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Revision Classes in Pediatrics
Pushpendra Magon
SECTION 1: CLINICAL PEDIATRICS
1:
History Taking of a Newborn
FACTS TO BE INCLUDED IN NEONATAL HISTORY
The First Statement
Normal Vaginal Delivery
Intrauterine Stay
Investigations Done during Pregnancy
After Birth
Feeding History
Indicators of Good Health
Indicators of Sickness
2:
Examination of a Newborn
COMPONENTS
Soon after Birth
Anthropometry
General Examination
Normal Variants
Systemic Examination
Unhurried Approach
Re-examination
3:
Examination of a Child
COMPONENTS
Taking Vital Signs
Anthropometry
General Examination
Examination of Lymph Nodes
Systemic Examination
Femoral Pulses and Genitalia
SECTION 2: PERINATOLOGY
4:
Care of the Unborn Baby
PRECONCEPTION CARE
ANTENATAL CARE
INTRANATAL CARE
5:
Fetal Effects of Maternal Drugs
THIS IS ACHIEVED IN VARIOUS WAYS
TERATOGENESIS (TERATOS = MONSTER)
6:
Birth Asphyxia
DEFINITION
GOOD VENTILATION
GOOD PERFUSION
ETIOLOGY AND PROPHYLAXIS OF PERINATAL DEPRESSION
Antenatal Causes
Natal Causes
Postnatal Causes
ASSESSMENT
Apgar Scoring
SERIES OF EVENTS—HIGHS ARE FOLLOWED BY LOWS
COMPLICATIONS DUE TO HYPOXIA AND HYPOPERFUSION
Resuscitation of Newborn in Delivery Room (Flow Chart 6.1)
7:
Approach to Resuscitation of Newborn
THE FIRST STEP
THE NEXT STEP: EVALUATION, DECISION, ACTION SEQUENCE
AIRWAY AND BREATHING
Special Situation—Meconium Aspiration
In Active Crying Baby
In Depressed Babies
CIRCULATION
OUTCOME
PREDICTION OF NEUROLOGICAL OUTCOME
PREVENTION
8:
Birth Injuries
BRACHIAL PLEXUS INJURIES
Brachial Plexus
Upper Arm Type (Erbs Duchennes-Paralysis)
Lower Arm Type (Klumpke's Paralysis)
CEPHALHEMATOMA
Etiology
Treatment
CAPUT SUCCEDANEUM
Factors Differentiating from Cephal hematoma
Treatment
9:
Low Birth Weight
PRETERM BABIES
COMPLICATIONS
Respiratory
Metabolic
Neurological
Immunological
Due to Immaturity Per Se
LATE COMPLICATIONS
COMPLICATIONS
ASSESSMENT OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT BABIES (MAINLY PRETERM AND SGA)
Antenatal
Natal and Postnatal
INVESTIGATIONS OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT BABIES (MAINLY PRETERM AND SGA)
MANAGEMENT OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT BABIES(MAINLY PRETERM AND SGA)
10:
Neonatal Seizures
ETIOLOGY
TYPES
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
11:
Neonatal Sepsis
INVESTIGATIONS
SEPSIS SCREEN—Mnemonic A B C D E F G
COMPLICATIONS AND RELATED INVESTIGATIONS
Respiratory
Cardiac
Neurological
Gastrointestinal
Hematological
TREATMENT
Specific Antimicrobial Treatment
Duration of Antibiotic Treatment
12:
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EVALUATION
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
13:
Neonatal Jaundice
PHYSIOLOGICAL JAUNDICE
PATHOLOGICAL JAUNDICE
KERNICTERUS
Risk Factors for Kernicterus
CAUSES OF JAUNDICE
According to the Time of Onset
First Day (A,B,C,D,E,F)
2nd and 3rd Day
4th to 7th Day
After first Week
INVESTIGATIONS
Do Hematocrit
Bilirubin Estimation
NEONATAL JAUNDICE—TREATMENT PRINCIPLES (B,C,D,E,F)
INTERVENTIONS
1) Early Breastfeeding
2) Phototherapy
3) Exchange Transfusion
4) Human Albumin and Immunoglobulin
5) Oral Agar
6) Metalloprotoporphyrins
FOLLOW UP
14:
Retinopathy of Prematurity
DEFINITION
INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION
SCREENING
TREATMENT
SECTION 3: NUTRITION
15:
Breastfeeding
BREASTFEEDING
Benefits to the Infant
Enhances Vaccine Response
Advantages to the Mother
Lactation Failure
Adequacy of Breastfeeding
BABY FRIENDLY HOSPITAL INITIATIVE
SPECIAL SITUATIONS
Working Women
Premature Babies
Breastfeeding in Infections
16:
Infant and Young Child Feeding
WEANING
THE FIRST FOOD
17:
Failure to Thrive
DEFINITION
ETIOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
18:
Age Independent Anthropometric Criteria
A) MID-ARM CIRCUMFERENCE
Bangle Test
Shakir' Tape
