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Manual of Pharmacy
LC Gupta, Kusum Gupta
1:
Pharmacist in Relation to his Job
PHARMACIST IN RELATION TO HIS TRADE
Price Structure
Fair Trade Practice
Purchase of Drugs
Hawking of Drugs
Advertising and Displays
PHARMACIST IN RELATION TO MEDICAL PROFESSION
Limitation of Professional Activity
Clandestine Arrangements
Liaison with Public
PHARMACIST IN RELATION TO HIS PROFESSION
Professional Vigilance
Law-abiding Citizen
RELATIONSHIP WITH PROFESSIONAL ORGANISATIONS
Decorum and Propriety
PHARMACISTS' OATH
2:
Drug Licence and Drugs
HOW TO OBTAIN A NEW DRUG LICENCE
Cancellation and Suspension of Licences
Basic Provisions of Drugs Act
Fresh licence is needed
SHELF LIFE
Evaluation of Stability
STORAGE CONDITIONS
Prescription and over the Counter Drugs
Essential Drugs
Essential Drugs
Combination of Drugs
DRUG ABUSE
Side Effects
Toxic Effects
Secondary Effects
Intolerance
3:
Sources of Drugs
DRUGS FROM PLANT SOURCES
DRUGS FROM ANIMAL SOURCE
DRUGS FROM MICROBIAL SOURCE
DRUGS FROM MINERAL SOURCE
SYNTHETICS
4:
Drugs′ Action
DRUG INTERACTIONS
Interaction Outside Body
Interactions in Gastrointestinal Tract
Interaction with Plasma
Interaction at the Receptor Site
Interaction during Metabolism in Liver
Interaction on binding to Tissue Proteins
Enzyme Inhibition
Interaction during Excretion by Kidney
5:
Excretion of Drugs
BILIARY EXCRETION
EXCRETION THROUGH LUNGS
EXCRETION THROUGH KIDNEY
GASTROINTESTINAL EXCRETION
EXCRETION IN MILK
6:
General Pharmacy
PRESENTATION OF DRUGS IN DOSAGE FORMS
Vehicles
Aqueous Solutions
Alcoholic Solutions
Extractive Preparations
Solid Dosage Forms
Dosage Forms for Inhalation
Dosages for Skin and Mucous Membranes
Vegetable Drugs—How They Act
Alkaloids
Glycosides
Oils
Resins
Gums
Tannins
Antibiotics
HOW TO DISPENSE A PRESCRIPTION
What is a Prescription?
Its Significance
Parts of a Prescription
Superscription
Inscription
Subscription
Signature
Mixtures
Some Common Mixtures
Use
Mechanism of Action
Salicylate Mixture
Use:
Mechanism of Action
SUSPENSIONS
Suspending Agents
Use
Mechanism of Action
ASTRINGENTS
PROTECTIVES
DEMULCENTS
EMOLLIENTS
LOTIONS
Classifications
Calamine Lotion
Use
Lotion Nigra
EMULSIONS
Natural Emulsions
Phases of an Emulsion
Type of Emulsion
Emulsifying Agents (Emulgents)
Examples of Emulsifying Agents
Gums
Proteins
Carbohydrates
SOAPS
ALKALIES
WAXES
Organic Bases
Irish Moss Mucilage
Agar
Vegetable Products
Saponins
Methyl Cellulose
Choice of an Emulsifying Agent
Stability of Emulsion
Preservatives
Castor Oil Emulsion
Castor Oil or Oleum Ricini (Dose 4 to 16 ml)
Note
Liquid Paraffin Emulsion
Use
Mechanism of Action
Disadvantages
Liquid Paraffin
LINIMENTS
LINIMENT TURPENTINE
LINIMENT OF OLIVE OIL
PAINTS
THROAT PAINT
OINTMENTS
SIMPLE OINTMENT
Composition and uses of Various Ointments
Utility
Classification
Ointment Bases
SUPPOSITORIES
Official Suppositories
Glycerin Suppositories
Clinical Utility for Suppositories
PLASTERS
