- Name the amino acid whose absorption is deficient in Hartnup disease.
Tryptophan.
- Name the amino acid that is a precursor of melanin.
Tyrosine.
- What is the source of energy to the brain during starvation?
Ketones.
- Which mineral is complexed with insulin in beta-cell granules?
Zinc.
- Name an enzyme whose levels in growing children are higher as compared to those in adults.
Alkaline phosphatase.
- Which triglycerides are directly absorbed in the portal venous system?
Medium chain triglycerides.
- What amino acid substitution in globin chains leads to sickle cell anemia?
Glutamic acid replaced by valine.
- What is aneuploidy?
Abnormal number of chromosomes that is not an exact multiple of haploid number.
- What is the karyotype in Klinefelter's syndrome?
- Name the commonest trisomy compatible with life.
Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome).
- Where is gene defect of Duchenne Muscular dystrophy situated?
On the X chromosome (at Xp 21).
- Name a malignancy wherein Philadelphia chromosome is found.
Chronic myelogenous leukemia.
- This chromosomal aberration is seen in many patients with retinoblastoma.
Deletion of chromosome 13.
- Name the chromosomes involved in Philadelphia chromosome.
Chromosome 9,22.
- What is random inactivation of X chromosome also called?
Lyon hypothesis.
- What is the commonly used term for heterochromatin?
Barr body.
- Name any two chromosomes commonly involved in translocation type of Down Syndrome.
Chromosomes 14, 15, & 21 [t (14/21); t (15/21); t (21/21)].
- How many Barr bodies would you see in a patient with Turner Syndrome?
None.
- Where is the gene for sickle cell disease located?
Chromosome 11.
- Name the antigenic locus on Y chromosome essential for testicular development.
- Where are genes controlling alpha-globin chain synthesis located?
Chromosome 11 and chromosome 16.
- Name the stain used for “G' banding of chromosomes.
Giesma.
- What is the total number of chromosomes in a triploidy?
Sixty-nine.
- Saltatory conduction is seen in myelinated axons, where is the action potential generated?
At nodes of Ranvier.
- Name the enzyme that helps in formation of acetylcholine in the nerve terminal.
Choline acetyltransferase (CAT).
- Name a sensation encoded by rapidly adapting Pacinian corpuscles.
Vibration, stretch, tension, deep pressure.
- What is the unit for power of lens?
Diopters.
- From where does the lens derive its nutrition?
Aqueous humor.
- Name the organ that synthesizes urea.
Liver.
- Name a syndrome associated with increased gastric acid secretion and islet cell hypertrophy.
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
- What do chief cells secrete in the stomach?
Pepsinogen.
- Name the organ that contributes maximally to basal metabolic rate during the state of rest.
- This colloid contributes maximally to the colloid oncotic pressure at the capillary level.
Albumin.
- Which is the innermost layer of adrenal cortex?
Zona reticularis.
- Name two enzymes found in the saliva.
Amylase (Ptylin) and lingual lipase.
- Name the neurotransmitter that is released at pre-ganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic fibers.
Acetylcholine.
- Urinary clearance of this substance is most often used as a measure of glomerular filtration rate.
Creatinine.
- A mentally retarded girl has the karyotype 48, XXXX. How many Barr bodies would you detect in her buccal smear?
Three.
- A mentally retarded infant has microcephaly, characte-ristic facial appearance and a cat-like cry. What chromosomal aberration is most likely?
Deletion of short arm of chromosome 5 (5 p-).
- A long faced 10-year-old mentally retarded boy with prominent ears is found to have large testes. Name the chromosomal anomaly most likely to be associated with these features.
Fragile X syndrome.
- What does ‘PCR’ stand for?
Polymerase chain reaction.
- What does the acronym DNA mean?
Deoxyribo nucleic acid.
- What ocular defect occurs due to malclosure of the optic fissure during the fifth week of gestation?
- Where do Tamm Horsfall proteins originate from in the kidneys?
Cells of ascending loop of Henle.
- Name an endocrine gland that is aplastic when structures arising from third and fourth pharyngeal pouches are abnormal.
Parathyroid gland.
- Neural tube defects occur due to failure of the neural tube to close spontaneously. At what gestational age does this closure normally occur?
Third and fourth week.
- What defect results, if the pleuroperitoneal canal fails to close?
Diaphragmatic hernia.
- What cardiac condition occurs due to defective development of the chest wall?
Ectopia cordis.
- Name a tumor that arises from the remnants of Rathkes' pouch.
Craniopharyngioma.
- Name the foramina through which the CSF flows from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle.
Foramina of Monro.
- Which layer of adrenal cortex is responsible for the synthesis of corticosterone?
Zona glomerulosa.
- Which anomaly results from sequestration of the jugular lymph sac?
Cystic hygroma.
- Name the surgical condition resulting from Ladd's bands.
- This tumour arises from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal glands. Name it.
Pheochromocytoma.
- Name the organism responsible for Waterhouse Friedrichson Syndrome.
N. meningococcus.
- This organism can be typed using Quellung reaction.
Pneumococcus (Streptococcus pneumoniae or Diplococcus pneumoniae).
- Name the vector for Japanese B encephalitis virus.
Culex (tritaeniorhynchus, vishnui, gelidus).
- This protozoan infection is diagnosed by Sabin Feldman dye test.
Toxoplasmosis.
- Name the transport medium for vibrio cholerae.
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan medium.
- What is the causative agent of Weil's disease?
Leptospira icterohemorrhagica.
- Name the culture medium for Bordetella pertussis.
Bordet Gengou medium.
- This organism is the commonest causative agent for acute diarrhea in children.
Rotavirus.
- This anerobic organism is responsible for pseudomembranous enterocolitis. Name it.
Clostridium difficile.
- This fungus is the commonest cause for meningitis in immunocompromised children.
Cryptococcus.
- Name the vector for dengue fever.
- Name the organism responsible for toxic shock syndrome.
Staphylococcus.
- What does the presence of HBe antigen in blood indicate?
High infectivity.
- What does prozone phenomenon relate to?
Excess of antigen.
- Name the definitive host for guinea worm.
Man.
- Name the genus to which itchmite belongs.
Sarcoptes.
- What is Eaton agent?
Mycoplasma.
- Name the serological marker in blood that is used to diagnose Hepatitis B infection during the window period.
Anti HBc.
- Name the causative agent for hydatid disease.
Echinococcus granulosus (canine tapeworm).
- Name the organism you would associate ecthyma gangrenosum with.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
- A leucocyte can squeeze through pores in the capillary walls What process are we referring to?
Diapedesis.
- Name a gram-negative bacterium responsible for sepsis in children with splenic hypofunction.
Hemophilus influenzae, Neisseria species, Salmonella species.
- Genetic information is transferred among bacteria through the agency of free DNA. Name the process.
- Name the virus implicated in the causation of Burkitt's lymphoma.
Epstein-Barr virus.
- What is the mechanism of multiple drug resistance in salmonella infection?
Plasmid-mediated.
- Name the culture medium used to grow fungus.
Sabourad's medium, Czapek Dox medium, corn meal agar.
- Name the culture technique used to give quicker results with otherwise slow growing organisms.
BACTEC.
- Name the infestation, which is diagnosed by Scotch tape examination.
Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm).
- Name the larval form of pork tapeworm.
Cysticercus cellulosae.
- What is Casoni's intradermal test used for?
Hydatid disease.
- What is the intermediate host for Drancunculus medinensis?
Cyclops.