B) SKIN FOLD THICKNESS
C) MID-ARM CIRCUMFERENCE/HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE RATIO (KANAVATI INDEX)
D) MID ARM CIRCUMFERENCE/HEIGHT RATIO
E) WEIGHT/(HEIGHT)2 × 100 (RAO' INDEX)
19:
Bone Age
RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION FOR BONE AGE ESTIMATION
HORMONAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE BONE AGE
Thyroxin
Pituitary Hormones
Adrenal Hormones
HEIGHT AGE
Another Method
Constitutional Short Stature
Genetic or Familial Short Stature
20:
Rickets
DEFINITION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Role of Liver and Kidney
Calcitriol Directly Facilitates Calcification and Acts at 3 Sites
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES—HEAD TO TOE
General Examination
Muscular Hypotonia
Skull
Chest
Back
The Limbs
INVESTIGATIONS
X-ray Findings
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
21:
Scurvy
FUNCTIONS AND DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN C
BONY CHANGES IN SCURVY
Hallmark of the Disease
Differential Diagnosis
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
22:
Hemorrhagic Disease of Newborn
CLASSICAL HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE OF NEWBORN
EARLY HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE OF NEWBORN
LATE HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE OF NEWBORN
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
23:
Vitamin A Deficiency
SOURCES
VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
Stages of Xerophthalmia
VITAMIN A PROPHYLAXIS
TREATMENT
24:
Protein Energy Malnutrition
ASSESSMENT OF PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION
(a) Assessment of Nutrition
What is a Percentile?
IAP Classification
(b) Assessment of Dietary Intake
(c) Social History
(d) Clinical Findings
(e) Investigations
COMPLICATIONS—MNEMONIC IS SHIELDED
PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT
STEPS
SECTION 4: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
25:
Development of a Child
CLASSIFICATION
HISTORY—CLUES
EXAMINATION
LOCALIZATION OF LESION
INVESTIGATIONS
MANAGEMENT
IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES AT VARIOUS AGES UP TO 5 YEARS
DEVELOPMENT OF VISION: TRULY A SPECIAL SENSE IN DEVELOPMENT ASSESSMENT
Visual Cortex: Key Factor in Global Development
Information Procession
Information Perception
Some Visual Milestones
26:
Cerebral Palsy
DEFINITION
ETIOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIAGNOSTIC CLUES
ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF CP AND ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS
MANAGEMENT
SUMMARY
27:
Childhood Hemiparesis and Stroke
DEFINITION
ETIOLOGY AND INVESTIGATIONS
LOCALIZATION OF LESION
CLINICAL FEATURES
MANAGEMENT
Ischemic Stroke
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Stroke Prognosis
28:
Epilepsy
DEFINITION
APPROACH TO A CHILD WITH SEIZURES
CLASSIFICATION
Special Epileptic Syndromes
Causes of Epilepsy in Childhood
Treatment
Principles
Side Effects
Maintenance Dosage
A SIMPLE OR TYPICAL FEBRILE SEIZURE
A COMPLEX FEBRILE SEIZURE OR ATYPICAL TYPE
29:
Landry Guillain- Barré Paralysis
DEFINITION
COMPONENTS
Acute
Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
Symmetric Ascending Paralysis
Autonomic Dysfunction
COMPLICATIONS
PROGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
30:
Meningitis
DEFINITION
COMMON MENINGEAL PATHOGENS
Neonatal and Infantile Meningitis
Childhood Meningitis
Postoperative Meningitis
PATHOGENESIS
CONSEQUENCE
CLINICAL FEATURES
Signs of Meningeal Inflammation or Irritation
COMPLICATIONS
INVESTIGATIONS
Cerebrospinal Fluid
TREATMENT
Adjunctive Corticosteroids
CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS
IMMUNIZATION
31:
Tuberculous Meningitis
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
STAGING
HISTORY AND EXAMINATION
INVESTIGATIONS
1) Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination
Isolate the Organism
2) Tuberculin Test
3) Radiological Tests
4) Blood Tests
TREATMENT
Therapeutic Paradox
PROGNOSIS
32:
Hydrocephalus
DEFINITION
TYPES
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
HISTORY
EXAMINATION
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
Medical
Surgical
33:
Movement Disorders and Chorea
DEFINITION
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL FEATURES
CLINICAL TESTS
TREATMENT
SECTION 5: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
34:
Sinusitis
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
GENERAL EXAMINATION
INVESTIGATIONS
COMPLICATIONS
MANAGEMENT
Acute Sinusitis
Chronic Sinusitis
35:
Croup
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
36:
Bronchiolitis
DEFINITION
ETIOLOGY
HIGH RISK GROUPS
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
RARE COMPLICATIONS
MANAGEMENT
37:
Community-acquired Pneumonia
DEFINITION
VIRAL PNEUMONIA VERSUS BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA
ORGANISMS
INVESTIGATIONS
ARI CONTROL PROGRAM
Classification
Treatment
38:
Hospital-acquired Pneumonia
DEFINITION
ETIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
39:
Persistent Pneumonias
DEFINITION
HISTORICAL CLUES
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
40:
Asthma
COMPONENTS OF ASTHMA
ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS CHANGES
STAGES
ASSESSMENT OF SEVERITY OF EACH EPISODE
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
SECTION 6: SKIN
41:
Dermatological Problems in Children
ATOPIC ECZEMA
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SEBORRHEIC DERMATITIS
TREATMENT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACRODERMATITIS ENTEROPATHICA
Primary Form
Secondary Form
CLINICAL FEATURES
TREATMENT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
IMPETIGO
STAPHYLOCOCCAL SCALDED SKIN SYNDROME
PATHOGENESIS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CANDIDIASIS (MONILIASIS)
TREATMENT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
RINGWORMS: TAENIASIS
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SCABIES (FIG. 41.1)
TREATMENT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SECTION 7: ENDOCRINOLOGY
42:
Puberty
DEFINITION
Onset
PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY
DELAYED PUBERTY
43:
Hypothyroidism
TYPES
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
44:
Addison's Disease
DEFINITION
PHYSIOLOGY
PRIMARY ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY
Etiology
Clinical Features
SECONDARY ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY
Etiology
Clinical Features
INVESTIGATIONS
Treatment
ADDISONIAN CRISIS
Treatment
45:
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
DEFINITION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
MANAGEMENT
Essentials of Management
Complications
SECTION 8: FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES
46:
Basics of Fluids and Electrolytes
FLUID EXPENDITURES
RENAL FUNCTION
ROLE OF ADH
ROLE OF ELECTROLYTES
OSMOLARITY AND TONICITY
BODY WATER COMPOSITION OR DISTRIBUTION
MAINTENANCE FLUID THERAPY
REPLACEMENT THERAPY
47:
Acid-base Disorders
DEFINITION
The Henderson-Hasselbach Equation
Compensatory Changes
ANION GAP
PACO2 ~ VCO2/VA
MANAGEMENT
Acidosis
48:
Sodium Balance
HYPONATREMIA
Etiology
TREATMENT
HYPERNATREMIA
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
49:
Hypokalemia
DEFINITION
HYPOKALEMIA
CLINICAL FEATURES (REMEMBER FOUR F'S)
MANAGEMENT
50:
Hyperkalemia
DEFINITION
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
MANAGEMENT
51:
Hypocalcemia
CLINICAL FEATURES
ETIOLOGY-3D'S TO BE REMEMBERED
NEONATAL HYPOCALCEMIA
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
SECTION 9: GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
52:
Diarrhea
DEFINITION
ETIOLOGY
1) Infective
2) Non-Infective
WHAT IS TO BE ASSESSED?
