Editors BR NAMMALWAR MD DCH DM (Nephro)
Chief Nephrologist Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital
Chennai Tamil Nadu, India
M VIJAYAKUMAR MD DCH DM (Nephro) FIAP FISCD
Pediatric Nephrologist Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital
Chennai Tamil Nadu, India
Jitendar P Vij
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
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Principles and Practice of Pediatric Nephrology
© 2004, BR Nammalwar, M Vijayakumar
All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the editors and the publisher.
First Edition: 2004
8180613046
Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unit
Printed at Gopsons Papers Ltd., A-14, Sector 60, Noida
4Contributors
- Indira Agarwal mbbs md (ped)
- Pediatric Nephrologist
- Child Health Unit II
- Christian Medical College and Hospital
- Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
- M Ahmed md dch
- Department of Nephrology
- Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Ajit Ayyappan mbbs dnb
- Registrar in Pediatrics
- Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- S Kishore Babu md dch dnb (neph)
- Consultant Pediatric Nephrologist
- Manipal Institute of Nephrology and Urology
- Manipal Hospital
- Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- RK Bagdi mbbs ms mch
- Senior Civil Surgeon and Professor of Pediatric Surgery
- Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Madras Medical College
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Arvind Bagga md dch
- Pediatric Nephrologist
- Additional Professor of Pediatrics
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Radhakrishna Baliga md
- Professor of Pediatrics
- Director of Pediatric Nephrology
- University of Mississippi Medical Center
- Jackson, Mississippi, USA
- Antony Robert Charles ms mch dnb
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Pediatric Surgery
- St. Johns Medical College Hospital
- St. Johns National Academy of Health Sciences
- Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Kanishka Das ms dnb mch dnb
- Associate Professor
- Department of Pediatric Surgery
- St. Johns Medical College Hospital
- St. Johns National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Dinesh Gera md dch dm (neph)
- Associate Professor of Pediatric
- Nephrology
- Institute of Kidney Diseases and Research Center
- Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Sanjeev Gulati md dch dm fipn
- Associate Professor of Nephrology
- Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Suhas Kallapur md
- Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology
- 3333, Burnet Avenue
- Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Aravind Kasaragode md mrcp faap
- Pediatric Intensivist and Chairman
- Continuing Medical Education Department
- Avera Mckennan Hospital and University Health Centre
- Sioure Falls, South Da Kota
- USA
- Jitendra Kumar md dnb
- Department of Nephrology
- Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- VS Kumaran mbbs dnb
- Department of Nephrology
- Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital
- Chennai
- Tamil Nadu, India
- Ashley LJD’Cruz ms mch
- Professor and Head
- Department of Pediatric Surgery
- St John's Medical College Hospital
- St John's National Academy of Health Sciences
- Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Kamini S Mehta md dch
- Consultant Pediatric Nephrologist
- Kidney Care Clinic for Children
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Kumud P Mehta md dch
- Consultant Pediatrician and Pediatric Nephrologist
- Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children and Research Centre
- Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre
- Bombay Institute for Prevention and Control of Kidney Disease
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- S Muralinath md dmrd
- Consultant Radiologist and Sonologist
- Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- BR Nammalwar md dch dm (neph)
- Chief Nephrologist
- Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital
- Chennai
- Tamil Nadu, India
- Vivek Narendran md mrcp
- Assistant Professor
- Division of Neonatology
- Children's Hospital Medical Center
- Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- B Natarajan md dmrd
- Assistant Professor of Radiology
- Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children and Madras Medical College
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- S Prabha md dch dm (neph) fisn
- Reader in Nephrology
- Department of Nephrology
- Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children and Madras Medical College
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- N Prahlad mbbs dch dnb (ped)
- Fellow in Pediatric Nephrology
- Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- A Ramalingam md dmrd
- Additional Professor of Radiology
- Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, and Madras Medical College
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Shobha Sahney md
- Associate Professor of Pediatric Nephrology
- Loma Linda UMC and Children's Hospital
- Loma Linda, California, USA
- VK Sairam mbbs ab (ped) ab (ped neph)
- Pediatric Nephrologist and Assistant Professor of Nephrology
- Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Mehul A Shah md (ped) dch md dabpn (usa)
- Consultant Pediatric Nephrologist
- Rainbow Children's Hospital and Apollo Hospitals
- Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Ari M Simckes md faap
- Section of Pediatric Nephrology
- Children's Mercy Hospital
- University of Missouri at Kansas
- City School of Medicine
- Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- S Sridharan mbbs ms mch
- Consultant Pediatric Surgeon and Honorary Medical Director
- Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- V Sripathi ms mch fracs
- Consultant Pediatric Urologist
- Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital
- Sundaram Medical Foundation
- 1Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- V Tamilarasi ba md dch dm (neph)
- Professor and Head
- Department of Nephrology
- Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children
- Madras Medical College
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- S Thangavelu md dch mrcp
- Assistant Professor
- Pediatric Intensive Medical Care Unit
- Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children
- Madras Medical College
- Chennai
- T Vasanthi mbbs dnb (ped)
- Consultant Pediatrician
- Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital
- Chennai
- Tamil Nadu, India
- M Vijayakumar md dch dm (neph) fiap fiscd
- Pediatric Nephrologist
- Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital
- Chennai
- Tamil Nadu, India
- G Vijayalakshmi md dmrd
- Reader in Radiology
- Kilpauk Medical College and Hospital
- Chennai
- Tamil Nadu, India
- S Vishwanath mbbs dnb (ped)
- Postgraduate in Nephrology
- Manipal Institute of Nephrology and Urology
- Manipal Hospital
- Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- KG Vivekanandhan (Late) ms mch
- Professor of Pediatric Urology (Rtd)
- Pediatric Urologist (Rtd)
- Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children
- Madras Medical College
- Chennai
- Tamil Nadu, India
- Bradley A Warady md
- Chief, Pediatric Nephrology
- Director of Dialysis and Transplantation
- Children's Mercy Hospital
- University of Missouri at Kansas
- City School of Medicine
- Kansas City
- Missouri, USA
In the past few years, there has been a welcome trend of availability of “state-of-the-art” medical monographs, edited or authored by eminent Indian specialists. This has resulted in production of quality material at much cheaper cost with the contents appropriately tailored to the local scenario. It therefore gives me immense pleasure to pen this ‘Foreword’ for the third edition of ‘Principles and Practice of Pediatric Nephrology’.
This book represents a combination of commonly seen childhood renal problems. The editors have fulfilled their goal of producing a reference monograph for pediatricians, pediatric nephrologists, general nephrologists and others involved in pediatric care in India. The twelve years time between the second edition and third edition is a reflection of the meticulous effort put in by the editors for this volume. Apart from eminent Indian contributors, faculty also includes renowned pediatric nephrologists and neonatologists from the United States of America.
The initial part of the book contains articles on basics of nephrology while the final component concentrates on different aspects of renal disease in children. The editors’ concept of producing a book with a judicious combination of both functional nephrology and clinical nephrology is noteworthy. Every common aspect of pediatric nephrology is covered in a simple language with a practical orientation. I appreciate the efforts of Dr BR Nammalwar and Dr M Vijayakumar, eminent Indian pediatric nephrologists, for bringing out this textbook, which is practical, easily understood, and state-of-the-art. I wish their venture success.
Dr HPS Sachdev
Visiting Professor
MRC Environmental Epidemiology Unit
University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital
Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
Professor and Incharge
Division of Clinical Epidemiology
Department of Pediatrics, Maulana Azad Medical College
New Delhi 110 002, India
National President Indian Academy of Pediatrics (2003)
8Preface
The third edition of Principles and Practice of Pediatric Nephrology is being published after 10 years. The second edition was published in 1993. Since then, there has been constant request from the postgraduates and colleagues for the next edition. The outcome of this encouragement and support is the printing of this third edition. We have attempted to make this textbook as comprehensive as possible and at the same time to keep the presentation in simple language. Newer chapters such as inherited diseases of the kidney, genetic basis of renal diseases, renal replacement therapy and newer investigation modalities have been included in this book.
Our friends Dr N Somu, Dr L Subramanyam, Dr A Balachandran, Dr K Nedunchelian, Dr NC Gowrishankar, Dr S Lakshmi and Dr So Shivbalan have contributed extensively in every respect in the production of this book as in the earlier edition.
We are thankful to our colleagues and senior pediatric nephrologist for their contribution to this book. We cannot forget our friends and colleagues from India and abroad who have contributed their experience to the book. If this book is good and useful it is because of contributions from these Authors.
We are grateful to Dr Radhakrishna Baliga, the center pin, for the success in obtaining contributions from senior and respected faculty from abroad. We are fortunate to have the unstinted support of our former colleagues Dr Vivek Narendran, Dr Aravind Kasaragode for their own contribution and also from their colleagues.
We are thankful to Dr HPS Sachdev our friend and guide as well as a senior pediatrician of India for his ‘Foreword’ to this book.
We are sincerely thankful and grateful to our friends, Mr G Suresh and Mr S Rajkumar for their sincere and unconditional secretarial assistance.
We are thankful to our wives, children and our family members for their patience and mental support to bring out this book.
We are grateful to M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. for their willingness to support our cause by accepting to print and publish this book, Principles and Practice of Pediatric Nephrology.
We request our readers, the postgraduates, teachers and colleagues for their critical review, suggestions and comments to improve in this edition.
Chennai