS REGARDING ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CHAUDHARY AND TRUSLOVE CLASSIFICATION
  - Diagnosis
- TECHNIQUES OF INVESTIGATION OF COLORECTUM
- RECOMMENDED LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS FOR IBS
- MANNING CRITERIA FOR DIAGNOSIS OF IBS
- INTERNATIONAL WORKING TEAM (ROME) CRITERIA
- DD FOR DIARRHEA
- WHY THEY SHOULD BE TREATED?
CHAPTER 51:Appendicitis
- ACUTE APPENDICITIS
- APPENDECTOMY
  - Problems Encountered During Appendectomy
- PERI-APPENDICITIS
- INCIDENTAL APPENDECTOMY
- APPENDECTOMY IN PREGNANCY
- MANAGEMENT OF APPENDICULAR MASS
- APPENDICULAR ABSCESS
- MUCOCELE OF THE APPENDIX
- RECURRENT ACUTE APPENDICITIS
- POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS
- PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 52:Ulcerative Colitis
- ETIOLOGY
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ANATOMICAL DISTRIBUTION
- PATHOLOGY
- IMMUNOLOGY
- THEORIES OF PATHOGENESIS
  - Signs and Symptoms
  - Clinical Types
- GRADING OF DISEASE SEVERITY
- COMPLICATIONS OF SEVERE DISEASE
- INVESTIGATIONS
- ENDOSCOPIC GRADING
- CANCER RISK IN COLITIS
- GRADING OF SEVERITY OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- HISTOPATHOLOGY
- PROGNOSTIC FACTORS
- TREATMENT
- ILEOSTOMY DYSFUNCTION
  - Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease
CHAPTER 53:Colorectal Carcinoma
- INCIDENCE
- RISK FACTORS AND ETIOLOGY
- PATHOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- SPREAD
- STAGING
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - Colonoscopy or Barium Enema?
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
- PROGNOSIS
  - Prognostic factors
  - Other Prognostic Factors
- SCREENING
- ACUTE PRESENTATION
- CARCINOMA OF THE RECTUM
- LIVER METASTASES
  - Preoperative Identification
  - Management
CHAPTER 54:Rectal Prolapse
- FACTORS FAVORING DEVELOPMENT OF PROLAPSE
- CLINICAL EXAMINATION
- TYPES OF PROLAPSE
  - Partial (mucosal) Prolapse
  - Complete Prolapse
- COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 55:Anal Fissure
- DEFINITION
- LOCATION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- RECURRENCE
CHAPTER 56:Fistula in Ano
- DEFINITION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS OF ANORECTAL SEPSIS
- TYPES
- SIGNIFICANCE
- HIGH FISTULA
- COMPLETE PELVIRECTAL (EXTRASPHINCTERIC) FISTULA COMMUNICATING WITH RECTAL AMPULLA (OR SIGMOID OR HIGHER UP)
- COURSE OF UNTREATED FISTULAE
- RECTOVAGINAL FISTULA
- RECTOURETHRAL FISTULA
- HIDRADENITIS SUPPURATIVA
CHAPTER 57:Hemorrhoids
- ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS
- DEGREES
- SECONDARY (SYMPTOMATIC) HEMORRHOIDS
- PRIMARY (INTERNAL) HEMORRHOIDS
- PATHOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- COMPLICATIONS
- TREATMENT
- OPERATION
- TREATMENT OF COMPLICATIONS
- EXTERNAL HEMORRHOIDS
CHAPTER 58:Anal Cancer
- ETIOLOGY
- TYPES
- ANAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASM (AIN)
- SPREAD
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- STAGING
- TREATMENT
- UNCOMMON TUMORS
CHAPTER 59:Pilonidal Sinus
- SYNONYM
- ETIOLOGY
- FACTORS IN FAVOR OF ACQUIRED THEORY
- MODE OF ORIGIN
- PATHOLOGY
- STAGES OF PILONIDAL DISEASE
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
  - Summary of treatment
- RECURRENT PILONIDAL SINUS
- COMPLICATIONS
- PERIANAL PILONIDAL SINUS
CHAPTER 60:Liver Secondaries with Occult Primary
- CHARACTERS
- TYPES
- POSSIBLE SITES OF PRIMARY
- CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- LAPAROSCOPIC CLASSIFICATION OF LIVER SECONDARIES
