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Manual of Medical Emergencies PG Raman, LC Gupta

SECTION I: EMERGENCY CONDITIONS
CHAPTER 1:Acute Myocardial Infarction
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  - Non-atherogenic Causes of AMI
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION (TABLE 1.1)
- MANAGEMENT
  - Initial Management
  - Subsequent Management of MI
    - Risk Stratification and Revascularization
- COMPLICATIONS OF MI (Tables 1.6 to 1.9)
CHAPTER 2:Unstable Angina
CHAPTER 3:Cardiac Arrhythmia
- SINUS ARRHYTHMIA
- SINUS TACHYCARDIA
- PREMATURE ATRIAL COMPLEXES
  - Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia (PSVT)
- MANAGEMENT
- DRUG OF CHOICE
- DC CARDIOVERSION
- ATRIAL FLUTTER
- ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- VENTRICULAR PREMATURE COMPLEXES (VPCS)
- VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA (VT)
- ACCELERATED IDIOVENTRICULAR RHYTHM ALSO CALLED AS SLOW VT
- TORSADES DE POINTES
- VENTRICULAR FLUTTER AND FIBRILLATION
- DISORDERS OF IMPULSE CONDUCTION
- SICK SINUS SYNDROME
- WPW SYNDROME
CHAPTER 4:Cardiac Arrest and Sudden Cardiac Death
- CARDIAC ARREST
- SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH
- SUDDEN COLLAPSE/SUSPECTED CARDIAC ARREST
  - Advanced Life Support
CHAPTER 5:Acute LVF/Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema
CHAPTER 6:Hypersensitive Emergencies
- HYPERTENSIVE CRISES
- HYPERTENSIVE URGENCIES
CHAPTER 7:Congestive Cardiac Failure
- REFRACTORY HEART FAILURE
  - Definition
  - Management
CHAPTER 8:Infective Endocarditis
CHAPTER 9:Acute Pulmonary Oedema (APO)
CHAPTER 10:Pulmonary Embolism
- PHYSIOLOGY
  - Clinical Syndrome
- DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES
CHAPTER 11:Fulminant Liver Failure
- INTRODUCTION
- CAUSES OF ACUTE LIVER FAILURE
- SALIENT FEATURES ABOUT ETIOLOGY
- THE INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- FEVER AND LEUCOCYTOSIS ARE OFTEN ABSENT
CHAPTER 12:Hypoglycemia
CHAPTER 13:Acid Base Disorders
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 14:Fluids and Electrolytes
- HAEMORRHAGE AND HYPOVOLEMIA
- MONITORING OF BLOOD VOLUME
- MISCONCEPTIONS
- ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE
- CALCIUM
CHAPTER 15:Blood Transfusion Reaction
CHAPTER 16:Upper GI Bleeding
- THERAPY FOR SPECIFIC LESIONS
- ACUTE LOWER GI BLEEDING
  - Etiology of lower GI Bleeding (Table 16.3)
- DIAGNOSIS
- THERAPY FOR SPECIFIC LESIONS
CHAPTER 17:Acute Pancreatitis
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Grading Disease Severity
- COMPLICATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 18:Hepatic Encephalopathy
- INVESTIGATION
CHAPTER 19:Hepatorenal Syndrome
CHAPTER 20:Approach to a Case of Coma
- CAUSES OF COMA
  - Evaluation of Unconscious Patient
- GRADES OF COMA
- RESUSCITATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 21:Raised Intracranial Pressure
- TYPES OF HYDROCEPHALUS
- CLINICAL FEATURES OF RAISED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
- BENIGN INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION OR PSEUDOTUMOUR CEREBRI OR IDIOPATHIC RAISED INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION
  - Treatment
CHAPTER 22:Acute Intractable Headache
