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Review of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry
Nisha Garg, Amit Garg
SECTION ONE: ENDODONTICS
1:
Introduction to Endodontics
WHAT ARE AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF ENDODONTICS?
2:
Pulp and Periapex
DENTAL PULP
WHAT IS ANATOMY OF DENTAL PULP?
VARIOUS CANAL CONFIGURATIONS
VARIATION IN THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF TEETH
Presence of Extracanals
Dilacerations
Dens in Dente or Dens Invaginatus
Dens Evaginatus
Taurodontism
INDIVIDUAL TOOTH ANATOMY
Maxillary Central Incisor (Fig. 2.4)
Pulp Chamber
Root Canal
Maxillary Lateral Incisor
Pulp Chamber
Root Canal
Maxillary Canine
Pulp Chamber
Root Canal
Maxillary First Premolar (Fig. 2.5)
Pulp Chamber
Root Canal
Maxillary Second Premolar
Pulp Chamber
Root Canals
Maxillary First Molar (Fig. 2.6)
Pulp Chamber
Root Canals
Maxillary Second Molar
Pulp Chamber
Root Canal
Mandibular Teeth Central Incisor
Pulp Chamber
Root Canals
Mandibular Lateral Incisor
Pulp Chamber
Root Canals
Mandibular Canine
Pulp Chamber
Root Canals
Mandibular First Premolar
Pulp Chamber
Root Canal
Mandibular Second Premolar
Pulp Chamber
Root Canal
Mandibular First Molar (Fig. 2.7)
Pulp Chamber
Root Canals
Mandibular Second Molar
WHAT IS EFFECT OF POSTURE ON PULPAL BLOOD FLOW?
WHAT ARE FUNCTIONS OF PULP?
Formation of Dentin
Nutrition of Dentin
Innervation of Tooth
Defense of Tooth
ENLIST VARIOUS AGE CHANGES IN THE PULP
MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES
PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES
NOTE ON PULP STONES
Classification of Pulp Stone
According to Structure
True Denticle
False Denticles
According to Size
According to Location
Clinical Significance of Pulp Stones
CALCIFIC METAMORPHOSIS
PERIAPICAL TISSUE
Cementum
Types
Periodontal ligament
Alveolar Bone
Cells and Intercellular Matrix
Intercellular Matrix
3:
Pathologies of Dental Pulp
ENUMERATE VARIOUS CAUSES OF PULPAL DISEASES
HOW DOES PROGRESSION OF PULPAL DISEASES TAKES PLACE?
CLASSIFY PULPAL PATHOLOGIES?
WHAT ARE CAUSES AND CLINICAL FEATURES OF REVERSIBLE PULPITIS/HYPEREMIA/ HYPERACTIVE PULPALGIA
Definition
Etiology
Symptoms
Histopathology
Diagnosis
Treatment
IRREVERSIBLE PULPITIS
Definition
Etiology
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
HOW WILL YOU DIFFERENTIALLY DIAGNOSE REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE PULPITIS? (TABLE 3.1)
CHRONIC HYPERPLASTIC PULPITIS (PULP POLYP)
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Vitality Tests
Treatment
INTERNAL RESORPTION
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic features
Treatment Options in Teeth with Internal Resorption
GIVE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL RESORPTION (TABLE 3.2)
PULP DEGENERATION
Types
PULP NECROSIS
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
4:
Pathologies of Periradicular Tissues
CLASSIFY PERIRADICULAR PATHOLOGIES
WHAT ARE CLINICAL FEATURES OF ACUTE APICAL PERIODONTITIS (AAP)?
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
WHAT ARE CLINICAL FEATURES OF ACUTE APICAL ABSCESS? HOW WILL YOU TREAT A CASE WITH ACUTE APICAL ABSCESS?
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
SHORT NOTE ON PHOENIX ABSCESS
Etiology
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
WHAT ARE DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES OF PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA?
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Histopathologic Features
Treatment and Prognosis
CHRONIC ALVEOLAR ABSCESS
Etiology
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
EXTERNAL ROOT RESORPTION
Etiology
Symptoms
Radiographs Show
Treatment
RADICULAR CYST
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Treatment
WHAT IS HISTOPATHOLOGY OF PERIAPICAL RESPONSE TO VARIOUS IRRITANTS?
Nonspecific Mediatrs of Periradicular Lesions
Nonspecific Mediators of Inflammation
Cell Derived Mediators
Plasma Derived Mediators
5:
Endodontic Microbiology
WHAT ARE PORTALS OF ENTRY TO ROOT CANAL SYSTEM FOR MICROORGANISMS?
Entry Through Open Cavity
Through Open Dentinal Tubules
Through the Periodontal Ligament or the Gingival Sulcus
Anachoresis
Through Faulty Restorations
WHAT IS MICROBIAL ECOSYSTEM OF PRIMARY ENDODONTIC INFECTIONS? (TABLE 5.1)
WHAT ARE VARIOUS TECHNIQUES USED FOR IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA?
Culture
Various culture media used are:
Technique
Disadvantages of Culturing Method
DNA-DNA Hybridization Method
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Method
HOW TO COMBAT MICROBES IN THE ENDODONTIC THERAPY?
6:
Diagnostic Methods
WHAT ARE VARIOUS DIAGNOSTIC METHODS USED IN ENDODONTICS?
Case History
Chief Complaint
History of Present Illness
Medical History
Clinical Examination
Extraoral Examination
Intraoral Examination
Radiographs
Pulp Vitality Tests
Thermal Test
Electric Pulp Testing
Test Cavity
Anesthesia Testing
Bite Test
ENUMERATE RECENT ADVANCES IN PULP VITALITY TESTING? WHAT IS LASER DOPPLER FLOWMETRY?
Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Pulp Oximetry
Advantages
Disadvantage
HOW WILL YOU DIAGNOSE AND TREAT A CASE WITH CRACKED TOOTH SYNDROME?
Diagnosis
History of the Patient
Visual Examination
Tactile Examination
Bite Test
Transillumination
Use of Dyes
Radiographs
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
WHAT ARE RECENT ADVANCES IN DENTAL RADIOGRAPHY?
Digital Dental Radiology
The CCD System
RVG
Phosphor Imaging System
Advantages
Disadvantages
7:
Case Selection and Treatment Planning
WHAT ARE INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS OF ENDODONTIC THERAPY?
Indications
Actual Reason for Endodontic Therapy
Elective Endodontics
Devitalization of Tooth
Endodontic Emergency
Contraindications
WHAT ARE STEPS OF ENDODONTIC TREATMENT PLANNING?
