Index

Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Trauma Ashok Garg, Mahipal S Sachdev, Jerome Jean Bovet, B Shukla

SECTION I: PRELIMINARY AND BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN OCULAR TRAUMA
CHAPTER 1:Epidemiology and New Classification of Ocular Trauma
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- New Classification
CHAPTER 2:New Classification of Ocular Trauma
- Introduction
CHAPTER 3:Clinical Evaluation of Ocular Trauma
- Introduction
- General Examination
- Structural Examination
  - OCULAR ADNEXA
  - FUNCTIONAL EXAMINATION
CHAPTER 4:Evaluation and Initial Management of a Patient with Ocular Trauma
- Introduction
- Approach to a Patient with Ocular Trauma
  - THE GOALS OF THE INITIAL EVALUATION
- Approach in Emergency
  - HISTORY
  - EXAMINATION
- Initial Management of Ocular Trauma Patient
- Pearls
SECTION II: ANTERIOR SEGMENT OCULAR TRAUMA
CHAPTER 5:Role of Ultrasound Biomicroscopy in Evaluation of the Anterior Segment in Closed Globe Injuries
- Ultrasound Biomicroscopy
- Ultrasound Biomicroscopy in Ocular Trauma
CHAPTER 6:Management of Eyelid Injuries
- Introduction
- Evaluation of Lid Injury
  - HISTORY
  - EXAMINATION
- Principles of Wound Repair
CHAPTER 7:Management of Lacrimal Injuries
- Introduction
- Evaluation of Lacrimal Injuries
  - HISTORY
  - EXAMINATION
CHAPTER 8:Hyphema
- Introduction
- History
- Examination
- Associated Exam Findings
- Prognosis and Treatment of Hyphema
CHAPTER 9:Management of Corneal Injuries
- Introduction
- Terminology in Ocular Trauma
- Classification
- Management of Acute Corneal Injury
- Complications of Corneal Injury
- Visual Rehabilitation
  - WAR RELATED INJURIES
- Prevention of Eye Injuries
CHAPTER 10:Chemical Injuries of the Eye
- Introduction
- Pathogenesis
  - ACIDS
  - ALKALIS
- Classification
- Management
  - GENERAL PRINCIPLES
  - RECENT ADVANCES IN THERAPY
- Conclusion
CHAPTER 11:Injuries of the Eye due to Physical Agents (Thermal, Ultrasonic and Electrical Injuries)
- Introduction
- Thermal Injuries
  - HYPERTHERMAL INJURIES
  - HYPOTHERMAL INJURIES
- Ultrasonic Injuries
  - CLINICAL LESIONS
- Electrical Injuries
CHAPTER 12:Radiational Injuries to the Eye
- Introduction
- Injuries of the Eye due to Ionizing Radiation
- Injuries due to Ultraviolet Radiation
  - CORNEA
  - LENS
- Injuries due to Visible Radiation (Light)
- Injuries due to Infrared Radiation
- Welding Arc Injuries
- Cumulative Damage Risks
- Eye Protection Goes Beyond the Helmet
CHAPTER 13:Traumatic Angle Recession Glaucoma: An Overview
- History
- Late Post-traumatic Glaucoma: Angle Recession Glaucoma
- Pathology
- Management of Angle Recession
CHAPTER 14:Management of Blunt Trauma of Anterior Segment
- Introduction
- Closed-globe Injury: Classification1
- Birth Trauma
- Hyphema
- Medical Management
- Surgical Intervention
CHAPTER 15:Management of Traumatic Cataract
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Physical Examination
- Traumatic Cataract (Types)
- Causes
- Other Problems to be Considered
- Factors to be Analyzed
- Imaging Studies
- Causes of Postoperative Non-improvement of BCVA in Traumatic Cataract
- Medical Care
  - PRACTICAL POINTS IN MANAGEMENT OF TRAUMATIC CATARACT
- Surgery
  - PRACTICAL TIPS WHILE PERFORMING TRAUMATIC CATARACT SURGERY
  - COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 16:Management of Traumatic Luxation of the Crystalline Lens
