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Retinal Detachment Surgery: A Practical Guide
Raj Vardhan Azad, Rajiv Anand, Yog Raj Sharma
1:
History of Retinal Detachment Surgery
PRE-GONIN PERIOD (1851–1918)
GONIN PERIOD (1919–1935)
POST-GONIN PERIOD (1936 Onwards)
REFERENCES
2:
Anatomy of the Retina
RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM
ROLE OF RPE IN RETINAL DISEASE
SENSORINEURAL RETINA
AREA CENTRALIS
PERIPHERY OF THE RETINA
VITREOUS BODY
BLOOD SUPPLY
NERVE SUPPLY
CHOROID
REFERENCES
3:
Applied Surgical Physiology and Electrophysiology of Retina
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF RETINAL DETACHMENT
ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY AND INTEGRATION
VISUAL EVOKED RESPONSE (VER)
REFERENCES
4:
Examination of a Patient with Retinal Detachment
EXAMINATION
INDIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPE
Instrumentation
Optic of Indirect Ophthalmoscope
Advantages of Indirect Ophthalmoscope
CONDENSING LENSES
Technique (Fig. 4.1)
SMALL PUPIL OPHTHALMOSCOPY
RECORDING OF THE OBSERVATION
LINCOFF'S RULE TO LOCALIZE RETINAL BREAKS (Fig. 4.6)
SLIT-LAMP/BIOMICROSCOPY WITH THREE MIRROR lens
DIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPE
DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND
ELECTRODIAGNOSTIC TEST
REFERENCES
5:
Peripheral Retinal Degeneration and Prophylaxis
PERIPHERAL DEGENERATIONS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH RETINAL DETACHMENT1,2
PERIPHERAL DEGENERATIONS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH RETINAL DETACHMENT1,2
LATTICE DEGENERATION
The Stages of Development of Lattice Degeneration4–6
The Various Type of Retinal Breaks that are Associated with Lattice Degeneration
SNAIL TRACK DEGENERATION
RETINAL PITS
ACQUIRED RETINOSCHISIS
PIGMENT CLUMPS
PAVING-STONE DEGENERATION
MICROCYSTOID DEGENERATION
WHITE WITH PRESSURE (WWP)
WHITE WITHOUT PRESSURE (WWOP)
BEAR TRACK DEGENERATION
PERIPHERAL DRUSEN
PERIPHERAL CHORIORETINAL DEGENERATION
PROPHYLAXIS IN RETINAL DETACHMENT
REFERENCES
6:
Classification, Clinical Picture And Differential Diagnosis of Retinal Detachment
RHEGMATOGENOUS RD (Greek Word: ‘RHEGMA’ means RENT)
TRACTIONAL RD
EXUDATIVE RD
ETIOLOGY/PREDISPOSING FACTORS
Rhegmatogenous RD1,3–5
Tractional RD1,3,6
Exudative (Serous) RD1,3,7,8
CLINICAL FEATURES
Rhegmatogenous RD
Clinical Findings Characteristic of a ‘Fresh’ RD
Clinical Findings Characteristic of an ‘Old’ RD
Tractional RD
Exudative RD
Differential Diagnosis of RD
SENILE RETINOSCHISIS
CHOROIDAL DETACHMENT
REFERENCES
7:
Techniques of Retinal Detachment Surgery
SCLERAL BUCKLING
BASIC SURGICAL TECHNIQUE OF SCLERAL BUCKLING
Anesthesia
Preparation of Operative Field and Antisepsis
Peritomy
Localization of Breaks
Treatment of Retinal Breaks
Cryotherapy (Cryopexy)
Photocoagulation
SCLERAL BUCKLING METHOD
Principles
Explants
Buckle Placement
Scleral Suturing
Subretinal Fluid Drainage
Principle
Drainage Site
Techniques
DACE Technique
NON-DRAINAGE SURGERY
CLINICAL SITUATIONS
LINCOFF BALLOON
Reoperation
REFERENCES
8:
Pneumatic Retinopexy
CASE SELECTION
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
TECHNIQUE
COMPLICATIONS
Gas in the Anterior Hyaloid Space
Fish Eggs and Subretinal Gas
RESULTS
REFERENCES
9:
Management of Macular Hole
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND ETIOLOGICAL THEORIES
PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL STAGING OF MACULAR HOLE FOUNDATION
STAGE IA (IMPENDING HOLE)
Biomicroscopic Finding
Anatomic Interpretation
STAGE IB (IMPENDING OR OCCULT HOLE)
Biomicroscopic Finding
Anatomic Interpretation
STAGE 2
Biomicroscopic Finding
Anatomic Interpretation
STAGE 3
Biomicroscopic Finding
Anatomic Interpretation
STAGE 4
Biomicroscopic Finding
Anatomic Interpretation
HISTOPATHOLOGY OF MACULAR HOLES
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTIC AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MACULAR HOLES
Symptoms
Clinical Examination
Ancillary Tests
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
RISK FACTORS FOR IDIOPATHIC MACULAR HOLE
RISK TO THE FELLOW EYE
NATURAL HISTORY OF MACULAR HOLES
MANAGEMENT OF MACULAR HOLE: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
SURGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR FULL THICKNESS HOLES
RESULTS
ROLE OF PHARMACOLOGIC ADJUVANTS IN MACULAR HOLE SURGERY
INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE REMOVAL IN MACULAR HOLE SURGERY
ROLE OF SILICONE OIL IN THE TREATMENT OF IDIOPATHIC MACULAR HOLES
ROLE OF MACULAR HOLE SURGERY IN IMPENDING MACULAR HOLES (STAGE 1A AND 1B)
TREATMENT OF PERSISTENT OR RECURRENT MACULAR HOLES
COMPLICATIONS OF MACULAR HOLE SURGERY
REFERENCES
10:
Giant Retinal Tears
PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
SURGERY
VITRECTOMY
LENS MANAGEMENT
COMPLICATIONS
ROLE OF SCLERAL BUCKLING
GIANT TEARS WITHOUT AN INVERTED FLAP
MANAGEMENT OF FELLOW EYES
REFERENCES
11:
Traumatic Retinal Detachment
REFERENCES
12:
Primary Vitrectomy in Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES
INDICATIONS
Retinal Detachments due to Simple Retinal Breaks
Retinal Detachment in the Presence of Marked Media Opacities
Retinal Detachments due to Posterior Retinal Break
Retinal Detachment Associated with Macular Hole
Retinal Detachment Associated with Giant Tears
Retinal Detachment Associated with Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy
Retinal Detachment due to Viral Retinitis
Retinal Detachment with Transvitreal Traction after Vitreous Loss during Cataract Surgery
Retinal Detachment Associated with Choroidal Coloboma
Retinal Detachment and Retinoschisis
COMPLICATIONS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
13:
Pediatric Vitreoretinopathies
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
PERSISTENT HYPERPLASTIC PRIMARY VITREOUS
COATS' DISEASE
FAMILIAL EXUDATIVE VITREORETINOPATHY
RETINAL DYSPLASIA
HEREDOFAMILIAL VITREORETINOPATHIES
LATTICE DEGENERATION OF THE RETINA
HEREDITARY SNOWFLAKE VITREORETINAL DEGENERATION
STICKLER'S SYNDROME
Wagner's Syndrome, Jansen's Syndrome and Erosive Vitreoretinopathy
JUVENILE RETINOSCHISIS
GOLDMANN-FAVRE SYNDROME
Optic Nerve Pits, Optic Nerve Coloboma and Morning Glory Syndrome
RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY
ETIOPATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL FEATURES
SCREENING PROTOCOL
ROP SURGERY
Surgery for Stage IV ROP
In Stage IV B
In Stage V
Procedure
In Stage V
REFERENCES
14:
Complex Retinal Detachments with Systemic Syndromes
RETINAL DETACHMENT IN MARFAN'S SYNDROME
INCIDENCE
DIAGNOSIS
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
RETINAL DETACHMENT IN CHOROIDAL COLOBOMA
RETINAL DETACHMENT ASSOCIATED WITH OPTIC NERVE PITS AND MORNING GLORY SYNDROME
MORNING GLORY SYNDROME
CHOROIDAL HEMANGIOMAS AND STURGE-WEBER SYNDROME
RETINAL DETACHMENT ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC UVEITIS
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS
ACUTE RETINAL NECROSIS (ARN)
DIAGNOSTIC VITRECTOMY IN CHRONIC UVEITIS
RETINAL DETACHMENT DUE TO EALES' DISEASE
REFERENCES
15:
Prognosis and Complications of Retinal Detachment Surgery
INTRAOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS
POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS
Early Complications
Late Complications
PROGNOSIS
REFERENCES
16:
Vitreous Substitutes
VITREOUS SUBSTITUTES FOR INTRAOPERATIVE RETINAL MANIPULATION
Balanced Salt Solution (BSS)
Air
Fluid-air Exchange (Figs 16.2A to C)
Perfluorocarbon Liquids
Toxicity
Intraoperative Use of Perfluorocarbon Liquids
Giant Retinal Tear
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy (PVR)
Primary Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment without PVR
Intraocular Foreign Bodies, Dislocated Intraocular Lenses, and Dislocated Crystalline Lenses
Silicone Oil (for Use as a Surgical Tool)
VITREOUS SUBSTITUTES FOR LONG-TERM POSTOPERATIVE RETINAL TAMPONADE
Intraocular Gas
Long-acting Gases
Preparation and Exchange of Gas
Complications of Intraocular Gas Use
Silicone Oil (for Long-term Tamponade)
Technique for Air Silicone Exchange
Silicone Oil Removal
Oil Removal Technique
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
17:
Anesthesia for Retinal Surgery
INTRODUCTION
DECISION-MAKING: LOCAL OR GENERAL ANESTHESIA
Patient Evaluation and Selection
PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION
INTRAOPERATIVE MONITORING
POSTANESTHESIA CARE: GEA AND LA
Anesthetic Techniques: Local Anesthesia
ANESTHETIC TECHNIQUES: GENERAL ANESTHESIA
GENERAL ANESTHESIA: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
GENERAL ANESTHESIA
Special Considerations: Trauma, Full Stomachs and Open Eyes
GENERAL ANESTHESIA
Special Considerations: Intravitreal Gas Injections
GENERAL ANESTHESIA
Special Considerations: Oculocardiac Reflex (OCR)
GENERAL ANESTHESIA
Special Considerations: Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) and Pain
PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA: RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY (ROP)
REFERENCES
18:
Instruments, Implants and Suture Materials in Retinal Detachment Surgery
METHODS OF BUCKLING
Explant Technique
Buckling Materials
Segmental vs. Encircling Buckles
IMPLANT TECHNIQUES
Scleral Dissection
Buckle Implantation
Suture Materials
ETHIBOND EXCEL
Polyester Suture
NEEDLE TYPE
Introduction to Basic Vitreous Surgery
INDEX
TOC
Index
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