Factors Affecting Treatment Planning
RATIONALE OF ENDODONTIC TREATMENT
FISH ZONES
Zones of Infection
Zone of Contamination
Zone of Irritation
Zone of Stimulation
NOTE ON ASEPSIS IN ENDODONTICS
Infection Control
Sterilization
Cleaning of Instruments
Sterilization Process
Advantages
Disadvantages
Dry Heat Sterilization
Hot Air Oven
Advantages
Disadvantages
Glass Bead Sterilizer
Disadvantage
Advantages
Chemical Vapor Pressure Sterilization
Ethylene Oxide Sterilization
Personal Barrier Protection
PAIN CONTROL IN ENDODONTICS
Local Anesthesia
Various Techniques of Local Anesthesia
Techniques Used for Maxillary Tissues
Various Mandibular Anesthesia Techniques
WHAT IS INTRAPULPAL INJECTION?
Indication
Nerves Anesthesized
Techniques
Advantages
Disadvantages
8:
Basic Endodontic Instruments
HOW CAN YOU CLASSIFY ENDODONTIC INSTRUMENTS?
WHAT IS STANDARDIZATION OF ENDODONTIC INSTRUMENTS?
SHORT NOTE ON BROACHES, REAMERS AND FILES
Broaches
Technique of Pulp Extirpation (Healey, 1984)
Reamers
Files
K-File
K-Flex Files
Flexofile
Flex-R File
Hedstrom Files (H-files)
S-File
WHAT ARE ENGINE DRIVEN INSTRUMENTS?
Gates-Glidden Burs
Peeso Reamers
WHAT MEASURES SHOULD BE TAKEN FOR PREVENTION OF BREAKAGE OF INSTRUMENTS WHEN USING NICKEL-TITANIUM ROTARY INSTRUMENTS?
WHAT ARE VARIOUS ROTARY NICKEL-TITANIUM SYSTEM (RNT)?
Profile System
Greater Taper Files (GT Files)
Pro Taper Files
Shaping Files
Finishing Files
Quantec File System
Light Speed System
K3 Rotary File System
Hero 642
WHAT IS ROLE OF ULTRASONICS IN ENDODONTICS?
Ultrasonic Endodontics
Uses of Endosonics
Access Enhancement
Orifice Location
Irrigation
Gutta-Percha Obturation
MTA Placement
Endodontic Retreatment
WHAT ARE THE INSTRUMENTS USED FOR FILLING ROOT CANALS?
WHAT ARE VARIOUS MOVEMENTS OF INSTRUMENTS?
Reaming
Filing
Combination of Reaming and Filing (Fig. 8.13)
Balanced Force Technique
Watch Winding
Watch Winding and Pull Motion
SOTOKAWA'S CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENT DAMAGE
SHORT NOTE ON SURGICAL OPERATING MICROSCOPE (SOM)
Uses of Endomicroscope
SHORT NOTE ON MINERAL TRIOXIDE AGGREGATE (MTA)
Composition
Properties
Manipulation
Advantages
Disadvantages
Indications of Use of MTA (Fig. 8.17)
9:
Principles of Access Cavity Preparation
WHAT ARE OBJECTIVES AND GUIDELINES FOR ACCESS CAVITY PREPARATION?
Objectives
Guidelines (Fig. 9.1)
WHAT ARE PRINCIPLES OF MAKING ACCESS CAVITY OF ANTERIOR TEETH?
ACCESS CAVITY PREPARATION FOR PREMOLARS
ACCESS CAVITY PREPARATION FOR MAXILLARY MOLARS
Maxillary First Molar
ACCESS CAVITY PREPARATION FOR MANDIBULAR MOLARS
Mandibular First Molar
10:
Working Length Determination
DEFINITIONS
SIGNIFICANCE OF WORKING LENGTH
ENUMERATE VARIOUS METHODS OF WORKING LENGTH DETERMINATION
Different Methods of Determining Working Length
WHAT IS RADIOGRAPHIC METHOD OF WORKING LENGTH DETERMINATION?
Modification in the Length Subtraction as given by Weine
WHAT IS MATHEMATIC METHOD OF WORKING LENGTH DETERMINATION?
Disadvantages
WHAT ARE ELECTRONIC APEX LOCATORS?
Classification
First Generation Apex Locators (Resistance Apex Locators)
Second Generation Apex Locators (Impedence Apex Locators)
Third Generation Apex Locator
Fourth Generation Apex Locators
WHAT ARE BASIC CONDITIONS FOR ACCURACY OF EALS?
ENLIST VARIOUS USES OF APEX LOCATORS
WHAT ARE CONTRAINDICATIONS TO THE USE OF APEX LOCATORS?
11:
Root Canal Irrigants
WHAT ARE PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL IRRIGANT SOLUTION?
WHAT ARE FUNCTIONS OF IRRIGANTS?
ENUMERATE VARIOUS ROOT CANAL IRRIGANTS
Chemically Non-active Solution
Chemically Active Materials
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE?
Mechanism of Action
Use
WHAT ARE CHELATING AGENTS ?
EDTA
Citric Acid
WHAT ARE RECENT ADVANCES IN IRRIGATING SOLUTIONS?
Electrochemically Activated Solution
Ozonated Water Irrigation
Ruddle's Solution
Composition
Photo Activated Disinfection (PAD)
MTAD
Composition
Advantages
WHAT PRECAUTIONS SHOULD BE TAKEN WHILE IRRIGATING THE ROOT CANALS?
Ideal Properties of Irrigating Needle
12:
Root Canal Medicaments
WHAT ARE FUNCTIONS AND PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL INTRACANAL MEDICAMENT?
Functions of Intracanal Medicaments
ENUMERATE COMMONLY USED INTRACANAL MEDICAMENTS
WHAT ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS INTRACANAL MEDICAMENTS?
Essential Oils
Eugenol
Phenolic Compounds
Phenol
Parachlorophenol
Camphorated Monoparachlorophenol (CMCP)
Aldehydes
Uses
Calcium Hydroxide
Halogens
Chlorine
PBSC Paste
Corticosteroid Antibiotic Combinations
PLACEMENT OF INTRACANAL MEDICAMENT
13:
Cleaning and Shaping of Root Canals
WHAT ARE OBJECTIVES OF BIOMECHANICAL PREPARATION OF ROOT CANALS?
WHAT ARE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CANAL INSTRUMENTATION?
WHAT IS STEP BACK TECHNIQUE FOR ROOT CANAL PREPARATION?
Advantages
WHAT IS BALANCED FORCE TECHNIQUE?
Technique
Advantages
CROWN-DOWN TECHNIQUE
Technique
Clinical Advantages
WHAT IS CLINICAL TECHNIQUE FOR USE OF DIFFERENT ROTARY INSTRUMENTS?
Clinical Technique using Profile System
Clinical Technique using ProTaper Files
Clinical Technique using Quantec File System
WHAT IS EVALUATION CRITERIA OF CANAL PREPARATION?