CHAPTER 23:Status Epilepticus
- MANAGEMENT OF STATUS EPILEPTICUS
CHAPTER 24:Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
- HIGH RISK GROUPS
  - Prevention
CHAPTER 25:Diabetic Ketoacidosis
CHAPTER 26:Acute Endocranial Emergencies (Non Diabetic)
- GENERAL MEASURES
  - Complications
  - Prevention
- MYXOEDEMA COMA
CHAPTER 27:Acute Adrenal Insufficiency
CHAPTER 28:Lactic Acidosis
CHAPTER 29:Acute Renal Failure
- CAUSES OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
- RENAL FAILURE INDICES
- RADIOLOGICAL FINDINGS
  - Complications of Acute Renal Failure
- MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
  - Medical Management
- PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 30:Chronic Renal Failure
- MANAGEMENT
  - Conservative Management
  - Management
- RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPIES
  - Biochemical Indicators
  - Principle for Renal Replacement
- COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 31:Typhoid Fever
CHAPTER 32:Tetanus
CHAPTER 33:Cerebral Malaria
CHAPTER 34:Acute Alcohol Intoxication
- INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 35:Organophosphates
- INTRODUCTION
- COMPLICATIONS
- DIAGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 36:Celphos Poisoning
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Other Tests Include
- FIRST AID MEASURES OF MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
CHAPTER 37:Snake Bite and Scorpion Bites
- CLINICAL FACTORS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
- COMPLICATIONS
- SCORPION BITES
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
CHAPTER 38:Anaphylaxis
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- ETIOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF ANAPHYLAXIS
  - Factors Which Affect Anaphylaxis Reaction
  - Differential Diagnosis
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 39:Gastroesophageal Reflux
CHAPTER 40:Pituitary Tumors
CHAPTER 41:Control of Diabetes
- INTRODUCTION
- RECENT ADVANCEMENTS
  - Definition of the term ‘Fasting Hyperglycemia’ and ‘Post-prandial Hyperglycemia’
- GLUT FAMILY OF PROTEINS: THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN INSULIN ACTION AND RESISTANCE
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF LONG-TERM COMPLICATIONS
  - Cardiovascular
  - Nephropathy
  - Neurological Involvement
  - Evoked Potential Studies: Sub-clinical Detection of Retinopathy/Auditory Nerve Dysfunction
- RECENT ADVANCES IN THERAPEUTICS
  - Insulin Therapy
- INSULIN ANALOGUE
- RAPID ACTING INSULIN ANALOGUES
  - Advantages
  - Cautions
- LONG ACTING INSULIN ANALOGUES
- ROLE OF CHROMIUM IN DIABETES MELLITUS
- INHALATIONAL INSULIN
- ORAL INSULIN PILLS: FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
- RECTAL INSULIN
- ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS
- A. SULFONYLUREAS
- B. NON-SULFONYLUREAS (RIPAGLINIDE) (PHASE III TRIALS)
  - Mechanism of Action
  - Effects
- C. INSULIN RECEPTOR SENSITIZING AGENT (THIOZOLIDINEDIONE)
  - Mechanism of Action
- D. α GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITOR (ACARBOSE, MIGLITOL, ETC.)
  - Mechanism of Action
  - Pharmacokinetics
- E. ALDOSE REDUCTASE INHIBITOR (TOLRESTAT, EPALRESTAT, ETC.)