- Introduction
- Blunt Eye Trauma
- Luxation and Subluxation of the Crystalline Lens (Figs 16.1 and 16.2)
  - CLINICAL EVALUATION
- Surgical Approach
- Prognosis and Long-term Considerations
CHAPTER 17:Traumatic Cataract in Children
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Preoperative Evaluation
- Examination
  - BEFORE DILATION
  - AFTER DILATION
- Timing of Surgery
- Surgical Details
- Postoperative Medication
- Postoperative Complications
- Visual Outcome
- Summary
CHAPTER 18:Scleral Fixated IOL in Trauma
- Introduction
- Mode of Lens Injury in Ocular Trauma and its Presentation
- Scleral Fixated IOL vs Anterior Chamber IOL
- Indications of SFIOL
- Preoperative Workup
- Technique of Insertion of SFIOL
- Complications of SFIOL
- Conclusion
CHAPTER 19:Iris Trauma
- Iris Prolapse
- Iridodialysis
CHAPTER 20:Post-traumatic Strabismus
- Introduction
- Traumatic Disinsertion
- Intramuscular Hemorrhage
- Entrapment of Muscle
- Direct Trauma
CHAPTER 21:Management of Orbital Trauma and Fractures
- Orbital Injuries
- Orbital Fracture
- Summary
CHAPTER 22:Management of Anterior Segment Trauma: An Update
- Conjunctival, Corneal, and Scleral Injuries
  - CONJUNCTIVAL INJURIES
    - Types of Injuries
  - CORNEAL INJURIES
    - Evaluation of Corneal Injury
- Specific Injuries
CHAPTER 23:Glued IOL
- Introduction
- Scleral Fixated IOL
- Fibrin Glue
- Surgical Technique
- Discussion
- Summary
SECTION III: POSTERIOR SEGMENT OCULAR TRAUMA
CHAPTER 24:Management of Traumatic Hemorrhages to the Posterior Segment
- Introduction
- Pathogenesis
- Classification
- Medical Management
  - SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 25:Traumatic Retinal Detachments
- Introduction
- Blunt Trauma Related Retinal Tears and Retinal Detachments
- Traumatic Giant Retinal Tears (GRT)
- Penetrating Injuries-related Retinal Incarcerations and Retinal Detachments
  - PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  - SURGICAL PRINCIPLES FOR VITRECTOMY
- Summary
CHAPTER 26:Retained IOFB
- Introduction
- Mode of Injury
- Clinical Manifestations
- Localization of IOFB
- Management
- Summary
CHAPTER 27:Penetrating Posterior Segment Trauma
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Classification
  - 1996 OCULAR TRAUMA CLASSIFICATION10
  - LOCATION
- Clinical Features
- Investigations
- Management
- Complications
- Prognosis
CHAPTER 28:Traumatic Retinopathies
- Commotio Retinae
- Traumatic Macular Hole
- Choroidal Rupture
- Chorioretinitis Sclopetaria
- Purtscher's Retinopathy
- Valsalva Retinopathy
- Shaken Baby Syndrome/Child Abuse
- Retinal Tears, Retinal Dialysis and Detachments
CHAPTER 29:Management of Endophthalmitis
- Introduction
- Acute Postoperative Endophthalmitis
- Chronic Postoperative Endophthalmitis
  - BLEB-ASSOCIATED ENDOPHTHALMITIS
  - POST-TRAUMATIC ENDOPHTHALMITIS
- Endogenous Endophthalmitis
- Intravitreous Triamcinolone-associated Endophthalmitis
- Conclusion
CHAPTER 30:Management of Pediatric Ocular Trauma
- Introduction
- Evaluation
  - HISTORY
  - EXAMINATION
    - Visual Acuity
    - Ocular Examination
- Specific Eye Injuries
- Child Abuse
- Eye Injury Prevention
- Summary
CHAPTER 31:Management of Blunt Retinal Trauma
- Introduction
- Mechanism of Damage in Blunt Trauma
- Initial Evaluation
- Individual Pathologies Description