WHAT PRECAUTIONS SHOULD BE TAKEN WHILE PREPARING CURVED CANALS?
WHAT ARE GUIDELINES FOR NEGOTIATING CALCIFIED CANALS?
Guidelines
14:
Obturation of Root Canal
WHAT ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL ROOT CANAL FILLING MATERIAL?
Note on Gutta-Percha
Advantages of Gutta-Percha
Disadvantages of Gutta-Percha
WHAT ARE REQUIREMENTS OF AN IDEAL ROOT CANAL SEALERS?
WHAT ARE FUNCTIONS OF ROOT CANAL SEALERS?
CLASSIFY VARIOUS ROOT CANAL SEALERS
EXPLAIN DIFFERENT ZINC OXIDE EUGENOL SEALERS
Kerr Root Canal Sealer or Rickert's Formula
Composition
Advantages
Disadvantages
Grossman's Sealer
Composition
Properties
Disadvantage
Wach's Sealer
Composition
Properties
Advantages
Tubliseal (1961)
Composition
Advantages
Disadvantages
EXPLAIN DIFFERENT NON-EUGENOL ROOT CANAL SEALERS
Chloropercha
Composition
Hydron
Nogenol
Resin-based Sealers
Diaket
AH-26
Composition
Properties
AH Plus
Composition
Fiberfill
ENUMERATE CALCIUM HYDROXIDE SEALERS
Seal Apex
Composition
Catalyst
Calcibiotic Root Canal Sealer (CRCS)
Composition
Medicated Sealers
Endomethasone
Glass Ionomer Sealer (Ketac-Endo)
Composition
Advantages
WHAT IS RESILON?
WRITE IN DETAIL ABOUT VARIOUS ROOT CANAL OBTURATION TECHNIQUES INCLUDING THE LATEST METHODS
LATERAL COMPACTION TECHNIQUE
Technique
Advantage
Disadvantages
CHEMICAL ALTERATION OF GUTTA-PERCHA
Technique
VERTICAL COMPACTION TECHNIQUE
Technique
Advantage
Disadvantages
SYSTEM B: CONTINUOUS WAVE OF CONDENSATION TECHNIQUE
Technique
Advantages
LATERAL/VERTICAL COMPACTION OF WARM GUTTA-PERCHA
Technique
Advantages
SECTIONAL METHOD OF OBTURATION
Technique
Advantage
Disadvantage
McSPADDEN COMPACTION/THERMOMECHANICAL COMPACTION OF THE GUTTA-PERCHA
Advantages
Disadvantages
THERMOPLASTICIZED INJECTABLE GUTTA-PERCHA OBTURATION
Obtura II Heated Gutta-Percha System
Indication
Technique
SOLID CORE CARRIER TECHNIQUE
Thermafil Endodontic Obturators
Technique
Advantages
OBTURATION WITH SILVER CONE
Steps
15:
Mid Treatment Flare-Ups
WHAT IS ETIOLOGY OF MID TREATMENT FLARE-UPS?
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING FOR FLARE-UPS
EXPLAIN MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY OF FLARE-UPS
WHAT MEASURES SHOULD BE TAKEN FOR MANAGEMENT OF FLARE-UPS?
General Management of Flare-Ups
WHAT PRECAUTIONS SHOULD BE TAKEN TO PREVENT OCCURRENCE OF FLARE-UPS?
16:
Endodontic Emergencies
WHAT IS AN ENDODONTIC EMERGENCY? HOW WILL YOU DIAGNOSE AN EMERGENCY CONDITION?
Three Main Types
History of the Patient
Subjective Examination
Objective Examination
Radiographic Examination
WHAT ARE PRETREATMENT ENDODONTIC EMERGENCIES?
Conditions Requiring Emergency Treatment
Acute Reversible Pulpitis
Management
Acute Irreversible Pulpitis
Management
Acute Periapical Abscess
Management
Acute Apical Periodontitis
Management
WHAT ARE INTRA-APPOINTMENT ENDODONTIC EMERGENCIES?
WHAT ARE POSTOBTURATION EMERGENCIES?
Etiology
Treatment
17:
Endodontic Mishaps
ENUMERATE VARIOUS PROCEDURAL ACCIDENTS
Ledging
Treatment
HOW CAN YOU AVOID INSTRUMENT SEPARATION?
Prevention
WHAT IS CANAL TRANSPORTATION?
WHAT IS INADEQUATE CANAL PREPARATION?
Over Instrumentation
Prevention
Overpreparation
Underpreparation
PERFORATIONS
Repair of the Perforation
Material Used for Perforation Repair
An Ideal Material for Perforation Repair should
Management of the Coronal Third Perforations
Management of Perforations in Mid Root Level
Management of Perforations in Apical Third of the Root Canal
VERTICAL ROOT FRACTURE
Clinical Features
Prevention
18:
Endodontic Failures and Retreatment
HOW CAN ONE EVALUATE SUCCESS OF ENDODONTIC TREATMENT?
Clinical Criteria for Success
Radiographic Criteria for Success of Endodontic Treatment
Histological Criteria for Success
ENUMERATE FACTORS AFFECTING SUCCESS OR FAILURE OF ENDODONTIC THERAPY OF A PARTICULAR CASE
ENLIST VARIOUS CAUSES OF THE ENDODONTIC FAILURES
Local Factors Causing Endodontic Failures
Infection
Incomplete Debridement of the Root Canal System
Over Instrumentation
Chemical Irritants
Iatrogenic Errors Contributing Endodontic Failures
Systemic Factors
WHAT ARE STEPS OF ENDODONTIC RETREATMENT?
Coronal Disassembly
Establish Access to Root Canal System
Removing Canal Obstructions and Establishing Patency
Silver Point Removal
Gutta-Percha Removal
Pastes and Cements
Separated Instruments and Foreign Objects
Completion of the Retreatment
WHAT ARE CONTRAINDICATIONS OF ENDODONTIC RETREATMENT?
19:
Single Visit Endodontics
SINGLE VISIT ENDODONTICS (SVE)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Conditions where Single Visit Endodontics cannot be Performed
Criteria of Case Selection as given by Oliet Include
Indications
20:
Restoration of Endodontically Treated Teeth
WHAT ARE EFFECTS OF ENDODONTIC TREATMENT ON THE TOOTH?
WHAT ARE REQUIREMENTS OF A TOOTH TO ACCEPT A POST AND CORE?
WHAT SHOULD BE THE PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL POST?
A Post should
GIVE CLASSIFICATION OF POSTS. WHAT ARE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF VARIOUS POST SYSTEMS?
Prefabricated Post
Custom Made Posts
Custom Cast Metal Post
Advantages
Disadvantages
All Ceramic Post and Cores
Advantages
Disadvantages
Prefabricated Metal Posts
Advantages
Disadvantages
Carbon Fiber Posts
Advantages
Disadvantages
Glass Fiber Post
Advantages
Disadvantages
WHAT FACTORS ARE TO BE CONSIDERED WHILE PLANNING POST AND CORE?