Belladonna Plaster
POULTICES
Kaolin Poultice (Cataplasms Kaolin)
MIXTURES
Mixture Alba
Mixture Alkaline Diuretic
Mixture Bismuth
Mixture Carminative
Mixture Diaphoretic
Mixture Soda Salicylas
Mixture Expectorant Stimulant
Mixture Cough Sedative
POWDERS
APC Powder
Compound Sulphanilamide Powder
LINIMENTS
Methyl Salicylate Liniment
Liniment Turpentine
PAINTS
Belladonna Glycerine
Mandle's Throat Paint
Silver Nitrate Paint
Gentian Violet Paint
Iodine Paint
Corn Paint
LOTIONS
Proflavin (10%)
Pot. Permanganate Lotion (1:1000)
Normal Saline (0.9%)
Mercuric Chloride Lotion (1:100)
Acriflavin Lotion
OINTMENTS
Salicylic Acid Ointments
Sulphur Ointment
Sulphnilamide Ointment
Benzyl Benzoate Emulsion
Zinc Oxide Ointment
Mercury Ointment
Boric Eye Ointment
Calamine Lotion
INHALATIONS
Menthol Inhalation
Tincture Benzoin with Menthol
ENEMAS
Glycerine Enema
Soap Enema
Starch Enema
Glucose and Saline Enema
EAR AND NOSEDROPS
Boric Spirit Eardrops
Thymol-Salicylic Acid Eardrops
Carbolic-glycerine Eardrops
Opium Glycerine Eardrops
Soda-Glycerine Eardrops
Menthol-Paraffin Nosedrops
Glucose-Glycerine Drops
WASHES
Alkaline Mouth Wash
Potassium Permanganate Mouth Wash
Alkaline Nose Wash
SOLUTIONS
Hypertonic Saline
Normal Saline with Glucose
Normal Saline
Ringer Solution
LABORATORY STAINS AND REAGENTS
Carbon Fuschsin
Eosin
Gentian Violet
Leishman Stain
Methylene Blue (Loeffler's)
Benedict's Reagent (Qualitative)
Gram's Iodine Solution
N/10 Hydrochloric Acid
Diluting Fluid for RBC
Diluting Fluid for WBC
Lugol's Iodine (Triple strength)
Sulphuric Acid 20% Solution
GOLDEN RULES FOR PRESCRIBING MEDICINE
7:
Pharmacist and Patient Relationship
PATIENT COMPLIANCE
CONSEQUENCES OF NON COMPLIANCE
WHAT PHARMACISTS CAN DO?
8:
Absorption and Distribution of Drugs
ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
DISTRIBUTION OF DRUGS
DOSE OF A DRUG
SEX
BODY WEIGHT
ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE
DRUG RESISTANCE
DRUG SYNERGISM
9:
General Information
MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF DRUGS
Action of Drugs on the Body
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
Rules for Administering Drugs
IF YOU HAVE ANY DOUBT ABOUT ADMINISTERING A DRUG CONSULT YOUR SUPERIOR
PROCEDURE FOR DISPENSING ORAL DRUGS
ADMINISTERING EYE, EAR AND NASAL DROPS/OINTMENTS
Procedure for Administering Eardrops
Procedure for Administering Nasaldrops
Procedure for Applying Medicine to the Skin
Procedure for Administering IM Injection
ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS
Hypersensitivity
Emergency Treatment for Anaphylaxis
DISINFECTION AND STERILIsATION
Definition
Antiseptic
Sterilisation
Object
Methods
Natural
Physical Agents
Chemical Agents
STERILIsATION OF INSTRUMENTS
STERILIsATION OF SYRINGES
Glass and Metal Syringes
STERILISATION OF RUBBER ARTICLES
STERILISATION OF DRESSING
COMMON DISINFECTANTS AND THEIR USES
CLINICAL THERMOMETER
Recording of Temperature
In the Mouth
Taking Temperature in the Axilla/Groin