a) Assessment of Nutrition
b) Assessment of Complications
c) The Associated Complaints
d) Relationship to Food Intake
e) Invasiveness of Pathogens
EXAMINATION
INVESTIGATIONS should be individualized
PREVENTION OF DIARRHEA
MANAGEMENT
Protocol
Mnemonic
53:
Cow's Milk Protein Intolerance
FOOD ALLERGENS IN COW'S MILK
CLINICAL FEATURES
Gastrointestinal Symptoms
Respiratory Symptoms
Dermatologic symptoms
Anaphylaxis
MANAGEMENT
PROGNOSIS
54:
Recurrent Abdominal Pain
DEFINITIONS
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATION
TREATMENT
55:
Amoebiasis
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT: DEPENDS ON PRESENTATION
56:
Giardiasis
PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
57:
Ascariasis
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
58:
Hookworm
LIFE CYCLE
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATION
MANAGEMENT
59:
Celiac Disease
DEFINITION
PATHOLOGY AND CLINICAL FEATURES
TREATMENT
60:
Portal Hypertension
DEFINITION
ETIOLOGY
1) Extrahepatic or Pre-hepatic
2) Intrahepatic
Sinusoidal
Post-Sinusoidal
3) Post-Hepatic
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
SECTION 10: HEART
61:
Congenital Heart Disease
INTRODUCTION
EMBRYOLOGY
PINK FALLOT'S OR FALLOT'S TRILOGY
ETIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
Symptoms
Signs
HYPOXIC OR TET SPELLS
Components
Treatment (Mnemonic KOMB)
INVESTIGATIONS
MANAGEMENT
COMPLICATIONS
62:
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
DEFINITION
ETIOLOGY
HEMODYNAMICS
TYPES
FACTORS AFFECTING PRESENTATION
Age
Size
Large VSD
COMPLICATIONS
EXAMINATION
VSD with Pulmonary Hypertension
INVESTIGATIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT
SURGICAL TREATMENT
Indications of Surgical Intervention
Timing of Closure
63:
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
DEFINITION
HEMODYNAMICS - LEFT TO RIGHT SHUNT
PREDISPOSING FACTORS
COURSE
CLINICAL FEATURES
EXAMINATION
INVESTIGATIONS
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
64:
Congestive Heart Failure
DEFINITION
Acute Congestive Cardiac Failure
Chronic Congestive Cardiac Failure
ETIOLOGY
High Afterload
Stiff Heart
Long Standing Heart Failure
ETIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO AGE
Less than 2 months (Mnemonic VAS)
Above 2 months (Mnemonic SAD)
INVESTIGATIONS
MANAGEMENT
Acute CCF
DIGITALIZATION
Acute CHF in the Neonate or Infant
Chronic CHF
SUMMARY
Low Output Failure
High Output Failure
Treatment (Remember 4 D's)
65:
Infective Endocarditis
TYPES
PATHOGENESIS
MANIFESTATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS OF INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
INVESTIGATIONS
PREVENTION OR PROPHYLAXIS
TREATMENT
66:
Rheumatic Fever
DEFINITION
UPDATED JONES DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
The Major Criteria
The Minor Criteria
INVESTIGATIONS APART FROM JONES CRITERIA
TREATMENT
The Eradication of the Organism
Reduction of Inflammation
PROPHYLAXIS
SEQUELAE
SECTION 11: HEMATOLOGY
67:
Iron Deficiency Anemia in Infancy
DEFINITION
Causes in the Newborn
Causes in the Infancy
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
RESPONSE TO IRON THERAPY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
68:
Megaloblastic Anemia
DEFINITION
PATHOGENESIS
INVESTIGATIONS
CLINICAL FEATURES
TREATMENT
69:
Aplastic Anemia/Pancytopenias
DEFINITION
ETIOLOGY
Constitutional
Acquired
CLINICAL FEATURES
Acquired Type
COMPLICATIONS
INVESTIGATIONS
Blood
TREATMENT
70:
Hemolytic Anemias
DEFINITION
TYPES
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES
Definition
CLINICAL FEATURES
COMPLICATIONS
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DEFINITION
Beta Thalassemia
Beta Thalassemia Major
Alpha Thalassemia
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
PREVENTION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
71:
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL)
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES: (REMEMBER THE 4 PS)
Symptoms
Signs
COMPLICATIONS
INVESTIGATIONS
FRENCH-AMERICAN-BRITISH(FAB) CLASSIFICATION
INVESTIGATIONS PRIOR TO THE INITIATION OF THERAPY
Prognostic Factors
MANAGEMENT
