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Nursing Manual of Nutrition and Therapeutic Diet
TK Indrani
CHAPTER ONE:
Orientation of Terms
FOOD AND NUTRITION
Food
Foodstuff
Nutrition
Malnutrition
Undernutrition
Overnutrition
Imbalance
Specific Deficiency
Ecology of Malnutrition
Definition of Metabolism
The Definition of Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Metabolism
Factors Affecting the Basal Metabolic Rate
Factors Affecting Total Energy Requirement
NUTRITION AND HEALTH
Definition of Terms
FOOD RELATION OF NUTRITION TO HEALTH
FOOD FADDISM AND FAULTY FOOD HABITS OR FOOD PATTERNS IMPLICATION SUPERSTITIONS CULTURE AND RELIGION
Food Habits, Customs, Beliefs, Traditions and Attitudes
Religion
Food Fads
Cooking Practices
Child Rearing Practices
Miscellaneous
Geographic
Traditional Beliefs
Hot and Cold Foods
Pica
Food Fads and Cults
Changes Due to Technology
Cults
Changing Food Habits
Social Aspects of Nutrition
The Problem of Malnutrition
Ecology of Malnutrition
Conditioning Influences
Cultural Influences
Food
Religion
Food Fads
Cooking Practices
Miscellaneous
Socioeconomic Factors
Food Production
Health and Other Services
Nutritional Surveillance
Nutritional Rehabilitation
Nutrition Supplementation
Health Education
Preventive and Social Measures
Action at the Family Level
Action at the Community Level
Action at the National Level
Rural Development
Stabilisation of Population
Nutrition Intervention Programmes
Nutrition-related Health Activities
Action at the International Level
CHAPTER TWO:
Constituents of Food and its Function
CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES
Fibres
Functions of Fibre
Functions of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Absorption
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Simple Lipids
Compound Lipids
Chemistry
Essential Fatty Acids
Sources
Animal Fats
Vegetable Fats
Other Sources
Functions of Fat
“Non-calorie” Roles of Fat
Visible and Invisible Fats
Hydrogenation
Refined Oils
Fats and Disease
Obesity
Phrenoderma
Coronary Heart Disease
Cancer
Others
Fat Requirements
Digestion of Fats
Fat Metabolism
MAJOR MINERALS
MINERALS
CALCIUM
Functions of Calcium
Sources of Calcium
Effects of Calcium Deficiency
Adults
Requirements
Absorption of Calcium
Calcium Content of Blood
PHOSPHORUS
Organic Phosphorus
Food Sources
Functions
Metabolism
Phosphorus Content of Blood Serum
Requirements
SODIUM
Function of Sodium Ion
Excretion
Low Sodium Diets
SODIUM CHLORIDE (NaCl)
Sodium Chloride Intake and Excretion
Heat Cramps due to Sodium Chloride Deficiency
Excessive Intakes of Sodium Chloride
Sodium Chloride Requirements
POTASSIUM
Functions of Potassium
Potassium Deficiency and Excess
MAGNESIUM
Functions
Metabolism
Effects of Magnesium Deficiency
Requirements
IRON
Functions of Iron
Sources of Iron
Effects of Iron-deficiency
DIAGNOSIS OF ANAEMIA
Classification of Iron Deficiency
Absorption of Iron
Storage of Iron
Iron Requirement
Metabolism of Iron
Microcytic or Iron Deficiency Anaemia
Causes
Signs and Symptoms of Anaemia
Treatment
TREATMENT OF ANAEMIAS
Iron Deficiency Anaemia
Causes
Signs and Symptoms
Woman
Weaned Infant and Young Children
Treatment
Megaloblastic Anaemia Due to Folic Acid Deficiency
Blood Picture
Clinical Signs
Treatment
Pre-school Children
Adults
Pernicious Anaemia Due to Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Blood Picture
Bone Marrow
Stomach
Mouth
Nervous System
Treatment
ANAEMIA
IODINE
Food Sources of Iodine
Goitrogens
Iodine Deficiency in Human Beings
Intra-uterine Death
Iodine Requirement
FLUORINE