Retention and the Resistance Form
Post Length
Post Diameter
Post Design
Luting Agents
Luting Method
Preservation of the Tooth Structure
Ferrule Effect
Mode of Failure
Retrievability
WHAT ARE STEPS OF PREPARATION OF THE CANAL SPACE AND THE TOOTH FOR ACCEPTING POST AND CORE?
WHAT SHOULD BE THE IDEAL PROPERTIES OF A CORE MATERIAL? ENLIST VARIOUS CORE MATERIALS
Ideal Requirements for a Core Material
Various Core Build-up Materials Available
21:
Surgical Endodontics
WHAT ARE INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS OF ENDODONTIC SURGERY?
Indications
Contraindications
CLASSIFY VARIOUS ENDODONTIC SURGERY PROCEDURES
WHAT ARE PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES FOR FLAP DESIGNS? DISCUSS VARIOUS FLAP DESIGNS
Triangular Flap
Advantages
Disadvantages
Rectangular Flap
Advantage
Disadvantages
Trapezoidal Flap
Disadvantage
Envelope Flap
Advantage
Disadvantage
Semilunar Flap
Disadvantages
Ochsenbein-Luebke Flap
Advantages
Disadvantages
WHAT IS PERIRADICULAR CURETTAGE?
Indications
Surgical Techniques
WHAT ARE INDICATIONS OF ROOT-END RESECTION (APICOECTOMY, APICECTOMY)? HOW DO WE PERFORM IT?
Factors to be Considered before Root-End Resection
Instrumentation
Extent of Resection
Angle of Resection
Advantages of a Zero Degree Bevel (Fig. 21.7)
Root-End Preparation
Traditional Root-End Cavity Preparation
Retrograde Filling
WHAT ARE IDEAL PROPERTIES OF ROOT-END FILLING MATERIALS?
WHAT ARE POSTSURGICAL COMPLICATIONS?
Postoperative Swelling
Management
Postoperative Bleeding
Management
Extraoral Ecchymosis (Extraoral discoloration)
Pain
Management
Infection
Management
22:
Endodontic Periodontic Interrelationship
WHAT ARE DIFFERENT PATHWAYS OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN PULP AND PERIODONTIUM?
Dentinal Tubules
Lateral or Accessory Canals
Apical Foramen
Perforation of the Root
Vertical Root Fracture
WHAT IS ETIOLOGY OF ENDODONTIC-PERIODONTAL PROBLEMS?
Predisposing Factors Resulting in Combined Endodontic Periodontal Lesions
HOW WILL YOU DIAGNOSE A CASE OF ENDODONTIC-PERIODONTAL LESIONS?
Clinical Tests
Radiographs
Pulp Vitality Tests
Tracking Sinus or Fistula
Pocket Probing
Microbiological Examination
CLASSIFY ENDODONTIC PERIODONTAL LESIONS
Primary Endodontic Lesions (Fig. 22.1)
Treatment
Primary Endodontic Lesion with Secondary Periodontal Involvement (Fig. 22.2)
Treatment
Primary Periodontal Lesions (Fig. 22.3)
Treatment
Primary Periodontal Lesions with Secondary Endodontic Involvement (Fig. 22.4)
Treatment
Independent Endodontic and Periodontal /Lesions which do not Communicate
True Combined Endo-Perio Lesions (Fig. 22.5)
HOW IS DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS BETWEEN PULPAL AND PERIODONTAL DISEASE MADE?
23:
Management of Dental Traumatic Injuries
ETIOLOGY OF TRAUMATIC INJURIES
CLASSIFY DENTOFACIAL INJURIES
Ellis and Davey's Classification (1960)
WHO Classification
WHAT ARE STEPS FOR EXAMINATION OF TRAUMATIC INJURIES?
Chief Complaint
History of Chief Complaint
Medical History
Clinical Examination
CROWN INFRACTION/ ENAMEL FRACTURE
Diagnosis
Treatment
EXPLAIN CROWN FRACTURE
Uncomplicated Crown Fractures
Biological Consequences
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complicated Crown Fractures
Diagnosis
Factors Affecting the Treatment Plan
Treatment
Prerequisites for Success of Vital Pulp Therapy
Apexification
WHAT ARE CROWN ROOT FRACTURES?
Diagnosis
Treatment
HOW ARE ROOT FRACTURES TREATED?
Classification
Diagnosis
Treatment
PROGNOSIS DEPENDS ON
WHAT ARE LUXATION INJURIES?
HOW WILL YOU MANAGE A CASE OF AVULSION (EXARTICULATION)?
What to Do When a Patient Comes with Avulsed Tooth?
Management Options for an Avulsed Tooth
Postemergency Treatment
24:
Bleaching of Discolored Teeth
CLASSIFICATION AND ETIOLOGY OF TOOTH DISCOLORATION
Classification
Etiology
Intrinsic Stains
Extrinsic Stains
WHAT ARE CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR BLEACHING?
Contraindication
WHAT SHOULD AN IDEAL BLEACHING AGENT HAVE?
An Ideal Bleaching Agent should
WHAT ARE EFFECTS OF BLEACHING AGENTS ON TOOTH?
Effects of Bleaching Agents on Tooth
HOME BLEACHING TECHNIQUE/NIGHT GUARD VITAL BLEACHING FOR VITAL TEETH
Composition
Indications
Contraindications
Advantages
Disadvantages
Composition of Solution
Technique
Treatment Regimen
IN OFFICE BLEACHING FOR VITAL TEETH
Various Available Light Sources are
Procedure
Advantages
Disadvantages
WALKING BLEACH OF NONVITAL TEETH/ ENDODONTICALLY TREATED TEETH
Indications of Intracoronal Bleaching
Contraindications of Intracoronal Bleaching
Steps
Complications of Intracoronal Bleaching
25:
Dentin Hypersensitivity
EXPLAIN TOOTH/DENTINE HYPERSENSITIVITY
Theories of Dentin Sensitivity
Neural Theory
Odontoblastic Transduction Theory
The Hydrodynamic Theory
Incidence and Distribution of Dentine Hypersensitivity
Etiology and Predisposing Factors
Common Reasons for Gingival Recession
Causes of Loss of Enamel
Management of Dentine Hypersensitivity
26:
Pediatric Endodontics
PULPOTOMY
Criteria for Successful Pulpotomy
Indications
Contraindications
Materials used:
Complete Pulpotomy
Formocresol Pulpotomy
Partial Pulpotomy/Shallow Pulpotomy/Cvek Pulpotomy
Technique
Laser Pulpotomy
PULPECTOMY FOR PRIMARY TEETH
Indications
Contraindications
Clinical Sequence
WHAT IS APEXIFICATION?