- TREATMENT
- POSTOPERATIVE FOLLOW UP
- RESULTS AND PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 61:Obstructive Jaundice
- ANATOMY OF EXTRAHEPATIC BILIARY SYSTEM
- BIOCHEMICAL FEATURES OF OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE
- CLASSIFICATION OF ETIOLOGY
- CAUSES OF OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE WITH SPLENOMEGALY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- CAUSES OF RENAL FAILURE IN OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE AND ITS MANAGEMENT
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- CAUSES OF TECHNICAL FAILURE OF ERCP
  - Percutaneous Biliary Drainage
  - Role of Botulinum Toxin in Obstructive Jaundice
- PROPHYLACTIC PREOPERATIVE MEASURES
- CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS
  - Origin
  - Primary CBD Stones
  - Mechanism of Formation of Calcium Bilirubinate Stones
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Obstructive Jaundice without IHBR Dilatation
  - Complications
  - Management
  - Procedures
  - Choice of Management
  - Intrahepatic Duct Stones
  - Retained Stones
  - Surgical Points
- PARASITIC INFESTATION OF THE BILIARY TRACT
  - Biliary Ascariasis
  - Chlonorchiasis
  - Hydatid
- BENIGN STRICTURE OF CBD
  - Operative Bile Duct Injury
  - Causes
  - Strictures after Operations other than Cholecystectomy
  - Classification
  - Preventive Measures
  - Bismuth Classification of Postoperative Strictures
  - Diagnosis
  - Clinical Features
  - Complications
  - Investigations
  - Treatment Options
  - Surgical Correction
  - Other Treatment Modalities
  - Prognosis
  - Follow-up after Reconstructive Surgery
- CHOLEDOCHAL CYST
  - Terminology
  - Etiology
  - Etiological Theories
  - Incidence
  - Types
  - Clinical Features
- CAROLI'S DISEASE
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Investigations
  - Complications
  - Treatment
  - Surgical Points
- SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS
  - Definition
  - Characters
  - Etiology
- OTHER ASSOCIATED DISEASES
  - Classification
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
  - Pathological Staging (Ludwig Classification)
  - Complications
  - Prognosis
  - Treatment
  - Plan of Treatment
  - Treatment of Complications
  - Surgical Points
- BILIARY FISTULA
  - External
  - Internal
  - Complications of Fistula
  - Treatment
- CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA
  - Incidence
  - Common Sites
  - Predisposing Factors
  - Associated Risk Factors
  - Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis
  - Histopathology
  - Clinical Features
  - Classification
  - Spread
  - Investigations
  - Staging
  - Treatment
  - Stenting
  - Palliative Surgery (80–90%)
  - Ampullary Carcinoma
  - Klatskin Tumors
  - Management Guidelines
  - Contraindications to Curative Resection
  - Assessment of Resectability
  - Survival
- CARCINOMA OF THE GALLBLADDER
  - Incidence
  - Pathology
  - Spread
  - Staging
  - Distant Metastases
  - Clinical Features
  - Causes of Jaundice
  - Complications
  - Investigations
  - Surgical Treatment
  - Treatment Options in a Nutshell
  - Structures Removed in Radical Cholecystectomy
  - Adjuvant Therapy
  - Surgical Treatment Policies
  - Treatment Policies in Incidental Carcinoma of Gallbladder
  - Contraindications to Surgery
  - Recurrence
  - Prognosis
- CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
  - Genetic Abnormalities
- CARCINOMA OF HEAD OF PANCREAS
  - Incidence
