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Respiratory Medicine for Nurses and Paramedics
T Balasubramanian
1:
Anatomy of Respiratory System
NOSE
PHARYNX
LARYNX
TRACHEA
LUNGS
SUMMARY
2:
Physiology of Respiration
PULMONARY VENTILATION
MOVEMENT OF AIR IN AND OUT OF THE LUNGS
Pleural Pressure
Alveolar Pressure
Transpulmonary Pressure
COMPLIANCE OF LUNGS
Surface Tension
Surfactant
Lung Volumes
Lungs Capacities
Alveolar Ventilation
Dead Space
Types of Dead Spaces
FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY PASSAGE WAYS
Resistance to Air Flow in the Bronchial Tree
Nervous Control of Bronchiolar Musculature
AIR WAY PROTECTION MECHANISMS
Cough Reflex (Fig. 2.2)
Protective Role Played by the Nose
Sneeze Reflex
Protective Functions of the Pharynx and Larynx
PULMONARY CIRCULATION
Pulmonary Circulation and its Role in Gas Exchange
Functions of the Pulmonary Circulation
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Role of Alveoli in Gas Exchange
Control of Respiration
Role of Hemoglobin in Oxygen Transport
Oxygen Carrying Capacity of Blood
Effect of Carbon Dioxide in Blood
SUMMARY
3:
Basic Microbiology
INTRODUCTION
BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF MICROORGANISMS
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF MICROORGANISMS
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION
BACTERIA
Size
Shape
Arrangement
Motility
Presence of Spores
CULTURING THE BACTERIA
Streak Method
Lawn Method
Stroke Culture
Stab Cultures
Pour Plate Cultures
Sweep Plate Method
Liquid Cultures
Culture Media
Agar Plate
Classification of Culture Media (Fig. 3.3)
INFECTION
Classification of Infection
Sources of Infection
Types of Carriers
Soil and Water
Food
Methods of Transmission of Infection
Inhalation
Ingestion
Inoculation
Congenital Infections
Iatrogenic and Laboratory Infections
Virulence of the Infecting Organisms
Factors Responsible for Virulence of an Organism
Immunity
Innate Immunity
Acquired Immunity
Passive Immunity
Antigen
Features of a Complete Antigen
Specific Microbes
Properties
Culture Characteristics
Diseases Caused by Staphylococci
Treatment of Staphylococci Infections
Streptococci
Treatment
Pneumococci
Toxins Produced by Pneumococci
Primary Tuberculosis
Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
SUMMARY
4:
Blood Pressure
INTRODUCTION
ROLE PLAYED BY THE HEART IN MAINTENANCE OF NORMAL BLOOD PRESSURE
ROLE PLAYED BY THE KIDNEY IN THE MAINTENANCE OF NORMAL BLOOD PRESSURE
CLASSIFICATION OF HYPERTENSION
TREATMENT (FIG. 4.1)
Drug Therapy
SUMMARY
5:
Blood Pressure Measurement
DEVICES FOR BP MEASUREMENT
Mercury Sphygmomanometer
Aneroid Manometer
PROCEDURE
Measurement of the Blood Pressure by Palpatory Method
Auscultatory Method of Measuring the Blood Pressure
PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN WHILE MEASURING BLOOD PRESSURE
MAINTENANCE OF MERCURY BLOOD PRESSURE APPARATUS
SUMMARY
6:
Pain and its Physiology
TYPES OF PAIN
PAIN PATHWAYS
SUMMARY
7:
Local Anesthetics
SUMMARY
8:
Blood Collection and Intravenous Injection
PROCEDURE FOR COLLECTING BLOOD
Venipuncture
Procedure of Tourniquet Application (Fig. 8.1)
Blood Collection through Skin Puncture
Caution
Procedure for Skin Punctures
SUMMARY
9:
Diseases Affecting the Respiratory System
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
SUMMARY
10:
Air Pollution and its Effects on Lungs
MAJOR POLLUTANTS
LOCAL AND REGIONAL POLLUTION
SMOG AND ACID PRECIPITATION
SUMMARY
11:
Pulmonary Function Tests
GAS DIFFUSION TESTS
WHY SHOULD ONE UNDERGO LUNG FUNCTION TESTS?
SUMMARY
12:
Spirometry
HOW TO PERFORM SPIROMETRY?
Checking the Equipment
DEFINITIONS OF SPIROMETRIC INDICES
COMMON CAUSES OF POOR RESULTS IN SPIROMETRY
SUMMARY
13:
Inhalers
DISKHALER
How to Use a Diskhaler?
ROTAHALER
Using a Rotahaler
Care of Rotahaler
SUMMARY
14:
Nebulizer
WHAT IS A NEBULIZER?
TREATMENT PROCEDURE
NEBULIZER CARE
COMPRESSOR CARE
SUMMARY
15:
Oxygen
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HYPOXIA AND HYPOXEMIA
CAUSES OF HYPOXEMIA
INDICATIONS FOR OXYGEN THERAPY
OXYGEN DELIVERY SYSTEM
WHEN TO STOP OXYGEN THERAPY?
DANGERS OF OXYGEN THERAPY
SUMMARY
16:
Taking Care of Oxygen Cylinders
SUMMARY
17:
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
WHAT IS CPR?
THREE PARTS OF CPR
A is for Airway
B is for Breathing
C is for Circulation
HOW TO DO CPR
SUMMARY
18:
Assisted Ventilation (Breathing)
TYPES OF ASSISTED VENTILATION
VENTILATORS (FIG. 18.2)
Types of Ventilators
Types of Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilations
SUMMARY
19:
Management of a Patient on Ventilator
AIRWAY
VENTILATION
MONITORING
SEDATION
Drugs Used
WEANING A PATIENT FROM VENTILATOR
COMPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION
20:
Chest Physiotherapy
21:
Bronchoscopy
INDICATIONS FOR BRONCHOSCOPY
PROCEDURE ROOM ROUTINE
POSTBRONCHOSCOPY LABORATORY PROCEDURES
POSTBRONCHOSCOPIC CARE
22:
Maintenance of Bronchoscopes
INDEX
TOC
Index
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