Indications
Contraindications
Materials used for Apexification
Technique (Fig. 26.5)
APEXOGENESIS
Indications
Contraindications
SECTION TWO: OPERATIVE DENTISTRY
27:
Introduction to Operative Dentistry
WHAT ARE AIMS OF OPERATIVE DENTISTRY?
Aims of Operative Dentistry
Diagnosis
Prevention
Interception
Preservation
Restoration
Maintenance
WHAT IS FUTURE OF OPERATIVE DENTISTRY?
28:
Basic Concepts
WHAT ARE DIFFERENT TOOTH NUMBERING SYSTEMS?
Universal System of Tooth Numbering
Deciduous (Primary) Dentition
Permanent Dentition
Zsigmondy or Palmer System
Deciduous Dentition
Permanent Dentition
Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI) or Two-digit System
WHAT ARE DIFFERENT TOOTH SURFACES?
WHAT IS SIGNIFICANCE OF PHYSIOLOGY OF TOOTH FORM?
Contours
Importance
Proximal Contact Area
Embrasures
Importance
Marginal Ridges
Form and Functions of Teeth
WHAT ARE PERIODONTAL ASPECTS BEFORE DOING ANY RESTORATION?
Effects of Faulty Restorations on Periodontium
Level of Restoration
Margins of the Restoration
Contour
Contact
Post-restorative Care
HOW IS PERIODONTIUM AFFECTED WHILE DOING OPERATIVE PROCEDURES?
29:
Dental Caries
WHAT IS ETIOLOGY OF DENTAL CARIES?
Definition
Etiology
Theories of Etiology of Dental Caries
Local Factors Affecting the Incidence of Caries (Fig. 29.1)
GIVE CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DENTAL CARIES?
WHAT IS CARIES OF ENAMEL?
Smooth Surface Caries
Pit and Fissure Caries
Zone in Caries Lesions
Zone 1: Translucent Zone
Zone 2: Dark Zone
Zone 3: Body of Lesion
Zone 4: Surface Zone
WHAT IS CARIES OF DENTIN?
Changes in Early Dentinal Caries
Changes in Advanced Dentinal Caries
Zones of Dentinal Caries
Zone 1: Normal Dentin
Zone 2: Subtransparent Dentin
Zone 3: Zone of Dentinal Sclerosis (Transparent Dentin)
Zone 4: Turbid Dentin
Zone 5: Decomposed Dentin
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INFECTED AND AFFECTED DENTINE
Infected Dentine
Affected Dentine
WHAT ARE DIFFERENT METHODS OF CARIES DIAGNOSIS?
Fiberoptic Transillumination (FOTI)
Advantages
Disadvantage
Wavelength Dependent FOTI
Advantages
Disadvantage
Digital Imaging FOTI
Detection of Carious Enamel by Dyes
Endoscope Technique
Tactile Method
Radiographic Methods
Electrical Conductance Measurement Method
Lasers
Diagnodent
Quantitative Laser Fluorescence (QLF)
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
DNA Chip Technology (DNACT)
Caries Activity Tests (Table 29.1)
WHAT ARE DIFFERENT WAYS FOR CARIES PREVENTION?
Chemical Method
Dietary Method
Mechanical Methods
HOW IS PULP PROTECTION DONE IN MODERATE AND DEEP CARIOUS LESIONS?
Pulp Protection in Moderate Carious Lesions
Pulp Protection in Deep Carious Lesions
Indirect Pulp Capping
Indications
Contraindications
Materials Used
Technique
Direct Pulp Capping
Indications
Contraindications
Technique
MATERIALS USED FOR PULP PROTECTION
The Materials Used for Pulp Protection
30:
Dental Materials
GIVE CLASSIFICATION OF RESTORATIVE MATERIALS
NOTE ON AMALGAM
Uses
Advantages
Disadvantages
Classification
Based on Shape of Alloy Particle
Based on Size of Alloy Particle
Based on Copper Content
Based on Number of Alloying Metals
Based on Zinc Content
Based on Content of Noble Metals
Effects of Constituent Metals on the Properties of Amalgam
Silver
Tin
Copper
Zinc
Palladium
Indium
Alloy Manufacturing
Lathecut Alloys
Spherical Alloy Powder
SETTING REACTIONS OF DIFFERENT ALLOYS
Low Copper Alloys
High Copper Alloys
High Copper Unicomposition Alloy
Admixed Alloy Particle
Properties of Amalgam
Creep
Dimensional Change
Delayed Expansion
Consequences
Compressive Strength
Factors affecting strength are:
Corrosion
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Manipulation of Amalgam
Selection of Alloy and Mercury
Proportion of Alloy and Mercury
Trituration
Objectives
Methods of Trituration
Advantages
Normal Mix
Overtriturated Mix
Undertriturated Mix
Mulling
Condensation of Amalgam
Objectives
Carving
Burnishing of Amalgam
Aims
Types
MERCURY TOXICITY
Effects of Mercury Toxicity
Following Precautions must be Observed
BONDED AMALGAM
Advantages
Indications
Disadvantages
Steps
GALLIUM ALLOYS
Properties of Silver Gallium Alloy
Composition
Setting
Clinical Considerations
WHAT ARE PULP PROTECTING AGENTS?
Cavity Varnish
Uses
Cavity Liners
Uses
Cavity Bases
Classification of Cements Bases
Use
Selection of Base or Liner Depends upon following Conditions
GLASS IONOMER CEMENTS
Composition
General Properties
Types
Type IV: Hybrid Resin
Types V: Polyacid
Uses of GIC
Disadvantages of GIC
MODIFICATIONS OF GIC
Metal Modified Glass Ionomers
Miracle mix
Uses
Resin Modified Glass Ionomers
Composition
Uses
Advantages
Disadvantages
COMPOLYMERS/ POLYACID MODIFIED COMPOSITE RESINS
Uses
Advantages
Disadvantages
WHAT ARE RECENT ADVANCES IN PORCELAIN SYSTEMS?
Recent Advances in Porcelain Systems
Magnesia Core Porcelain
Injection Molded Core Materials (IPS Empress)
Castable Glass Ceramic (DICOR)
Leucite Reinforced Porcelain (OPTEC HSP)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Glass Infiltrated Alumina Core Ceramic (Inceram) and Glass Infiltrated Spinel Core Ceramic (Inceram Spinel)
Computer Generated Ceramic Restorations
GIVE BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF THE TOOTH WHILE SELECTING THE RESTORATIVE MATERIALS?
Size of the Carious Lesion
Condition of the Pulpal Tissue
Condition of the Periodontium
Occlusion
Size, Form and Structure of Teeth
HOW DO PHYSICAL AND CLINICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RESTORATIVE MATERIALS AFFECT THEIR SELECTION?