  - Risk Factors
  - Classification
  - Classification according to tissue of origin
  - Pathology
  - Spread
  - Clinical Features
  - Effects of Periampullary Carcinoma
  - Investigations
  - Indications for Percutaneous Biopsy
  - Factors Responsible for Late Diagnosis
  - DD from Pancreatitis
  - Preoperative Staging
  - Indications for Laparoscopy
  - Management
  - Surgical Treatment
  - Unresectability
  - Adjuvant Therapy
  - New Modalities of Treatment
  - Prognosis
  - Cystadenocarcinoma
- ENDOCRINE TUMORS OF THE PANCREAS
  - Clinical Syndromes
  - Epidemiology
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Preoperative Investigations
  - Medical Management
  - Surgical Management
  - Postoperative Care
  - Outcome
  - Palliative Strategies
- WHIPPLE'S SURGERY
  - Preoperative Management
  - Procedure
  - Regional Pancreatectomy
  - Pylorus Preserving Pancreatoduodenectomy
  - Pancreatic Head Resection
  - Local Transduodenal Excision
- HEPATOBILIARY SURGERY IN CHILDREN
  - Biliary Atresia
  - Choledochal Cyst
  - Inspissated Bile Syndrome
  - Spontaneous Perforation of Bile Duct
  - Cholelithiasis
  - Hepatic Tumors in Childhood
  - Clinical Examination
    - History
    - DD from History
  - Examination
    - Inspection
    - Palpation of Gallbladder
  - Investigations
  - Preoperative Preparation
- FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
  - What are the causes of obstructive jaundice with splenomegaly?
  - What is the status of urobilinogen in obstructive jaundice?
  - What are the exceptions to Courvoisier's law?
  - What are the indications for choledochoduodenostomy in obstructive jaundice:
  - What are the management options of residual CBD stones?
  - What are the surgical treatment options in obstructive jaundice?
  - How do you identify portal vein during Whipple's?
  - How do you identify superior mesenteric vein during Whipple's?
  - Why is distal hemi gastrectomy done in Whipple's?
CHAPTER 62:Portal Hypertension
- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- NORMAL FLUCTUATIONS OF PORTAL PRESSURE
  - Measurement of Portal Pressure
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- VARICES
- ASCITES
- HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
- BUDD CHIARI SYNDROME
  - Clinical Examination
    - History
    - Examination
  - General Investigations
- FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 63:Pseudopancreatic Cyst
- DEFINITION
- CLASSIFICATION OF PANCREATIC CYSTS
- CHARACTERS OF PSEUDOCYST
- LOCATION
- PATHOGENESIS
- ETIOLOGY
- INCIDENCE
- PROGRESS OF PSEUDOCYST
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- BRADLEY'S NATURAL HISTORY OF PSEUDOCYST
- COMPLICATIONS
- TREATMENT
  - Surgical Treatment
  - Nonsurgical Management of Mature Cysts
- PROGNOSIS
- CLINICAL EXAMINATION
CHAPTER 64:Insulinoma
- ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
CHAPTER 65:Hernia
- DEFINITION
- CLASSIFICATION
- GENERAL FEATURES COMMON TO ALL HERNIAS
- CLASSIFICATION
- STRANGULATION
- DANGERS OF TAXIS
- INGUINAL HERNIA
  - Surgical Anatomy
  - Mechanisms which Prevent Inguinal Herniation
  - Nyhus Classification of Groin Hernias
  - Rutkow Classification
  - Differences between direct and indirect inguinal hernia
  - Differences between inguinal and femoral Hernia
- INDIRECT INGUINAL HERNIA
- CLASSIFICATION OF TYPES OF HERNIORRHAPHY
- CHOICE OF SURGERY FOR EACH HERNIA TYPE
  - NICE (UK National Institute of Clinical Excellence) guidelines for hernia surgery
  - Nerve Injuries Following Hernia Repair