Standard Induction Therapy
Consolidation Therapy or Early Intensification
Maintenance Therapy (Eleven cycles over 2.5 years)
72:
Acute ITP
DEFINITION
HISTORY AND EXAMINATION
INVESTIGATIONS
Platelet Count
TREATMENT
73:
Hemophilia
DEFINITION
GENETICS
CLINICAL FEATURES
HISTORY
TYPES
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
Supportive Care
Factor Therapy
TREATMENT FAILURE
SECTION 12: INFECTIOUS DISEASES
74:
Immunization
DEFINITION
LIVE VS KILLED VACCINES
INJECTABLE VACCINES
CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR VACCINATION
RULES OF VACCINATION
SIDE EFFECTS
UIP OR UNIVERSAL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMME
BIBLIOGRAPHY
HEPATITIS B VACCINE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BCG
PRECAUTIONS
COURSE
Mantoux Skin Test
BCG Diagnostic Test
CONTRAINDICATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
OPV
BIBLIOGRAPHY
HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZA B VACCINE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
MEASLES VACCINE
Side Effects
BIBLIOGRAPHY
TYPHOID VACCINE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
HEPATITIS A VACCINE
INDICATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
RABIES VACCINE
PROTOCOL FOR PROPHYLAXIS
Side Effects
BIBLIOGRAPHY
75:
Acute Flaccid Paralysis and Poliomyelitis
DEFINITION
ETIOLOGY
POLIOMYELITIS
TYPES
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION
POLIO ERADICATION
76:
Diphtheria
TYPES
COMPLICATIONS
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
77:
Whooping Cough
STAGES
Catarrhal Stage (2 weeks)
Paroxysmal Stage (≈ 2 weeks)
Convalescent Stage (≈ 2 weeks)
COMPLICATIONS
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
78:
Tetanus
DEFINITION
PATHOGENESIS
Other Types
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
79:
Tuberculosis
PATHOGENESIS
IMMUNITY IN TUBERCULOSIS
DIAGNOSIS
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
Other Tests
SHORT COURSE CHEMOTHERAPY [SCC] FOR TUBERCULOSIS
DIRECTLY OBSERVED TREATMENT SHORT COURSE [DOTS]
Group I: Six months treatment of INH and Rifampicin [6HR]
GROUP II-SIX MONTHS TREATMENT [2HRZ/4HR]
GROUP III: SIX MONTHS TREATMENT [2 HRZE / 4HR]
GROUP IV: NINE MONTHS TREATMENT [2 HRZE/7 HR]
Group V: TWELVE MONTHS TREATMENT [2HRZE/10 HR] WITH STEROIDS FOR 8–12 WEEKS
SPECIAL SITUATIONS
ROLE OF STEROIDS
80:
Mantoux Skin Test
81:
Measles
CLINICAL FEATURES
COMPLICATIONS
Malnutrition
DIAGNOSIS
PREVENTION
TREATMENT
82:
Mumps
DEFINITION
COMPLICATIONS
INVESTIGATION
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
83:
Chickenpox
CLINICAL FEATURES
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
TREATMENT
84:
Malaria
DEFINITION
ASEXUAL STAGES IN MAN
SEXUAL PHASE
CLINICAL FEATURES
Symptoms of Severe Disease
Relapses
COMPLICATIONS (mnemonic CHARAS)
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
DRUGS
Prevention
85:
Dengue Fever
THE CRITERIA FOR DIAGNOSIS OF DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
Prognostic Factors
86:
Japanese Encephalitis
CLINICAL FEATURES
PREVENTION
87:
Meningococcal Disease in Children
PATHOGENESIS
The Meningitic form Versus Septicemic form
Other forms
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
88:
Typhoid Fever (Enteric Fever)
DEFINITION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Mnemonic ABCDEFG
COURSE OF ILLNESS IN UNTREATED TYPHOID
INVESTIGATIONS
MANAGEMENT
PREVENTION
89:
H. Pylori
DEFINITION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
RARE COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
90:
HIV Infection
PATHOGENESIS
ROUTES OF TRANSMISSION
CLASSIFICATION
INVESTIGATIONS
Diagnosis
Beyond the age of 18 months: Diagnosis of HIV is easier
TREATMENT
Aims
Major Side Effects
TREATMENT FAILURE
PREVENTION
WHO Recommendations
Immunization
91:
Septic Shock
DEFINITION
THE RISK FACTORS
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
92:
Hepatitis
DEFINITION
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
Alarm Symptoms
INVESTIGATIONS
MANAGEMENT
FULMINANT HEPATIC FAILURE = ACUTE LIVER FAILURE + ENCEPHALOPATHY
ETIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL STAGING OF HEPATIC COMA