Dimensional Stability
Percolation
Strength
Adaptability
Abrasion Resistance
Thermal Conductivity
Resistance to Tarnish and Corrosion
31:
Fundamentals of Tooth Preparation
WHAT IS TOOTH PREPARATION?
Tooth Preparation
Simple, Compound and Complex Cavity Preparation
Cavity Preparation Walls (Fig. 31.1 to 31.5)
Cavosurface Angle Margin and Cavity Margin
Line Angle
Point Angle
OBJECTIVES OF TOOTH PREPARATION
WHAT ARE BASIC STEPS IN TOOTH PREPARATION?
Stage I: Initial Tooth Preparation Steps
Stage II: Final Tooth Preparation Steps
INITIAL TOOTH PREPARATION STEPS
Outline Form and Initial Depth
Outline of Proximal Cavities
ENAMELOPLASTY
Primary Resistance Form
Primary Retention Form
Amalgam
Castings
Composites
Direct Gold
Convenience Form
FINAL STAGES OF TOOTH PREPARATION
Pulp Protection, if Indicated
Secondary (Additional) Resistance and Retention Forms
Grooves
Slots or Internal Boxes
Locks
Pins
Skirts
Coves
Beveled Enamel Margins
Enamel Wall Etching
Dentin Conditioning (Etching and Priming)
Adhesive Luting Cements
Procedures for Finishing the External Walls of the Tooth Preparation
Final Procedures; Cleaning, Inspecting and Sealing
EXPLAIN TUNNEL CAVITY PREPARATION AND RESTORATION
Precautions
Advantages
Disadvantages
HOW TO MAKE DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES IN VARIOUS CLASSES OF RESTORATIONS?
Class I and Class VI Restorations
Class II and Class IV Restorations
Class III Restorations
Class V and Class VII Restorations
WHAT IS RESTORATION?
Classification
Based on Longevity
Based on Fabrication
Indications of Restorations
HOW DO PHYSICAL AND CLINICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RESTORATIVE MATERIALS AFFECT THEIR SELECTION?
Dimensional Stability
Percolation
Strength
Adaptability
Abrasion Resistance
Thermal Conductivity
Resistance to Tarnish and Corrosion
32:
Basic Instruments of Operative Dentistry
GIVE CLASSIFICATION OF OPERATIVE DENTAL INSTRUMENTS
Cutting Instruments
Hand
Rotary
Condensing Instruments
Pluggers
Plastic Instruments
Finishing and Polishing Instruments Hand
Rotary
Isolation Instruments
Miscellaneous Instruments
WHAT ARE PARTS OF A HAND CUTTING INSTRUMENT? GIVE BLACK'S INSTRUMENT FORMULA?
Parts of Hand Cutting Instrument
Handle or Shaft
Shank
Blade or Nib
Instrument Formula
Bevels in Cutting Instruments
VARIOUS TYPES OF HAND-CUTTING INSTRUMENTS?
Chisels
In Straight Chisel
In Angled Chisels
Hoe
Hatchet
Angle Former
Spoon Excavator
Gingival Marginal Trimmer
Cleoid and Discoid
Knives
WHAT ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF INSTRUMENT GRASPS?
Finger Rests
WHAT ARE ROTARY CUTTING INSTRUMENTS?
Characterstics of Rotary Instruments
Speed
Pressure
Heat production
Vibrations
Patient Comfort
Power Source
PARTS AND DESIGN OF ROTARY CUTTING INSTRUMENTS
Classification of Burs
According to Composition
According to Shape of Bur Head (Fig. 32.10)
According to Length of Head
According to Handpiece
According to Mode of Attachment to the Handpiece
Design of Bur Blade
Bur Tooth
Rake Angle (Fig. 32.11)
Clearance Angle
ENUMERATE FACTORS AFFECTING CUTTING EFFICIENCY OF BURS
Rake Angle
Clearance Angle
Crosscuts
Number of Blades
Influence of the Load
Heat Treatment
WHAT ARE USES OF LOW AND HIGH SPEED ROTARY INSTRUMENTS?
High speed
Uses
Advantages
Disadvantages
Low Speed
Uses
Advantages
Disadvantages
WHAT PRECAUTIONS SHOULD BE TAKEN WHILE WORKING WITH ULTRASPEED CUTTING INSTRUMENTS?
Pulpal Precautions
Condition of Burs and Rotary Instruments
Other Soft Tissue Precautions
Ear Precautions
Inhalation Precautions
Eye Precautions
DENTAL ABRASIVE STONES
Types
Mounted Dental Stones
Unmounted Dental Stones
Abrasives used in Dentistry
Diamond
Synthetic Diamond
Tungsten Carbide
Silicone Carbide or Carborundum
Alumina
Garnets
Pumice
Chalk
SHARPENING OF DENTAL INSTRUMENTS
Advantages
Principles
Technique
Stationary Sharpening Stone Technique
Mechanical Sharpeners
Handpiece Sharpening Stones
33:
The Operating Field
GIVE DIFFERENT POSITIONS FOR PATIENT AND OPERATOR
Positions for Operator
Front Positions
Right or Left Position
Direct Rear Position
General Considerations
ENLIST THE MEASURES TO BE TAKEN TO FOR INFECTION CONTROL IN DENTAL OPERATORY?
HOW TO MAINTAIN OPERATORY ASEPSIS?
Procedure for Preparation of the Dental Chair, Dental Unit and Instruments
Cleaning of Unit and Instrument after Attending the Patient
Preparation of Unit for Next Patient
WHAT IS IMPORTANCE OF ISOLATION OF THE OPERATING FIELD? GIVE DIFFERENT METHODS OF ISOLATION
Different Methods of Isolation of Operating Field
Indirect Method
Direct Methods
Rubber Dam
WHAT ARE DIFFERENT METHODS OF GINGIVAL TISSUE RETRACTION?