CHAPTER 32:Applications of Stem Cell Therapy in Ophthalmology
- Introduction
- Definition of Stem Cells
- Role of Retinal Stem Cells and Muller Glial Cells
- Role of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Stem Cells
- Role of Bone Marrow: Derived Stem Cells
  - BONE MARROW HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS
- Role of Adult Bone Marrow: Derived Endothelial Progenitor (Stem) Cells
  - BONE MARROW: DERIVED STEM CELLS CAN EXERT A NEUROTROPHIC RESCUE IN RETINAL DEGENERATION
- Role of Bone Marrow: Derived Stem Cells in Retinal and Choroidal Neovascularization
  - BONE MARROW—DERIVED STEM CELLS CAN EXERT A VASCULOTROPHIC RESCUE EFFECT
- Recent Advances
- Role of Corneal Stem Cell in Pediatric
CHAPTER 33:Primary Globe Repair
- Introduction
- Objectives of Globe Repair
  - PRIMARY
  - SECONDARY
- Strategic Planning for Primary Globe Repair
- Algorithm for Management of Open Globe Injury
- Surgical vs Nonsurgical Management
  - NONSURGICAL MANAGEMENT
  - SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
- Summary
SECTION IV: IATROGENIC OCULAR TRAUMA AND ITS COMPLICATIONS MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 34:Management of Iatrogenic Inflammation of the Eye
- Introduction
- Topical Application
- Systemic Therapy
- Repository Injection
- Intravitreal Injection
- Controlled Release Vehicles
- Pulse Therapy
- Indications
  - USE IN OCULAR SURGERY
- Contraindications and Complications
  - SYSTEMIC COMPLICATIONS
  - LOCAL CONTRAINDICATION AND COMPLICATIONS
- Responsive Diseases
- Use of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs in Inflammation
  - OCULAR INFLAMMATION
  - MECHANISM OF ACTION
- Side Effects of NSAIDs
- Conclusion
CHAPTER 35:Management of Postrefractive Keratitis
- Introduction
CHAPTER 36:Optimized NSAIDs and Antibacterial Prophylaxis in Cataract Surgery
- Introduction
- Postoperative Schedule for Cataract Patients
- Drug Dosages
- Measuring Potency
- Penetration Tracking
- Safety Evaluation
CHAPTER 37:Optimizing Visual Outcomes with NSAIDs Therapy in Cataract and Refractive Surgery
- Introduction
- Rationale for Treating Ocular Inflammation
- Pharmacologic Therapy for Ocular Inflammation
- NSAIDs for Control of Pain Following PRK
- NSAIDs vs Steroids
- NSAIDs for the Inhibition of Miosis
- NSAIDs and Topical Steroids
- Prevention of CME
CHAPTER 38:Management of Cystoid Macular Edema
- Introduction
- Definition
- Etiology
- Histopathology
- Clinical Findings
  - PARACLINICAL APPROACH
- Treatment
  - NON-SURGICAL APPROACH
  - SURGICAL APPROACH AND DRUGS RELATED
- Conclusion
CHAPTER 39:Managing Intraoperative Floppy Iris Syndrome
- Introduction
CHAPTER 40:Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome
- Introduction
- Diagnosis and Clinical Features
- Pathology
- Epidemiology and Etiology
  - INTRAOCULAR MEDICATIONS, IRRIGATING SOLUTIONS AND BALANCED SALT SOLUTION
  - INSTRUMENT CONTAMINATION
- Treatment
- Outcomes
  - COMPLICATIONS
- Investigation and Reporting
- Conclusion
CHAPTER 41:Small Pupil Phaco: An Innovative Technique
- Introduction
- IQ-ring
- Surgical Technique
- Conclusion
SECTION V: CURRENT CONCEPTS AND RECENT ADVANCES IN MANAGEMENT OF OCULAR TRAUMA
CHAPTER 42:Trauma after Refractive Surgery
- Introduction
- Trauma in Radial Keratotomy
- Trauma in PRK
- Trauma in LASIK
  - POSSIBLE MECHANISMS
- Trauma to LASIK Flap
- Trauma in Surface Treatments