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
PREVENTION OF HEPATIC COMA
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
SUMMARY
93:
Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Diseases
1) A GUIDE TO THE PRIMARY BENEFICIARY
2) STRATEGY TO IMPROVE CHILD SURVIVAL
3) DEVELOPMENT OF DIAGNOSTIC SKILLS BY VILLAGERS THEREBY EMPOWERING THEM TO USE THE DRUGS RATIONALLY
EXAMPLES
94:
Congenital Rubella Syndrome
THE CONGENITAL DEFECTS: mnemonic EECHO
Eye Defects
Ear Defects
CNS Defects
Heart Defects
Others
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
95:
Toxoplasmosis
LIFE CYCLE
TRANSMISSION
CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS
RISK OF TRANSMISSION VERSUS SEVERITY OF DISEASE
CLINICAL FEATURES Mnemonic: toxo causes PLASMOSIS
DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
SECTION 13: RENAL DISORDERS
96:
Urinary Tract Infection
DEFINITION
TYPES
Facts
INVESTIGATIONS
Treatment
Antibiotics
DEFINITION
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION*
TREATMENT
Grades I – III
97:
Hematuria
DEFINITION
HISTORY-CLUES
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
98:
Acute Nephritis
DEFINITION
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
Bed Rest
PROGNOSIS
99:
Proteinuria in Children
TYPES
Transient Proteinuria
Postural Proteinuria due to Standing Position
Fixed Proteinuria
Tubular Proteinuria
Glomerular Proteinuria
100:
Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome
DEFINITION
PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
Urinary Tests
Blood Tests
Microbiological Tests
Renal Biopsy
COMPLICATIONS
MANAGEMENT
101:
Childhood Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
DEFINITION
ETIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
102:
Acute Renal Failure
DEFINITION
ETIOLOGY
Pre-renal
Causes in Newborns and Infants
Causes in Children
Intrinsic Renal Failure
Causes in Newborns
Causes in Children
Postrenal
Obstructive Uropathy
PATHOLOGY
A. Hypoperfusion
Hyperfiltration Theory of Progression to Chronic Renal Failure
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
MANAGEMENT
Prerenal Failure
Intrinsic Renal Failure
Indication for Dialysis
Postrenal Renal Failure
SECTION 14: ORTHOPEDICS
103:
Common Orthopedic Problems
IN TOEING
FLAT FEET OR PES PLANUS
BOWLEGS OR KNOCK-KNEES
POPLITEAL CYST
GROWING PAINS
NURSEMAID'S ELBOW
DEFINITION
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL CLUES TO DIAGNOSIS
MANEUVERS
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
104:
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA)
DEFINITION
COMPONENTS
JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS OR JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS
CLASSIFICATION
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
Control Symptoms
Prevent Joint Damage
Maintain Function
Counsel and educate the parents
105:
Down Syndrome
DEFINITION (SYNONYMS – MONGOLISM, PLEASANT IDIOT)
ETIOLOGICAL TYPES
EXAMINATION FINDINGS
MANAGEMENT
ANTENATAL DIAGNOSIS
SECTION 15: PSYCHIATRY
106:
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
PRECIPITATING FACTORS
POSTULATED ETIOLOGY
ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS
TREATMENT
107:
Sleep Disorders
NIGHT TERRORS
Treatment
NIGHTMARES
Treatment
SLEEP WALKING
Treatment
108:
Autism
DEFINITION
ETIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS
CARDINAL FEATURES
Abnormal Social Relationships
Ritualistic
Speech and Language Disorder
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
109:
Breath-holding Spells
DEFINITION
ETIOLOGY
INVESTIGATIONS
MANAGEMENT
110:
Pica
DEFINITION
HYPOTHESIS
COMPLICATIONS
MANAGEMENT
111:
Temper Tantrums
DEFINITION
MANAGEMENT MNEMONIC ABCDE
112:
Toilet Training
113:
Nocturnal Enuresis
DEFINITION
PRIMARY VERSUS SECONDARY NOCTURNAL ENURESIS
CLINICAL FEATURES
ETIOLOGY
MANAGEMENT
SECTION 16: EYE
114:
Childhood Glaucoma
DEFINITION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
MANAGEMENT
115:
Childhood Cataract
DEFINITION
CONGENITAL CATARACT
Etiology
ACQUIRED CATARACT
Etiology
Treatment
SECTION 17: PEDIATRIC SURGERY
116:
Diaphragmatic Hernia