Sources
Requirements
Fluorine in Human Health
Prevention and Control
ZINC
Functions of Zinc
Effects of Zinc Deficiency
Sources
Requirements
COPPER
MANGANESE
Manganese Metabolism
Manganese Deficiency in Animals
COBALT
Cobalt Metabolism
Cobalt Functions
Effects of Cobalt Deficiency
Cobalt Requirements
Cobalt Toxicity
CHROMIUM
Function
Effects of Deficiency of Chromium
Requirements
SELENIUM
MOLYBDENUM
CLASSIFICATION OF VITAMINS
VITAMIN A
Functions of Vitamin A
Sources
Effects of Vitamin A Deficiency
Night Blindness
Conjunctival Xerosis
Bitots Spot
Corneal Xerosis
Keratomalacia
Extra-ocular Manifestations
Absorption and Storage of Vitamin A
VITAMIN D
Function of Vitamin D
Deficiency
Prevention
Daily Requirements
Absorption
Requirements
Toxic Effects
Treatment and Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency
VITAMIN E
Sources of Vitamin E
Deficiency of Vitamin E
Daily Requirement of Vitamin E
Toxic Effect
Absorption and Storage
Functions of Vitamin E
Effects of Deficiency
Dietary Sources
VITAMIN K
Sources of Vitamin K
Function of Vitamin K
Deficiency of Vitamin K
Daily Requirement of Vitamin K
Dietary Sources
Absorption and Storage
VITAMIN C
Function of Vitamin C
Sources of Vitamin C
Deficiency of Vitamin C
Signs and Symptoms of Infantile Scurvy
Symptoms of Scurvy in Adults
THIAMINE
SOURCES OF THAMINE
Thiamine Losses
EFFECTS OF THIAMINE DEFICIENCY
Prevention of Thiamine Deficiency
Recommended Allowances
RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B2)
Functions of Riboflavin
Sources of Riboflavin Deficiency
Requirement
NIACIN (NICOTINIC ACID)
Functions of Niacin
Sources of Niacin
Functions of Nicotinic Acid
Effects of Niacin Deficiency
Prevention
Requirement
Source
PYRIDOXINE (VITAMIN B6)
Functions of Pyridoxine
Sources of Pyridoxine
Effects of Pyridoxine Deficiency
Requirement
FOLATE (VITAMIN B9)
Functions of the Folate
Sources of Folate
Absorption of Folate
Effects of Folate Deficiency
Requirement
Megaloblastic Anaemia of Pregnancy
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Megaloblastic Anaemia in Infants and Children
Signs
Dietary Sources
VITAMIN B12
Functions of Vitamin B12
Sources of Vitamin B12
Effects of Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Absorption
Effects of Deficiency
Dietary Sources
Rich sources
Good sources
Fair sources
BIOTIN
Physiological Functions
Effects of Deficiency
Eggs White Injury Factor (Avidin)
Dietary Sources
Requirements
CHOLINE
Physiological Functions
Effects of Deficiency
Dietary Sources
Requirements
BIO-FLAVONOIDS (VITAMIN P)
Physiological Functions
Effects of Deficiency
Treatment
Dietary Sources
Requirements
PANTOTHENIC ACID
Physiological Functions
Effects of Deficiency
Human Beings
Requirements
WATER
Functions of Water
Water Intake and Loss
Water Intake
Water Loss
Composition of Body Fluids
Plasma
Lymph
Interstitial Fluid
Intracellular Fluid
Permeability of Cell Membranes
Exchange of Water in the Body
Water Exchange between Plasma and Interstitial Fluid
Effect of Excess Water Intake on Water Balance in the Body
Effects of Water Deprivation on Water Balance
CHAPTER THREE:
Food Requirements
CALORIE NUTRITION REQUIREMENTS
Basic Concepts
Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)
ENERGY
Measurements of Energy
Reference Man and Woman
Energy Requirements
Factors Affecting Energy Requirement
Vulnerable Groups
Pregnant and Lactating Mothers
Children
Adults
Nutritional Individuality
Standards of Requirements of Calories and Various Nutrients
Energy
THE FOOD WHEAT OR NUTRITIVE VALUE OF COMMON FOOD ARTICLES
Cereals and Millets