- DIRECT INGUINAL HERNIA
- SLIDING HERNIA
- HERNIA THROUGH FRUCHAUD'S SPACE OR MYOPECTINEAL ORIFICE
- GIANT INGUINAL HERNIA
- MALIGNANCY IN A HERNIA
- COMPLICATIONS OF HERNIORRHAPHY
- RECURRENCE
- TRUSS
- CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF INGUINAL HERNIA
  - History of Present Illness
  - Past History
  - Examination
  - Full Diagnosis
  - Investigations
  - Frequently Asked Questions
- FEMORAL HERNIA
  - Incidence
  - Predisposing Factors
  - Surgical Anatomy
  - Pathology
  - Clinical Features
  - Differential Diagnosis
- ATYPICAL FEMORAL HERNIAS
  - Strangulation in Femoral Hernia
  - Treatment
  - Operative Surgery
  - Frequently asked questions
- UMBILICAL HERNIA
  - Definition
- EXAMPHALOS
- CONGENITAL UMBILICAL HERNIA
- ADULT UMBILICAL HERNIA
- PARAUMBILICAL HERNIA OF ADULTS
- INCISIONAL HERNIA
  - Definition
  - Coverings
  - Factors Responsible
  - Incidence
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- PARASTOMAL HERNIAS
- EPIGASTRIC HERNIA
  - Characters
  - Clinical Features
  - Operation
- INTRAPARIETAL/INTERSTITIAL HERNIA
  - Characters
  - Types
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- SPIGELIAN HERNIA
  - Characters
  - Causes and Anatomical Considerations
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- LUMBAR HERNIA
  - Anatomy
  - Types
  - Etiology
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- PERINEAL HERNIA
  - Types
  - Other Names
  - Treatment
- OBTURATOR HERNIA
  - Characters
  - Anatomy
  - Clinical Features
  - Signs
  - Treatment
- GLUTEAL AND SCIATIC HERNIAS
  - Characters
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Treatment
  - Internal Hernia
  - Classification
  - Management
CHAPTER 66:Retroperitoneal Mass
- SURGICAL ANATOMY
- RETROPERITONEAL ABSCESS
- RETROPERITONEAL HEMATOMA
- RETROPERITONEAL CYST
- PRIMARY RETROPERITONEAL NEOPLASMS
CHAPTER 67:Examination of a Urological Case
- HISTORY
- COMPLAINTS
- PAST HISTORY
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- EXAMINATION OF OTHER SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 68:Hydronephrosis
- DEFINITION
- CAUSES
- PATHOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- COMPLICATIONS
- STEINSTRAUSS
CHAPTER 69:Pyonephrosis
- DEFINITION
- CAUSES
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- RENAL CARBUNCLE
- PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROSTOMY
CHAPTER 70:Polycystic Kidneys
- ADULT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEYS
CHAPTER 71:Renal Cell Carcinoma
- INCIDENCE
- RISK FACTORS
- CLASSIFICATION
- PATHOLOGY
- SPREAD
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- SUMMARY OF EVALUATION OF A RENAL MASS
- STAGING
- SPONTANEOUS REGRESSION
- TREATMENT
  - Operative Surgery
- PROGNOSIS
- METASTATIC RENAL TUMORS
CHAPTER 72:Urothelial Tumors
- INCIDENCE
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOLOGY
- SPREAD
- STAGING
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- FOLLOW-UP
- PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 73:Bladder Carcinoma
- TYPES
- ETIOLOGY OF TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA
- PATHOLOGY
- PRE-NEOPLASTIC CONDITIONS
- STAGING AND GRADING
- PATHOLOGICAL TYPES
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- PROGNOSTIC FACTORS
  - Treatment and prognosis related to stage
CHAPTER 74:Examination of Male Genitalia
- EXAMINATION OF PENIS
CHAPTER 75:Undescended Testis
- EMBRYOLOGY
- MECHANISMS OF DESCENT
- INCIDENCE