DEFINITION
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Medical Stabilization
117:
Tracheoesophageal Fistula
DEFINITION
PATHOGENESIS
DIAGNOSIS
Antenatal Suspicion
Neonatal Suspicion
Infants
COMPLICATIONS
Recurrent Aspiration
MANAGEMENT
118:
Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
RISK FACTORS
Breastfeeding
First Born Male
ETIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
Medical
Surgery
119:
Ulcerative Colitis
DEFINITION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
120:
Crohn's Disease
DEFINITION
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
121:
Intussusception
DEFINITION
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
SECTION 18: SPECIAL TOPICS
122:
Genetic Counseling
ETIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES REFERRED FOR GENETIC COUNSELING
123:
Galactosemia
DEFINITION
CLINICAL FEATURES
COMPLICATIONS
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
124:
Glycogen Storage Disorders
PATHOGENESIS
Types
125:
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
DEFINITION
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL FEATURES
TREATMENT
126:
Wilson's Disease
STAGE I AND STAGE II (1ST DECADE OF LIFE)
Initially Liver Damage
STAGE III (LATER IN LIFE)
Eventually, Other Organs, RBC's, Eye, Brain in that order
STAGE IV (LAST STAGE)
SCREENING TEST
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
CT Brain and MRI Scans
TREATMENT
Prevention
127:
Ambiguous Genitalia
SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
Sex Chromosome
Gonads
A) AN UNDERMASCULINIZED MALE (MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITE)
MANAGEMENT
B) MASCULINIZED FEMALE – {FEMALE PSEUDO-HERMAPHRODITE}
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
C) TRUE HERMAPHRODITE
128:
Drowning
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
The Primary Changes
Secondary Drowning
MANAGEMENT
129:
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
DEFINITION
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
Other risk factors
DEFINITION EXPLAINED
COLLECTION OF EVIDENCE
Forensic Examination
130:
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
DEFINITION
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
131:
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (Anaphylactoid Purpura)
DEFINITION
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
132:
Burns in Children
TYPES
EVALUATION
ESTIMATION OF BURN AREA
ESTIMATION OF DEPTH OF BURNS
TREATMENT
Minor Burns
Major Burns
Fluid Estimation
Management of Local Burn Wound
PREVENTION
133:
Muscle Disorders
A) PRIMARY MUSCULAR DISORDERS
Congenital Myopathies (Hereditary)
Muscular Dystrophies (Hereditary)
Myotonic Disorders (Mostly Hereditary)
Inflammatory Myopathies (non-Hereditary)
Storage Disorder with Myopathy (Hereditary)
Mitochondrial Myopathy
B) NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION DISORDERS
Myasthenic Disorders (Congenital or Autoimmune)
DENERVATION AT THE LEVEL OF ANTERIOR HORN CELLS OR PERIPHERAL NERVES
Infantile Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type I–III.
FLOPPY CHILD
INVESTIGATIONS
REMEMBER 3 DS
134:
Poisoning
FIRST AID
IN THE HOSPITAL
The First Step
Airway and Breathing
Circulation
Antidotes
Lavage
COMPLICATIONS
EXAMINATION
INVESTIGATION
TREATMENT
TREATMENT
DEFINITION
STAGES
TREATMENT
MANAGEMENT
135:
Lead Poisoning
DEFINITION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES: Remember p's
Acute Lead Poisoning
Chronic Lead Poisoning
INVESTIGATIONS
PREVENTION
TREATMENT
136:
Short Stature
CAUSES OF SHORT STATURE
a) Proportionate Types
1) Normal Variant
2) Chronic Diseases
3) Growth Hormone Deficiency
b) Disproportionate Types
1) Syndromic Type
2) Dysplasias
CLINICAL CLUES
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
137:
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CATEGORIES OF IEM
HISTORY–CLUES
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
Definitive Treatment
138:
The Fetal Circulation
DUCTUS VENOSUS
DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
WHAT HAPPENS AT BIRTH?
INDEX
TOC
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