Procedure
Range of Temperature
Storage of Thermometer
Conversion from One Scale to the Another
PULSE
Sites
Counting of Pulse
Pulse Rate Increases During (Tachycardia)
Decreases (Bradycardia)
RESPIRATION
Rhythm
Depth
Character
Thoracic
Abdominal
BLOOD PRESSURE
Systolic Pressure
Diastolic Pressure
Measuring of Blood Pressure
Hypertension
Hypotension
ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
Indications
Methods
“Holger Nielson” Method
Position of the Casualty
Position of the Operator
Movements
Schafer's Method
Position of the Operator
Movement
Mouth to Mouth Raspiration
Position of the Casualty
Position of the Operator
Movement
EXTERNAL CARDIAC MASSAGE
Position of Casualty
Technique
10:
Food
11:
Water
12:
Surgical Problems
SPRAINS
Treatment
DISLOCATION
FRACTURES
Definition
Classification
Signs of Fracture
Deformity
Abnormal Mobility
Crepitus
Loss of Function
Tenderness
Complications of Fracture
General
Local Early Signs
Late Signs
First Aid Treatment of Fracture
Care of Wound
Splints
Evacuation of Patient
Sedation
Treatment of General Hospital
Rehabilitation
HAEMORRHAGE
Types of Haemorrhage
Arterial Haemorrhage
Venous Haemorrhage
Capillary Haemorrhage
First Aid Treatment to Stop Bleeding
Digital Pressure
Pad and Pressure
Digital Pressure over Pressure Points
What are Pressure Points?
Application of Tourniquet
Rules of Application
Signs and Symptoms
WOUNDS
Incised Wound
Lacerated
Penetrating Wounds
Perforating Wounds
Complications of Wound
Immediate Complications
Shock
Haemorrhage
Delayed Complications
Infection
Management
Treatment of Emergency
Prophylaxis
BURNS AND SCALDS
British Classification
International Classification
Estimation of Percentage of Burn (Rule of Nine)
General Features of Burn
Pain
Shock
Management of Burns
First Aid
Local Treatment
General Treatment
Diet
SHOCK
The Clinical Classification
Neurogenic Shock
Oligemic Shock
Treatment
General Measures
ABDOMINAL WOUNDS
CHEST INJURIES
VEHICLE ACCIDENTS
Blast Injury
13:
Immunization
SCHEDULE OF IMMUNIZATION
TETANUS NEONATORUM
Symptoms
DIPHTHERIA
Symptoms
Complications
PERTUSSIS (WHOOPING COUGH)
Symptoms
Complications
POLIOMYELITIS
Symptoms
Complications
TUBERCULOSIS
Symptoms
Complications
MEASLES
Symptoms
Complications
Triple Vaccine
Dosage Schedule
Polio Vaccine
TAB Vaccine
Dosage
Reaction
Cholera Vaccine
14:
Cold Chain
PACKING OF VACCINE
TRANSPORTING THE VACCINE
SAFE STORAGE OF VACCINE
15:
Family Planning
SAFE PERIOD
Avoidance of Sex
Coitus Interruptus
Chemical Agents
Foam Tablets
Jelly
Douching
Solutions Used for Douching
Intra Uterine Device (IUD)
Advantage
Side Effects
Oral Contraceptives
Combined Pills
Sequential Pills
Micro Pill
Other Benefits of Pills
Contraindications
Thrombophlebitis
Side Effects
Copper-T
Condom
STERILISATION
Vasectomy
Tubectomy
16:
Medical Problems
EFFECT OF CLIMATE
General Effects of Exposure to Cold
Local Effects of Exposure to Cold
Frost Bite It is less common than trench foot.