- CLASSIFICATION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- ASSOCIATED ANOMALIES
- LOCATIONS
- HAZARDS OF INCOMPLETE DESCENT
- PRUNE BELLY SYNDROME
- RETRACTILE TESTIS
- ECTOPIC TESTIS
- IMPALPABLE TESTIS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- CRYPTORCHIDISM (BILATERAL MALDESCENDED TESTES)
- FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 76:Testicular Tumors
- ANATOMY
- INCIDENCE
- CLASSIFICATION
- RISK FACTORS
- PATHOGENESIS
- CHARACTERS
- TUMOR MARKERS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- STAGING
- MANAGEMENT BY STAGING AND HISTOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS
- LONG TERM TOXICITY OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS
- RETROPERITONEAL LYMPH NODE DISSECTION (RPLND)
- RELAPSE AFTER TREATMENT
- PROGNOSTIC FACTORS
- FOLLOW-UP
- PARA TESTICULAR TUMORS
- FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 77:Hydrocele
- DEFINITION
- ETIOLOGY
- HYDROCELE FLUID
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- CLINICAL EXAMINATION
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- COMPLICATIONS
- FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 78:Varicocele
- DEFINITION
- SURGICAL ANATOMY
- INCIDENCE
- ETIOLOGY
- SUMMARY OF CAUSES OF PREDILECTION OF VARICOCELE ON THE LEFT SIDE
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- MECHANISMS OF SUBFERTILITY IN PATIENTS WITH VARICOCELE
- GRADING
- INVESTIGATIONS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
  - Pros and cons of various methods of varicocele repair
- PROGNOSIS
- FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 79:Acute Scrotum in Children
- CLINICAL DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TESTICULAR TORSON
- IDIOPATHIC SCROTAL EDEMA
- EPIDIDYMITIS
- TORSION OF TESTICULAR APPENDAGE
- SCROTAL SURGERY
CHAPTER 80:Fournier's Gangrene
- DEFINITION
- ORGANISMS
- ETIOLOGY
- PREDISPOSING FACTORS
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 81:Epispadias
- INCIDENCE
- TYPES
- CLASSIFICATION DEPENDING ON SEVERITY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- TREATMENT
- LONG TERM COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 82:Carcinoma of Penis
- ANATOMY OF PENIS
- INCIDENCE
- ETIOLOGY
- PREDISPOSING FACTORS/PRE-CARCINOMATOUS STATES
- CARCINOMA IN SITU
- PREVENTION
- PATHOLOGICAL TYPES
- SPREAD
- HISTOPATHOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - Minimal diagnostic criteria
- STAGING
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- MOH'S MICROSURGERY
- COMPLICATIONS
- PROGNOSIS
- BUSCHKE-LOWENSTEIN TUMOR
- SECONDARY CARCINOMA PENIS
- BENIGN LESIONS
- FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 83:Genitourinary Trauma
- INCIDENCE
- RENAL TRAUMA
- URETERIC TRAUMA
- BLADDER TRAUMA
- URETHRAL INJURIES
CHAPTER 84:Rheumatoid Arthritis
- DEFINITION
- CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- POSSIBLE ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS
  - Viral Mechanism
- THEORIES AS TO WHY JOINTS ARE PRIMARILY TARGETED
- PREDISPOSING FACTORS
- PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
- PATHOLOGIC STAGES
- ACUTE PROTEINS IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- LABORATORY FINDINGS
- DIAGNOSIS
- CRITERIA FOR DIAGNOSIS OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
  - Differentiation between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
- CLINICAL COURSE AND PROGNOSIS
- COMPLICATIONS
- TREATMENT
- CRITERIA FOR COMPLETE CLINICAL REMISSION
CHAPTER 85:Diabetic Foot
- CAUSES
- PATHOLOGY