Gingival Tissue Retraction (GTR)
Means of GTR
Physicomechanical Means
Chemical Method
Electrosurgical Means
Surgical Means
Absorbents (Cotton Roll and Cellulose Wafers)
Throat Shield
Additional Methods for Isolation
Drugs
34:
Matrices, Retainers and Tooth Separation
WHAT ARE REQUIREMENTS OF A MATRIX BAND? GIVE CLASSIFICATION
Requirements
Functions
Classification
Depending on Method of Retention
On the Basis of Transparency
Other Classification
TYPES OF MATRICES AND RETAINERS
NOTE ON MECHANICAL RETAINERS AND MATRIX BANDS
Ivory Matrix Holder (Retainer) No. 1
Ivory Matrix Band Retainer No. 8
Tofflemire Universal Matrix Band Retainer
Advantages
Steele's Siqveland Self-adjusting Matrix Holder for Tapering Teeth
RETAINERLESS MATRIX BAND
Anatomical Matrix Band
Retainerless Automatrix Band
T-Shaped Matrix Band
Full Circle or Ring Bands
S-Shaped Matrix Band
Matrices for Class III Direct Tooth Colored Restorations
Matrices for Class IV Direct Tooth Colored Restoration
WEDGES
Function of Wedges
Classification
Based on Material
Based on Shape
Based on Modification
Types
Wooden
Plastic
Technique
TOOTH SEPARATION
Purpose
Types
Rapid or Immediate Separation
Slow Separation
35:
The Amalgam Restorations
PRINCIPLES OF CAVITY PREPARATION FOR AMALGAM RESTORATIONS
Requirements for Amalgam Restoration
Amalgam Restoration for Class I Cavity Preparations
Outline Form
Primary Resistance Form
Primary Retention Form
Convenience Form
Final Tooth Preparation
Amalgam Restoration for Class II Cavity Preparation (Fig. 35.2)
Outline Form
Outline Form of the Proximal Box
Primary Resistance Form
Primary Retention Form
Convenience Form
Final Tooth Preparation
Reverse Curve (Fig. 35.3)
Modifications in Class II Cavities
Incipient Class II Amalgam Restoration
Class II Slot Cavity Preparation
Amalgam Restoration in Classes III, V and VI Cavity Preparations
Class III
Class V
Class VI
Finishing and Polishing of Amalgam Restorations
Reasons for Failures of Amalgam Restorations
36:
Pin Retained Restorations
WHAT ARE PIN RETAINED RESTORATIONS?
Indications
Contraindications
Advantages
Disadvantages
WHAT ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF PINS?
Self Threaded Pins
Advantages
Disadvantages
Indications
Friction-Locked Pins
Disadvantages
Indications
Cemented Pins
Disadvantages
Indications
EXPLAIN MECHANICS OF PIN RETAINED RESTORATIONS
Stressing Capability of the Pins
Types of Pin
Number of Pins
Length of Pin intoDentin and Amalgam
Site of Pin Placement
Pin Size
Preparation of Pinhole
Bulk of Dentin
Type of Dentin
Retention of the Pins
Types of Pin
Surface Texture of Pins
Type of Dentin
Bulk of Dentin
Number of Pins
Type of Cement
ENUMERATE FAILURES OF PIN RETAINED RESTORATIONS
Amalgapin
Advantages
Disadvantages
37:
Concepts of Bonding
NOTE ON ENAMEL AND DENTIN ADHESION
Etchants
Conditioners
Purpose
Agents used
Primers
Bonding Agents
DENTIN ADHESION
Conditioning
Conditioning by Means of Acids
Chelators
Thermal Conditioning
Priming
Adhesion Resins/Dentin Bonding Agents
NOTE ON DENTIN BONDING AGENTS
BONDING GENERATIONS: DEWEY'S CLASSIFICATION
First Generation Dentin Bonding Agents (DBA)
Second Generation Dentin Bonding Agents
Disadvantages
Third Generation Dentin Bonding Agents
Fourth Generation Dentin Bonding Agents
Fifth Generation Dentin Bonding Agents
Sixth Generation Dentin Bonding Agents
Seventh Generation Dentin Bonding Agents (Adhesive Systems)
38:
Tooth-Colored Restorations
DESCRIBE OF TOOTH-COLORED RESTORATIVE MATERIALS
Silicate Cement
Disadvantages
Unfilled Acrylic Resins
Advantages
Disadvantages
Glass Ionomer Cements (Gic)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Composite Resins
Composition
Indications
Contraindications
Advantages
Disadvantages
Classification
On the basis of size, amount and composition of the inorganic filler
On the basis of polymerization method
Properties
WHAT ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPOSITE RESINS?
Conventional Composite Resins
Microfilled Resins
Hybrid Composite Resins
Advantages
Disadvantages
Flowable Composites
Advantages
Disadvantages
Uses
Condensable (Packable) Composites
Advantages
Antibacterial Composites
Chlorhexidine
Methacryloxydecyl Pyridinium Bromide (MDPB)
Silver
POLYMERIZATION METHODS FOR COMPOSITES
Self-curing Composite Resin
Light-Activated Composite Resins
WHAT IS CLINICAL TECHNIQUE FOR COMPOSITE RESTORATION?
Etching of the Prepared Cavity
Application of Primer and Bonding Agent
Matrix Application
Insertion and Curing of Composite
Final Contouring, Finishing and Polishing of Composite Restorations
EXPLAIN TYPES OF TOOTH PREPARATIONS FOR COMPOSITES RESTORATIONS
Initial Clinical Procedures
Conventional Class III Tooth Preparation
Beveled Conventional Class III Tooth Cavity Preparation
Indications
Preparation
Modified (Conservative) Class IIITooth Preparation
Class IV Composite Restoration and Conventional Class IV Preparation
Beveled Conventional Class IV Preparation
Modified (Conservative) Class IV Preparation
Direct Class V Composite Restoration and Conventional Class V Preparation
Beveled Conventional Classes V Preparation
Indications
Preparation
Advantages
Modified (Conservative) Class V Tooth Preparation
Indications
Preparation
Class I and II Composite Restoration
Class I and II Cavity Preparation
WHAT IS SANDWICH TECHNIQUE?
Steps
Advantages
WHAT ARE STEPS IN CORRECTION OF DIASTEMA?
Etiology
Steps in Diastema Closure
DISCUSS VARIOUS VENEERS
Direct Veneer Technique
Direct Partial Veneer
Advantages
Disadvantages
Direct Full Veneers
Window Preparation (Fig. 38.2)
Incisal Lapping Preparation (Fig. 38.3)
Indirect Veneer Technique
Processed Composite Veneers
Etched Porcelain Veneers
Castable Ceramic Veneers
VENEER FOR METAL RESTORATION
Steps of Making Veneers
DESCRIBE REPAIR OF VENEERS IN SHORT
Repair of Veneer on Tooth Surface
Repair of Direct Composite Veneers
Repair of Indirect Processed Veneers
Repair of Veneer on Metal Restoration
Repair of Metal Veneers
EXPLAIN CAVITY PREPARATION FOR GLASS IONOMER RESTORATIONS
Isolation and Moisture Control
Tooth Preparation
Mechanical Preparation
Chemical Preparation
Priming the Tooth Surface
Mixing of GIC
Restoration
Finishing and Polishing
WHAT IS ATRAUMATIC RESTORATIVE TREATMENT (ART)?
Advantages
39:
Direct Filling Gold
NOTE ON DIRECT FILLING GOLD
Indications
Contraindications
Advantages
Disadvantages
WHAT ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF DIRECT FILLING GOLD ?