Trench Foot
Preventive Measures
Treatment
Chillblains
Treatment
EFFECT OF HEAT
Sign/Symptoms
Treatment
Heat Cramps
SNAKE BITE
First Aid Treatment
Specific Treatment
SCORPION BITE
Treatment
DOG BITE
Symptoms of Rabies
Treatment
FEVERS
Common Cold
Cause
Symptoms
Treatment
THROAT INFECTIONS
Complications
Treatment
BRONCHITIS
Treatment
PNEUMONIA
Predisposing Factors
Symptoms
Treatment
PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
Definition
Mode of Transmission
Route of Infection
Symptoms
General Symptoms
Pulmonary Symptoms
Treatment
GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES
Constipation
Cause
Symptoms
Treatment
DIARRHOEA
Treatment
BACILLARY DYSENTERY
Treatment
AMOEBIC DYSENTERY
Treatment
TYPHOID
Treatment
INFECTIVE HEPATITIS
Treatment
WORM INFESTATION
Roundworm (Ascariasis)
Symptoms
Treatment
Marketted Preparation
Threadworm (Oxyurias Vermicularis)
Symptoms
Treatment
Hookworm (Ankylostoma Doudenale)
Symptoms
Treatment
MEASLES
Cause
Symptoms
Complications
Treatment
SMALLPOX/CHICKENPOX
Complications
Treatment
MUMPS
Treatment
MALARIA
Cold Stage
Hot Stage
Sweating Stage
SYPHILIS
Primary Stage
Secondary Stage
Tertiary Stage
Treatment
GONORRHOEA
SKIN INFECTIONS
Scabies
Symptoms
Treatment
RINGWORM
Treatment
ECZEMA
Treatment
Local Treatment
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND ANGINA PECTORIS
Angina Pectoris
Myocardial Infarction
Precipitating Cause
Symptoms
Management
BLEEDING FROM NOSE (EPISTAXIS)
Treatment
COMA
Shock
Stroke
Cerebral Infections
Head Injury
Alcoholic Excess
Poisonings
Treatment
CONVULSIONS
Treatment
HEADACHE
TRAVEL SICKNESS
LEPROSY
FILARIASIS
DISTENSION OF ABDOMEN
HAEMOPTYSIS
Treatment
HAEMATEMESIS
Treatment
PAIN IN THE REGION OF THE HEART
Signs and Symptoms
PAIN OVER STOMACH AREA
PAIN IN THE REGION OF LUNGS
SORE THROAT
COUGH
PAIN IN THE REGION OF KIDNEYs
Treatment
17:
AIDS
18:
Blood Group and Blood Donation
19:
Rabies
20:
Normal Data
PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA
Urine
Blood
Differential Count
Gastric Fluid
Faeces
Cerebrospinal Fluid
pH of Body Fluid
BLOOD CHEMISTRY
POSITION OF FUNDUS OF PREGNANT WOMEN UTERUS AT DIFFERENT STAGES
EXPECTED DATE OF DELIVERY
DENTITION TABLE
Milk Teeth
Permanent Teeth
21:
Clinical Pathology
COLLECTION OF MATERIAL FOR CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
Urine
For Qualitative Examination
For Quantitative Examination
For Culture Examination
Blood
For Cytological Examination
For Differential Count
For Malaria
Sputum
For Routine Examination
For Bacterial Examination
METHOD OF EXAMINATION
URINE
Albumin—Heat and Acid Test
Sugar—Benedict's Test
Bile Salts—Hay's Test
Bile Pigments—Gmeline's Test
BLOOD
Haemoglobin Determination
Red Blood Cell Count
White Cell Count
Blood Smear and Differential Count
Coagulation Time
Bleeding Time
BLOOD—GROUPING AND MATCHING
Direct Matching (Cross Matching)
FAECES
Collection of Faeces
Microscopic Examination
Examination of Faeces for Ova of Nematodes
Direct smear
Concentration Method
Floatation Technique
Sedimentation Technique
Scrapings from Perianal Skin
Intestinal Worms
22:
Poisoning
23:
Common Drugs
COMMON DRUGS
Analgesics
Antipyretics
Antispasmodics
Antihistaminics
Purgatives
Antacids
Antiemetics
Sedatives and Hypnotics
Anti Diarrhoeal
Common Skin Ointments
Common Eyedrops
Common Eardrops
Common Drugs used for Common Cold
Common Surgical Powders
Common Surgical Ointments
DRUGS USED IN EMERGENCY WITH INDICATIONS AND DOSES
DOSE AND USES OF COMMON DRUGS
DRUGS THAT MAY CAUSE OTOTOXICITY
DRUGS THAT MAY CAUSE BONE MARROW DEPRESSION
DRUGS THAT MAY CAUSE MENTAL DEPRESSION
NEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOMS AND CAUSATIVE DRUGS
NEUROLOGICAL SIDE EFFECTS OF DRUGS GROUPS
Drugs that Discolour the Stools
Drugs which may Cause Photosensitivity
Photoallergy
Phototoxicity
Drugs that Discolour the Urine
Rush yellow or brownish
Yellow or green discolouration
Pink to red brown
Magenta to purple orange
Brown to black discolouration
Blue discolouration
Drugs Excreted into Breast Milk
Drugs which are Nephrotoxic (Toxic to kidneys)
Drugs that May Cause Hepatotoxicity (Toxic to liver)
Drugs that may Cause Hiccup
Side Effects of Common Drugs
24:
Common Drugs Available in the Market
PENICILLINS
Benzathine Penicillin
Ampicillin
Amoxycillin
Cloxicillin Sodium
Erythromycin
Tetracyclines
CEPHALOSPORINS
General Features
SULFONAMIDES AND TRIMETHOPRIM
CLASSIFICATION
Short Acting (4–8 hours)
Intermediate Acting (8–16 hours)
Long Acting (1–7 days)
TRIMETHOPRIM
CLASSIFICATION
ASPIRIN
Phenyl Butazone
Metamizol
Ibuprofen
Mephenamic Acid
Diclofenic Sodium
Piroxicam
Paracetamol
ANTI AlLERGIC DRUGS
Astemizole
Cetrizine
Terfenadine
Directly acting
Reflex acting
Mucolytics
Antitussive
Potassium iodide
Guicol (100–200 mg)
Ammonium salt (0.3–1 gm) syrup ipecac (0.6–1.8 mg)
Bromhexine
Opioids
Non Opioids
Calcium Channel Blockers
Diuretics
Thiozides
Furesemide
Indapamide
Sodium Nitroprusside
CENTRAL SYMPATHOLYTICS
Clonidine
Reserpine
CLASSIFICATION OF HYPERTENSION
For Prophylaxis
For Suppression
For Clinical Cure
For Radical Cure
Classification of antimalarial drugs
Malignant tertian malaria
Benign tertian malaria
Chloroquinine Resistant Cases
Cerebral Malaria
Chemoprophylaxis
DRUGS
Quinine Sulphate
Mepacrine
Chloroquin
Primaquine Phosphate
Primethamine
Quality of good antacids
Classification of antacids
Systemic antacids
Non systemic antacids
Drugs inhibiting gastric secretions are:
DRUGS
Magnesium Salts
Sodium Bicarbonate
Calcium Carbonate
Milk of Magnesia
Aluminium Hydroxide
ANTI ULCER DRUGS
Ranitidine
Famotidine
Anticholinergics
Omeprazole
Sucralfate
Carbenoxolone Sodium
Rifampicin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
Streptomycin
Thiacetazone
PAS
Ethionamide
Treatment
ANTHELMINTICS
Mebendazole
Doses
Albendazole
DOSE
Thiabendazole
Piperazine
Niclosamide
Diethyl Carbomazine Citrate
Praziquantel
DRUGS USED IN AMOEBIASIS
Metronidazole
Tinidazole
Hyoscine
Antihistaminics
iii. Metachlorpramide
Neuroleptics
Domperidone
SEDATIVES/HYPNOTICS
Classification
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
BARBITURATES
Benzodiazepines
INDEX
TOC
Index
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