- WAGNER'S CLASSIFICATION
- CLINICAL EXAMINATION
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
  - Algorithm for Diabetic Foot Management
- PREVENTION
CHAPTER 86:Mycetoma Foot
- DEFINITION
- ETIOLOGY
- CHARACTERISTICS
- SITE
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
CHAPTER 87:Blood Transfusion, Components and Complications
- INDICATIONS
- CONTRAINDICATIONS
- PREPARATION OF BLOOD FOR BLOOD TRANSFUSION
- STORAGE
- ADMINISTRATION
- BLOOD FRACTIONS
- COMPLICATIONS
- ADVERSE EFFECTS OF BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCT TRANSFUSION
- AUTOTRANSFUSION
- MASSIVE TRANSFUSION
- BLOOD SUBSTITUTES
CHAPTER 88:Septicemia and Septic Shock
- DEFINITIONS OF SIRS AND RELATED DISORDERS
- ETIOLOGY
- ORGANISMS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- STAGES OF SIRS
- SEPSIS SYNDROME – CRITERIA
- SEPTIC SHOCK – CRITERIA
- HYPERDYNAMIC OR WARM SEPTIC SHOCK
- HYPOVOLEMIC, HYPODYNAMIC OR COLD SEPTIC SHOCK
- CYTOKINES IN SIRS
- SECONDARY ENDOGENOUS MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION
- EXOGENOUS MEDIATORS OF SIRS
- CELLULAR EFFECTORS OF SIRS
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- SIRS FROM GENERAL SURGICAL CONDITIONS
- HEMODYNAMIC RESPONSE TO SEPSIS
- BACTERIAL TRANSLOCATION IN SURGICAL PATIENTS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT OF SEPSIS
- MULTISYSTEM ORGAN FAILURE (MSOF) OR MULTIORGAN DYSFUNCTION (MOD)
CHAPTER 89:Basic Immunology for Surgeons
- TYPES OF IMMUNITY
- COMPONENTS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
- AUTO-IMMUNE DISEASE
- INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
- IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
- NORMAL MUCOSAL BARRIERS
- IMMUNOLOGY OF TRAUMA
- IMMUNOLOGY OF MALNUTRITION
- IMMUNE RESPONSE TO BURNS
- IMMUNESUPPRESSION BY BLOOD TRANSFUSION
- IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IN TRANSPLANTATION
- CANCER IMMUNOLOGY
- IMMUNODEFICIENCY AS A RESULT OF SURGERY
- IMMUNOLOGICAL IMPAIRMENT AFTER SPLENECTOMY
- IMMUNODEFICIENCY IN UREMIA
- IMMUNODEFICIENCY IN NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
- IMMUNODEFICIENCY IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES
- IMMUNOLOGY OF INFECTION
- AGE-RELATED IMMUNODEFICIENCY
- IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS
- STRATEGIES FOR IMMUNOMODULATION
- HYPERSENSITIVITY
CHAPTER 90:Procedures
- URETHRAL CATHETERIZATION
- CENTRAL VENOUS LINE
- TRACHEOSTOMY
- TUBE THORACOSTOMY
- DIAGNOSTIC PERITONEAL LAVAGE (DPL)
The points given in this book have been compiled from the following references:

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes

Save Clear

Examination of Lumps and UlcersChapter 1

LUMPS

SEIS – Site, Exterior, Interior, Surroundings

Site:	Tissue of origin Relations
Exterior:	Size Shape Surface Color Temperature Tenderness Mobility
Interior:	Consistency Compressibility Reducibility Cough impulse Fluid thrill Indentation Fluctuation Discharge Pulsation Expansion Transillumination Bruii
Surroundings:	Induration Tethering/fixation Invasion to nerves, vessels, other tissue Nodes Related disease

ULCERS

SEIS: Site, Exterior, Interior, Surroundings

Site:	Tissue of origin Relations
Exterior:	Size Shape Surface Color Temperature Tenderness	2
	Mobility
	Edge:	Flat, sloping
		Punched out Undermined Raised Everted
Interior:	Floor:	Depth Covering Discharge
	Base:	Penetration Fistulation
Surroundings:	Induration Tethering, fixation
	Invasion:	Nerves Vessels Other tissues
	Nodes Related disease