- NON-ROUTINE TREATMENT OPTION
  - 1. Pancreatic Transplantation
  - 2. Islet Cell Transplantation
  - 3. Genetic Modification of Non-pancreatic Cell Lines
- THERAPIES UNDER TRIAL
- COALITION THERAPY
- NEWER INSULIN DELIVERY SYSTEMS
- PREVENTION
- PREVENTION OF COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 42:Personality Disorders
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 43:Depression
- SEROTONIN SPECIFIC RE-UPTAKE INHIBITOR
- SYMPATHOMIMETICS
- BENZODIAZOPENES
  - Alprazolam
- MISCELLANEOUS
  - Trazodone and Nefazodone
    - Indications
    - Side Effects
- VENLAFAXINE
- BUSPIRONE
- PINDOLOL
- BUPROPION
- TREATMENT FAILURE
- SWITCHING STRATEGIES
- AUGMENTATION THERAPY
- AUGMENTATION STRATEGIES
- DEPRESSION WITH SOMATIC DISEASES
- ELECTRO CONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT)
- TREATMENT COURSE
- LIGHT THERAPY
CHAPTER 44:Oxygen Therapy
- NORMAL OXYGEN PHYSIOLOGY
- EFFECTS OF OXYGEN LACK (HYPOXIA)
- INDICATIONS OF OXYGEN THERAPY
  - Indications of Hyperbaric O2 Therapy
- SIDE EFFECTS OF O2 THERAPY
- SIDE EFFECTS OF HYPERBARIC O2 THERAPY
- METHODS OF O2 DELIVERY
- MECHANICAL VENTILATORS (COMMONLY USED ARE)
- MODES OF VENTILATION
- NEWER MODES OF VENTILATION
- SETTING VENTILATORY PARAMETERS
- COMPLICATIONS OF VENTILATION
- NEWER STRATEGY OF VENTILATION
CHAPTER 45:Haemodialysis
- PRINCIPLE
- AIMS OF DIALYSIS
- INDICATIONS OF DIALYSIS
  - Relative Contraindications
- COMPONENTS OF HAEMODIALYSIS
- VASCULAR ACCESS
  - Access to the Circulation
  - Percutaneous Cannulation
- SHUNT
  - Types of Shunts
    - Complications
- ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA
  - Types of Internal Fistula
  - Problems and Complications of AV Fistula
    - Advantages
    - Variations of Internal Fistula
- ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY (THE DIALYZER)
  - Hollow Fibre Artificial Kidney (Capillary Dialyzer)
    - Problems
  - Dialysis Fluid
- HAEMODIALYSIS MACHINE
- ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT
- DIALYZER SETUP
- HAEMODIALYSIS PROCEDURE
- INITIATION OF DIALYSIS
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Complication due to Ultrafiltration
    - Preventive Measures
  - Corrective Measures
- B. CRAMPS
CHAPTER 46:Antiretroviral Therapy
- POINTS OF TARGET IN LIFE CYCLE
- ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS
47:Antibiotics
CHAPTER 48:Noninvasive Imaging of CVS
- MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE HEART
- TECHNIQUES FOR MRI OF THE HEART
- CARDIOMYOPATHIES
- EVALUATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION
  - Regional Left Ventricular Function
  - Myocardial Tagging
- QUANTIFICATION OF VALVULAR REGURGITATION
- MEASUREMENT OF BLOOD FLOW
- CHARACTERIZATION OF MYOCARDIAL TISSUE
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
- EVALUATION OF CARDIAC DIMENSIONS AND FUNCTION
- EVALUATION OF SPECIFIC CARDIAC DISEASES
- PERICARDIAL DISEASE
- PARACARDIAC, PERICARDIAL, AND CARDIAC MASSES
  - Intracardiac Thrombus
- CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
- DISEASE OF THE THORACIC AORTA
- POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET)
- INFARCT IMAGING
CHAPTER 49:Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
- CAUSES OF DIC
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- LABORATORY INVESTIGATION
  - Differential Diagnosis
- TREATMENT
CHAPTER 50:Sickle Cell Crisis
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ACUTE CRISIS AND COMPLICATIONS OF SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
CHAPTER 51:Ventilatory Support in Critically Ill Patient
- NONINVASIVE POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATION (NPPV)
  - Advantages
  - Aims of Noninvasive Ventilation (NPPV)
  - Indication
  - Application of NPPV
  - Complications
- GASTROINTESTINAL PROPHYLAXIS IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT
  - Microbial Density of the Alimentary Tract
  - Protective Mechanism
  - Predisposing Factors
  - Predisposing Conditions
- INTERPRETATION OF ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES (ABG'S)
  - Physiology Principles
  - Assessment of Arterial Oxygenation
  - Assessment of Deadspace Ventilation
  - How to Interpret ABG?