Rice
Washing and Cooking
Parboiling
Wheat
Maize
Jowar
Bajra
Ragi
Pulses
Anti-nutritional Factors
Soyabean
Vegetables
Fruits
Animal Foods
Milk
Proteins
Fat
Sugar
Minerals
Milk Products
Toned Milk
Vegetable Milk
Egg
Fish
Meat
Fats and Oils
Sugar and Jaggery
Condiments and Spices
Miscellaneous
Coffee, Tea and Cocoa
Cocoa
Soft Drinks
Alcoholic Beverages
Vinegar
CHAPTER FOUR:
Planning for Nutritional Needs
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF SPECIAL GROUPS
Infants
First Six Months of Life
WEANING PERIOD
PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN
SCHOOL CHILDREN
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION
VULNERABLE GROUPS AND SAMPLE BALANCED DIETS
Infants
Extra Protein Foods
Protective Foods
WEANING
CHAPTER FIVE:
Preservation and Storage
PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF FOOD
Household Methods
Cold Storage and Freezing
Drying or Dehydration
Smoking
Salting and Pickling
Canning
Commercial Methods
Canning
Freezing
Chemicals
Irradiation
Food-borne Intoxications
Food-borne Infections
Milk-borne Diseases
Nutritional Diseases
Food Toxicants
Neuro Lathyrism
Aflatoxins
Control and Preventive Measures
Ergot
Epidemic Dropsy:
Endemic Ascites
Fluorosis
Dental Fluorosis (Mottled Enamel)
Skeletal Fluorosis
Prevention of Toxic Fluorosis
Food Fortification
Adulteration of Foods
Food Standards
PFA Standards
The Agmark Standards
Bureau of Indian Standards
MILK HYGIENE
Sources of Infection
Milk-borne Diseases
Boiling of Milk
Pasteurisation
Phosphatase Test
Meat Hygiene
Signs of Good Meat
Fish
Tinned Fish
Eggs
Fruits and Vegetables
CHAPTER SIX:
Cooking
COOKING
Methods of Cooking
Boiling
Simmering
Steaming
Stewing
Frying
Roasting
Baking
Broiling or Grilling
Methods of Enriching the Family Diet
Sprouting Gram
Cereal Millet Mixture
Cereal Pulse Mixture
Milk Porridge
Powdered Protein Foods
Pounded Dark Green Leaves
THE EFFECT OF HEAT ON THE NUTRIENTS IN FOODS
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fat
Minerals
Vitamins
THE EFFECT OF COOKING ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOODS
CEREALS
ADDITIONAL METHODS FOR INCREASING THE NUTRIENTS IN FOOD
CHAPTER SEVEN:
Normal Diet
PLANNING OF BALANCED DIETS
Balanced Diets at High Cost
Balanced Diets at Moderate Cost
Balanced Diet at Low Cost
NORMAL DIET
Dietary Goals
Selection—Storage and Preparation of Food
Nutritional Requirements of Special Groups
Pregnancy
Lactation
Infants
Weaning
Pre-school Children
Mid-day School Meal
Organising a School Meal Programme
Indian Multipurpose Food
Balahar
CHAPTER EIGHT:
Teaching Good Nutrition
NUTRITION EDUCATION
Factors to be Considered in Relation to Nutrition Education
Principles of Nutrition Education and Opportunities
National Programmes in Nutrition
Applied Nutrition Programme
Supplementary Feeding Programmes
Midday Meal Programme
National Goitre Control Programme
‘Vitamin A’ Prophylaxis Programme
Prophylaxis against Nutritional Anaemia
ICDS Programme
Monitoring and Evaluation of Nutrition Programmes
CHAPTER NINE:
Diet as a Therapeutic Agent
TYPES OF DIET USED IN HOSPITALS
Regular or Full Diet
Soft or Light Diet
Bland Diet
Fluid Diet or Liquid Diet
Modified Diet
High Protein Diet
Low Fat Diet
Salt-free Diet
Low Calorie Diet
Low Residue Diet
Diabetic Diet
CHAPTER TEN:
Diet and the Patient
CHAPTER ELEVEN:
Hospital Diets
BEVERAGES
Clear Tea
Black Coffee
Barley Water (1)
Barley Water (2)
Fruit Juice
Raw Tomato Juice
Fruit Juice
MILK PREPARATION
Whey (1)
Lime Whey (2)
Albumin Water (1)
Albumin Water (2)
Fortified Milk
Curd
Butter Milk
EGG PREPARATION