- Trauma in Phakic IOL Implants
- Conclusion
CHAPTER 43:Complication and Contusion after Phakic IOL
- Introduction
- Anterior Chamber Phakic IOLs (Fig. 43.1)
- Iris-fixated Anterior Chamber Phakic Intraocular Lenses (Fig. 43.7)
- Posterior Chamber Phakic Intraocular Lenses14 (Figs 43.13 and 43.14)
  - CATARACTS HAVE ALWAYS BEEN THE MAIN CONCERN
  - PUPILLARY BLOCK, ACUTE GLAUCOMA AND MALIGNANT GLAUCOMA
- Conclusion
CHAPTER 44:Management of Corneal Lacerations
- Introduction
- Injury Assessment
- Perforating or Nonperforating Corneal Laceration
- Medical Management
- Surgical Management
- Simple Corneal Laceration
- Complex Corneal Laceration Wound
- Corneal Laceration with Tissue Loss
- Use of Tissue Glue
- Corneal Laceration with Involvement of Other Ocular Structure
- Conclusion
CHAPTER 45:Sports Injuries in Eye
- Introduction
- Classification
CHAPTER 46:Management of Travel Eye Injuries
- Introduction
- Prevention and Management
  - NON-CONTACT EYE INJURIES
  - DIRECT TRAUMATIC INJURIES
- Conclusion
CHAPTER 47:Ocular Injuries after Vehicular Accident and Possible Prevention
- Introduction
- The Airbag System
- Methods
- Results
- Discussion
CHAPTER 48:Bottle Cork Injury to the Eye
- Introduction
- Clinical Features
- Treatment
- Prevention
CHAPTER 49:Ocular War Injuries
- Introduction
- Mechanical Ocular War Injuries
- Non-mechanical Ocular War Injuries
  - OCULAR WAR INJURIES RESULTING FROM THE USE OF MASS DESTRUCTION WEAPONS
  - OCULAR WAR INJURIES RELATED TO THE LASER LIGHT AND EXPLOSION BLASTS
CHAPTER 50:Trauma of Anterior Eye Segment: An Update
- Introduction
- Injuries of the Lids
- Abrasions of the Globe
- Blunt Injuries of the Globe
- Perforating Injuries of the Globe Intraocular Foreign Bodies
- Ultraviolet Corneal Burns
- Chemical and Thermal Burns of the Eye
CHAPTER 51:Management of Ocular Trauma with Plasma (Fugo) Knife
- Introduction
- What is Plasma (Fugo) Knife?
- Key Properties of Plasma Knife
- Technique of Using the Plasma Knife
- Clinical Examples of Management of Cases of Trauma with the Plasma Knife
- Conclusion
CHAPTER 52:Chandelier Illumination and Bimanual Vitrectomy Used to Remove a Dislocated IOL
- Introduction
- Management of a Malpositioned IOL
- Chandelier Illumination
- Reinverter System
- Wide Field Indirect Contact Vitrectomy Lenses
- Bimanual Vitrectomy
CHAPTER 53:Principles and Management of Ocular Trauma
- Introduction
- Classification
- Closed Globe Injuries
- Corneoscleral Laceration with Lens and Vitreous Involvement
- Posterior Scleral Laceration
- Corneoscleral Laceration with Tissue Loss
- Irreparable Scleral Rupture
- Postoperative Management
- Conclusion
- Intraocular Foreign Body
- Post-traumatic Inflammation
  - TRAUMATIC ENDOPHTHALMITIS
  - CLINICAL FEATURES
    - Management of Post-traumatic Endophthalmitis
- Sympathetic Ophthalmitis
  - ENUCLEATION
CHAPTER 54:Eyelid Injuries and Reconstruction: An Update
- Introduction
- Eyelid Injuries
- Conclusion
CHAPTER 55:Prevention of Ocular Trauma
- Introduction
- Occupational Injuries
- Recreational Injuries
- Travel Injuries
- Other Injuries
CHAPTER 56:Endophthalmitis Prevention Strategies
- Introduction
- New Concepts in Endophthalmitis Treatment
- Existing Literature
- Practical Clinical Practice
- Microbial Antibiotic Resistance

INDEX

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Index

Chapter Notes