- EMERGENCIES IN HIV POSITIVE PATIENTS—INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
  - Some Interesting Facts
- SEDATION AND ANALGESIA IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
  - Introduction
  - Non-drug Related Factors
- HAEMORRHAGE AND HYPOVOLEMIA
- PARENTERAL FEEDING
  - Traditional Concepts of Nutritional Status
  - Clinical Assessment of Nutritional Status
    - Subjective Global Assessment (SGA)
- REFEEDING THE MALNOURISHED PATIENT
- ENTERAL VS PARENTERAL
- HOW IS PARENTERAL NUTRITION GIVEN?
  - Steps to Limit Thrombophlebitis
- CREATING A TPN REGIMEN
- CONSTITUENTS OF TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION (TPN)
  - Complications of CPN
- HOME PARENTERAL NUTRITION
- HYPOTHERMIA
  - Introduction
  - Temperature Regulation
  - Normal Body Temperature
  - Classification and Recording of Hypothermia
  - Causes
  - Urban Hypothermia
- PHYSIOLOGY OF HYPOTHERMIA
  - Thermal Gradients
  - Metabolism
  - Nervous System Effects (Table 51.9)
    - Central Effects
    - Peripheral Effects
  - Respiratory Effects
  - Coronary Blood Flow
    - ECG Changes of Hypothermia
- EFFECTS ON BLOOD FACTORS
  - Therapeutic Hypothermia
    - Indications
  - Clinical Application
  - Factors Responsible for Production of Ventricular Fibrillation
  - Acute Vascular Collapse
  - Neurosurgery
  - Cardiac Arrest
  - Eclampsia
  - Hyperpyrexia
  - Techniques of Hypothermia
  - Disadvantages and Complication
  - Management
- PORTAL HYPERTENSIVE GASTROPATHY (PHG)
  - Scheme of Discussion
- DRUG THERAPY IN PREGNANCY WITH COMMON MEDICAL DISORDERS
  - Introduction
  - Drug Handling in Pregnancy
  - Teratogenicity
    - Mechanisms of Teratogenicity
- COMMON INFECTION DURING PREGNANCY
- DRUG DURING PREGNANCY
  - Antibiotics
  - Antimalarials
    - 1. Safe
    - II. Unsafe
  - Antihelminthic
    - I. Safe
    - 2. Unsafe
  - Antiamoebic
    - 1. Safe
- GUIDELINES FOR TREATMENT OF TB IN PREGNANCY
  - Drugs/Safety
  - Anemia During Pregnancy
  - Iron Deficiency Anemia (Table 51.15)
  - Megaloblastic Anemia
  - Diseases of Gastrointestinal Tract
    - Treatment
    - Treatment
  - Treatment
- HYPERTENSION (HTN) (Tables 51.17 to 51.20)
- DIABETES IN PREGNANCY
- MANAGEMENT OF DM DURING PREGNANCY
- SEIZURE DISORDERS DURING PREGNANCY
  - Epilepsy
- ECLAMPSIA
- BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
- CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
- SECONDARY PREVENTION OF RHEUMATIC FEVER
- PREVENTION OF INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
- ARRHYTHMIAS DURING PREGNANCY
- MANAGEMENT OF ARF/CRF
- BLEEDING DIATHESIS
- ANTICOAGULANTS
- THYROID DISORDERS
  - Hyperthyroidism
  - Hypothyroidism
  - HIV During Pregnancy
  - Analgesics During Pregnancy
CHAPTER 52:Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (CVT)
- INTRODUCTION
- RELEVANT ANATOMY
- CLINICAL PROFILE
- DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF MEDICAL ABDOMINAL EMERGENCIES
- SICKLE CELL CRISIS
  - Management
- HAEMOPHILIA
- ACUTE PANCREATITIS
- AMOEBIC LIVER ABSCESSES
  - Causative Factors