Egg Flip or Egg Nog
Egg Recipes
Soft Cooked Egg
Hard Cooked Egg
Poached Egg
Scrambled or Buttered Egg
Omelette
Soups
Toast
Steamed Fish
Creamed Fish
Creamed Chicken
Mince
Minced Liver
Light Cereal Preparations
Double Boiled Rice
Ragi Conjee
Arrowroot
Barley
Sago Porridge
Light Puddings
Jelly
Baked Custard
Corn Flour Puddings
Ice Cream
Sago Porridge
Method
Iddlies
Method
Khichri
Method
Salad
Method
Spring Salad
Method
Crushed Wheat and Chicken Salad
Method
Boiled Vegetables
Method
Appendix-1
CHAPTER TWELVE:
Therapeutic Diets
MODIFICATIONS OF NUTRIENTS IN THERAPEUTIC DIETS
MANAGEMENT OF SPECIAL DIETS
Consideration of the Patients Food Habits
Methods of Calculation
Methods of Cooking
Education of the Patient
MODIFICATIONS IN CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT
MODIFICATIONS IN CALORIE CONTENT
MODIFICATIONS IN PROTEIN CONTENT
MODIFICATIONS IN FAT CONTENT
MODIFICATIONS IN MINERAL CONTENT
MODIFICATIONS IN VITAMIN CONTENT
MODIFICATIONS IN OTHER CONSTITUENTS
MODIFICATIONS IN DIET CONSISTENCY
SOFT DIET
CLEAR FLUID DIET
FULL FLUID DIETS
SPECIAL FEEDING METHODS
Diets for Tube Feeding
Calories
Proteins
Fat
Carbohydrates
Fluid
Electrolytes
Vitamins
Gastrostomy Feeding
Jejunostomy Feeding
Intravenous Feeding
Technique Used in Intravenous Feeding
Peripheral venous Infusion
Infusion through Polythene Tube
Nutrients Used in Intravenous Feeding
Water and Electrolytes
Carbohydrates and Alcohol
Amino Acids
Whole Blood and Plasma
Fats
Vitamin
Solution for Parenteral Nutrition
HIGH PROTEIN AND LOW PROTEIN DIETS
High Protein Diets
Proteins
Calories
Vitamins and Minerals
Low Protein Diets
High Calorie and Low Calorie Diets
High Calorie Diets
Calories
Proteins
Vitamins and Minerals
Low Calorie Diets
Low Residue (Fibre) and High Residue Diets
Low Residue Diets
High Residue Diets
CHAPTER THIRTEEN:
Food Allergy and Therapeutic Diet
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIAGNOSIS
History
Skin Tests
TREATMENT OF ALLERGY
Drugs
Synthetic Diet
Elimination Diet
Restricted Diet
Desensitisation
Nutritional Problems in the Use of Restricted Diets
Allergy in Infants
CHAPTER FOURTEEN:
Diets in Fever— Infectious Diseases and Constitutional Ailments
FEVER
Metabolism in Fevers
Treatment
Nutritional Requirements
Calories
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
Ease of Digestion
Interval of Feeding
DIET TYPHOID FEVER
Diet Therapy
DIET IN TUBERCULOSIS
Treatment
Rest
Drugs
Diet Therapy
Vitamins
Model Menu for Adults Suffering from Tuberculosis
CHAPTER FIFTEEN:
Diet Therapy in Diseases of the Circulatory System
ACUTE CARDIAC DISEASE
CHRONIC CARDIAC DISEASE
In Compensated Heart Disease
Sodium Restricted Diet
General Instructions for Low Sodium Diets
HYPERTENSION
Kempner's Diet
ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND CORONARY HEART DISEASES
Treatment
CHAPTER SIXTEEN:
Diet Therapy in Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract
HIGH FIBRE DIET
CONSTIPATION
Colonic Stasis
Rectal Stasis
Intestinal Obstruction
Treatment
Correction of Faulty Habits
Physical Exercise
Removal of Other Causes
Diet
Diarrhoea
Acute Diarrhoea
Diet
Chronic Diarrhoea
Diet
Flatulence
Malabsorption Syndrome
Aetiology
Absorption of Nutrients
Fat
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Vitamins
Minerals
TROPICAL SPRUE
Celiac Disease of Children and Adults
Treatment
IDIOPATHIC STEATORRHOEA
Diet in Some Intestinal Disorders
Ulcerative Colitis (Non-specific)
Treatment
Diet
GASTRIC AND DUODENAL ULCERS
Modification of the Diet
Chemical Irritants
Thermal Irritants
Stage I
Stage II
Sample Menu