Pure Gold
Gold Foil
Platinized Gold Foil
Mat gold
Mat Foil
Electraloy
Powdered Gold or Gold Dent
MANIPULATION OF GOLD
Degassing or Annealing
Types
Bulk method
Advantages
Disadvantages
Piece Method
Advantages
EXPLAIN COMPACTION OF GOLD FOIL
Types of Condensers
Compaction Technique
Finishing
WHAT ARE PRINCIPLES OF TOOTH PREPARATION FOR DIRECT GOLD RESTORATIONS?
Class I Cavity Preparation
Class II Cavity Preparation
Class III Cavity Preparations
Ferrier Design (Fig. 39.6)
Loma Linda Design
Ingraham Design
Class V Cavity Preparation
40:
Cast Metal Restorations
WHAT ARE INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS OF CLASS II INLAY AND ONLAY?
Class II Inlay
Class II Onlay
Indications of Metal Inlay and Onlay
Contraindications of Metal Inlay and Onlay
WHAT ARE PRINCIPLES OF TOOTH PREPARATION FOR CLASS II CAST METAL INLAY?
Preparation Path
Inlay Taper
Bevels
Types of Bevel (Fig. 40.5)
Functions of Bevels
Variations in Proximal Margin Design
Box Preparation
Slice Preparation
Auxiliary Slice
Advantages
Modified Flare Preparation
Flares
Primary Flare
Functions
Secondary Flare
Advantages
TOOTH PREPARATION FOR CLASS II CAST METAL INLAYS
Initial Cavity Preparatio
Occlusal Step
Proximal Box
Final Tooth Preparation
METHODS TO MAXIMIZE RESISTANCE AND RETENTION FORMS IN ONLAYS
TECHNIQUES FOR MAKING CAST METAL RESTORATIONS
Interocclusal Records
Temporary (Interim) Restorations
Final Impression for Cast Fabrication
WORKING CAST AND DIES
Die Materials
Wax Pattern Fabrication
Spruing, Investing and Casting
Washing of Wax Pattern
Investing
Casting Procedure
Finishing, Adjusting and Polishing the Casting
Trying-in the Casting in the Oral Cavity
Cementation
PIN RETAINED CAST RESTORATIONS
Indications for Pin Retained Cast Restorations
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CAVITY PREPARATION FOR SILVER AMALGAM AND CAST RESTORATIONS
41:
Restoration of Badly Decayed Posterior Teeth
WHAT ARE PRINCIPLES FOR RESTORING BADLY DECAYED POSTERIOR TEETH?
Initial Management
Mechanical Evaluation
Nature and Dimensions of Destruction
Cusp Loss
Loss of Marginal Ridge
Axial Angle Loss
Junction between Clinical Crown and Clinical Root
Evaluation for Occlusal Disharmony
Abutment for Prosthesis
Splinting
Periodontal Support
Parafunctional Habits
Biological Evaluation
Evaluating Stress Patterns in Posterior Teeth
Evaluating Vitality of the Tooth
Radiographic Evaluation
Crazing and Surface Deformities
Relation of Gingival Margin Location to Periodontium
Badly Mutilated Teeth with Affected or Treated Periodontium
Restorative Design Planning
Restoration of Total or Partial Cuspal Loss
Restoration of Lost Axial Angles
Management of Lost Marginal Ridges
Restoration of Crazing
Retention Features for Badly Decayed Tooth
Resistance Features for Badly Decayed Tooth
Management of Endodontically Treated Teeth
Management for Periodontically Treated Tooth
SPLINTING
Provisional Splint
Intracoronal
Extracoronal
Permanent Splint
Extracoronal
Intracoronal
Foundation for Badly Decayed Teeth
WHAT ARE PRINCIPLES FOR RESTORING BADLY DECAYED ANTERIOR TEETH?
42:
Management of Cervical and Noncarious Lesions
NOTE ON RESTORATION OF CERVICAL LESIONS
Carious Cervical Lesions
Noncarious Cervical Lesion
Abrasion Lesions
Erosion Lesions
Abfraction Lesion (Idiopathic Erosion)
MANAGEMENT OF CARIOUS CERVICAL LESIONS
Preventive Management
Restorative Management
Restoration of Cervical Lesions using Composite Resins
Restoration of Cervical Lesion using Glass Ionomer Cement
Restoration of Cervical Lesion using Silver Amalgam
MANAGEMENT OF NONCARIOUS CERVICAL LESIONS
Preventive Management
Restorative Management
ENUMERATE VARIOUS NONCARIOUS LESIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
Attrition
Treatment
Abrasion
Treatment
Erosion
Treatment
Abfraction Lesions
Treatment
Localized Non-hereditary Enamel Hypoplasia
Treatment
Localized Non-hereditary Enamel Hypocalcification
Treatment
Localized Non-hereditary Dentin Hypoplasia
Treatment
Localized Non-Hereditary Dentin Hypocalcification
Management
Trauma
Discolorations
Treatment
Malformations
Treatment
Amelogenesis Imperfecta or Hereditary Brown Opalescent Teeth
Treatment
Dentinogenesis Imperfecta or Hereditary Opalescent Dentin
Treatment
43:
Pulpal Response to Caries and Operative Procedures
HOW DOES PULP REACT TO DENTAL CARIES?
HOW DOES PULP REACT TO TOOTH PREPARATION?
Factors Affecting the Response of Pulp to Irritants
Remaining Dentin Thickness (RDT)
44:
Interim Restorations
NOTE ON INTERIM RESTORATIONS
Zinc Oxide Eugenol
Crown Forms
Customized Acrylic Restorations
Limitations of Temporization
45:
Finishing and Polishing
NOTE ON FINISHING AND POLISHING
Aims of Finishing and Polishing
Finishing and Polishing Devices
Finishing and Polishing Materials
Benefits of Finishing and Polishing
Finishing and Polishing of Amalgam Restorations
Finishing and Polishing of Composite Resins
Finishing and Polishing of Direct Gold Restorations
46:
Microleakage
NOTE ON MICROLEAKAGE
Consequences
Factors Contributing to Microleakage
Methods to Detect Microleakage
MICROLEAKAGE AROUND DIFFERENT RESTORATIONS
Amalgam
Methods to Prevent Microleakage in Amalgam Restorations
Direct Gold Restorations
Methods to Prevent Microleakage in Direct Gold Restorations
Cast Restoration
Methods to Prevent Microleakage in Cast Restorations
Glass Ionomer Cement
Methods to Prevent Microleakage in Glass Ionomer Restorations
Composite Restorations
Methods to Prevent Microleakage in Composite Restorations
NANOLEAKAGE
47:
Lasers in Dentistry
WHAT ARE USES OF LASERS DENTISTRY?
Soft Tissue Applications
Hard Tissue Applications
Use of Lasers in Endodontics
48:
Antibiotic Prophylaxis
WHAT ARE GUIDELINES FOR ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYL AXIS?
INDEX
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