- O/E
  - Diagnosis
  - Management
- SUBDIAPHRAGMATIC/SUBPHRENIC ABSCESS
- TYPHOID FEVER AND ITS COMPLICATION AS ACUTE ABDOMEN
  - Causative Factors
- O/E
  - Treatment
  - Steroids are Contraindicated
CHAPTER 53:Drug Induced Extra Pyramidal Reaction
- WERNICKE'S ENCEPHALOPATHY
- DIGITALIS INTOXICATION
- CARDIAC TEMPONADE
- SEVERE ANAEMIA
  - Treatment
  - Complications
- ACUTE HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA
  - Treatment
- PROGRESSIVE SEVERE ANAEMIA
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- BARBITURATE POISONING
  - Management
- DATURA POISONING
- OPIATE OVERDOSE
  - Clinical Features
  - Management
CHAPTER 54:Mechanical Ventilation
- INDICATION FOR MECHANICAL VENTILATION
- PATTERN OF ASSISTED VENTILATION
CHAPTER 55:Miscellaneous Emergency Problems
- HYPERPYREXIA
  - Clinical Features
    - Late sequelae:
    - Laboratory diagnosis
- MANAGEMENT
- DROWNING
  - Pathophysiology
- MANAGEMENT
- BLEEDING DISORDERS
SECTION II: LABORATORY FINDINGS
CHAPTER 56:Blood Count
- ■ RBC COUNT
  - Men
  - Women
- ■ LEUCOCYTOSIS
  - Neutrophilia
    - Physiological
    - Pathological
- ■ LEUCOPENIA
  - Infections
  - Defective Bone Marrow Function
  - Bone Marrow Involvement
  - Sensitivity to Drugs (Agranulocytosis)
  - Shock
  - Irradiation
- ■ LYMPHOCYTOSIS
- ■ LYMPHOPENIA
- ■ MONOCYTOSIS
  - Bacterial Infections
  - Protozoal
- ■ EOSINOPHILIA
  - Allergic Disorders
  - Parasitic Infestations
  - Drug Administration
  - Skin Diseases (Allergy type)
  - Pulmonary Eosinophilia
  - Blood Dyscrasias
- ■ EOSINOPENIA
- ■ BASOPHILIA
- ■ PLASMA CELLS
- ■ PLATELETS
- ■ THROMBOCYTOPENIA (Below 150,000/cu mm)
- ■ THROMBOCYTOSIS (count above 450,000/cu mm)
- ■ PANCYTOPENIA
- ■ HYPOCHROMIA (Increase in central pallor)
- ■ MACROCYTES (Larger than small lymphocytes)
- ■ TARGET CELLS
- ■ SPHEROCYTES
- ■ LEUCOERYTHROBLASTIC PICTURE (Immature myeloid and erythroid cells appearing in peripheral blood)
- ■ RETICULOCYTE COUNT
- ■ INCREASED PLASMA HAEMOGLOBIN (Normal -0.4 mg/100 ml)
- ■ LEUCOCYTE ALAKALINE PHOSPHATASE SCORE
- ■ COOMB'S TEST
- ■ LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (LE) CELLS
  - Positive LE Cells in Blood
- ■ ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE (ESR)
  - Westergren Method
  - Wintrobe Method
- ■ BLEEDING TIME
  - Bleeding Time is Prolonged
  - Functional Platelet Defects
- ■ COAGULATION TIME
- ■ COAGULANT FACTOR DEFECTS
  - Haemophilia A
  - Haemophilia B
  - Von Willebrand's Disease
- ■ PACKED CELL VOLUME (PCV)
- ■ MEAN CORPUSCULAR HAEMOGLOBIN (MCH)
- ■ MEAN CORPUSCULAR HAEMOGLOBULIN CONCENTRATION (MCHC)
- ■ MEAN CORPUSCULAR VOLUME (MCV)
- ■ COLOUR INDEX (CI)
- ■ HAEMATOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF LEUKEMIA
  - Cytochemical Characteristics
- ■ HAEMOGLOBIN ELECTROPHORESIS
  - Haemoglobin A2
    - Increase
    - Decrease
  - Haemoglobin-F
    - Increase
- ■ IMMUNOGLOBULIN ESTIMATION
  - IgA deficiency
  - IgM deficiency
CHAPTER 57:Blood Biochemistry
- ■ SERUM MAGNESIUM
- ■ SERUM PHOSPHORUS: INORGANIC
- ■ SERUM TRIGLYCERIDES