Stage III
Foods Allowed
Sample Meal Plan
Postoperative Diet
PEPTIC ULCER
Diet in Peptic Ulcer
Nutritional Requirements
Calories
Proteins
Fats
Carbohydrates
Vitamins
Condiments and spices
Alcohol
Conditions which Cause Obstruction in Oesophagus or Stomach
Lunch
Tea
Dinner
Jejunostomy Feeding
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN:
Diet Therapy in Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder
DIET THERAPY IN RELATION TO METABOLIC CHANGES
INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS
Diet Therapy
JAUNDICE AND VIRAL HEPATITIS
Viral Hepatitis
Dietetic Management
Calories
Proteins
Fat
Carbohydrates
Vitamins
Minerals
Parenteral Feeding
Nasogastric Feeding
CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER
HEPATIC PRECOMA AND COMA
Dietic Management
Calories
Proteins
Fats
Carbohydrates
Vitamins
Minerals
Parenteral Feeding
Nasogastric Tube Feeding
Therapy
INFANTILE BILIARY CIRRHOSIS
Diseases of Gallbladder
Acute Cholecystitis and Gallstones
Treatment
Chronic Cholecystitis
Treatment
Diet
Calories
Proteins
Fat
ACUTE AND CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
Acute Pancreatitis
Treatment
Diet
Chronic Pancreatitis
Diet
Stones
Diet
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN:
Diet Therapy in Diseases of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract
NEPHRITIS
Type I Nephritis
Type II Nephritis
Type I Nephritis
Calories
Proteins
Fats
Carbohydrates
Vitamins
Minerals and Sodium Chloride
Fluids
Diet
Type II Nephritis
Calories
Proteins
Fats
Carbohydrates
Vitamins
Sodium Chloride and Other Minerals
Fluids
Diet
ACUTE AND CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
Acute Renal Failure
DIET
Chronic Renal Failure
Diet
ACUTE ANURIA
URINARY INFECTIONS
RENAL AND VESICAL CALCULI
Aetiology
Climate
Occupation
Infection of the Urinary Tract
Dietary Habits
Hereditary
Diet for the Prevention of Renal Calculi
GOUT
Uric Acid Metabolism in Normal Subjects
Endogenous Uric Acid
Exogenous Uric Acid
Uric Acid Metabolism in Gout
Increased Production
Diminished Excretion
Diets for Subjects Suffering from Gout
Calories
Proteins and Purines
Fats
Carbohydrates
Fluids
Beverages
Alcohol
Dietary Management During Acute Attack
CHAPTER NINETEEN:
Diet Therapy in Diseases of the Endocrine Glands and Metabolism
HYPERTHYROIDISM AND EXCESSIVE LEANNESS
Fat
Protein Metabolism
Clinical Types of Diabetes
Juvenile Diabetes
Adult Diabetes
Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
Mild Diabetes
Severe Diabetes
Calories
Calorie Requirements
The Proportion of Protein, Fat and Carbohydrate in the Diet
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fat
Vitamins
Distribution of the Diet
Food Exchange Lists
Education of Patients
Diabetic Children and Pregnant Women
HYPERINSULINISM
CHAPTER TWENTY:
Geriatric Nutrition
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN AGING
Nutritional Requirements
Calories
Proteins
Minerals
Vitamins
Water
Roughage
Balanced Diets for Old People
Balanced Diets at High Cost
Balanced Diets at Low Cost
CHAPTER TWENTY ONE:
Nutrition of Industrial Workers
CHAPTER TWENTY TWO:
Diet Therapy in Obesity
CAUSES OF OBESITY
Dangers of Obesity
Changes in Metabolism in Obesity
Dietary Treatment of Obesity
Aetiology and Occurrence
Age and Sex
Economic Status
Physical Activity
Proneness to Obesity
Physiological Regulation of Food Intake
Assessment of Obesity
Body Weight
Complications of Obesity
Treatment
Reducing Diet
Exercise
Weight Maintenance Diets
Prevention
Appendix-2
INDEX
TOC
Index
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