- SERUM BILIRUBIN
  - Rise of Indirect Serum Bilirubin
  - Rise of Total Serum Bilirubin
- ■ SERUM CALCIUM
- ■ CHLORIDES
- ■ SODIUM
- ■ SERUM CHOLESTEROL
- ■ PLASMA PROTEINS
- ■ SERUM ALBUMIN
- ■ SERUM GLOBULIN
- ■ SERUM FIBRINOGEN
- ■ NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
- ■ UREA/CREATININE RATIO
- ■ SERUM URIC ACID
- ■ SERUM CREATINE
- ■ SERUM ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE
- ■ ACID PHOSPHATASE
- ■ SERUM AMYLASE
- ■ SERUM LIPASE
- ■ SERUM POTASSIUM
- ■ SERUM IRON
- ■ IODINE
- ■ SERUM FERRITIN
- ■ RHEUMATOID FACTOR
  - Positive Rheumatoid Factor
- ■ CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF BLOOD
- REFERENCE VALUES FOR URINE
CHAPTER 58:Cerebrospinal Fluid
- ■ PRESSURE
  - Sitting Position
    - Increased Tension
    - Decreased Tension
- ■ APPEARANCE
- ■ PROTEIN
- ■ GLUCOSE
  - Remains Normal in
    - Increased
    - Decreased
- ■ CHLORIDES
  - No Change in Level
    - Increased
    - Decreased (below 620 mg%)
- ■ CALCIUM
- ■ ACID–BASE EQUILIBRIUM
  - Remains Unaltered
  - Acidosis
- ■ CYTOLOGICAL LEUCOCYTE COUNT
- ■ BACTERIA AND PARASITES
- ■ SEROLOGICAL
CHAPTER 59:Glucose Tolerance Test
- ■ OTHER CAUSES OF LOWERED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE
- ■ INTRAVENOUS GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST
  - Indications
    - Normal
    - Diabetes
- ■ CORTISONE GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST
CHAPTER 60:Bone Marrow Aspiration
- ■ BONE MARROW EXAMINATION
- ■ BONE MARROW BIOPSY
- ■ ACTIVITY OF ERYTHROPOIESIS
- ■ MYELOID/ERYTHROID RATIO
- ■ OTHER ABNORMALITIES
CHAPTER 61:Renal Function Tests
- ■ CONCENTRATION TEST (SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST)
- UREA CLEARANCE TEST
- UREA/CREATININE RATIO
CHAPTER 62:Liver Function Test
- ■ BILIRUBIN METABOLISM
  - Direct Van Den Bergh Reaction
  - Indirect Reaction
- ■ DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF JAUNDICE
- ■ CAUSES OF PREDOMINANTLY UNCONJUGATED HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA
  - After Drugs
- ■ CAUSES OF PREDOMINANTLY CONJUGATED HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA
- ■ URINE UROBILINOGEN
- ■ FAECAL STERCOBILINOGEN
- ■ CARBOHYDRATE METABOLIC TEST
  - Galactose Tolerance Test
  - Positive
  - Negative
- ■ GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST
- ■ EPINEPHRINE TOLERANCE TEST
  - Subnormal Response
- ■ PLASMA PROTEINS
- ■ SERUM GAMMA GLOBULIN
- ■ ALPHA GLOBULIN
- ■ BETA GLOBULIN
- ■ ALBUMIN/GLOBULIN RATIO
- ■ SERUM ENZYMES
  - Alkaline Phosphatase
  - Slight to Moderate Increase
  - Striking Increase
- TRANSAMINASES
  - Other Causes
    - Increased
- ■ LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
- ■ 5-NUCLEOTIDASE
- ■ SERUM AMMONIA
- ■ SERUM CHOLESTEROL
  - Esterified Cholesterol
    - Increased
- ■ SERUM IRON
- ■ TURBIDITY AND FLOCCULATION TEST
  - Positive Test
  - Positive Test
- ■ SERUM ALDOLASE
  - Elevated
- SERUM BICARBONATE
  - Elevated
- ■ CERULOPLASMIN AND COPPER
  - Ceruloplasmin
  - Copper
    - Elevated
    - Decreased
  - Creatine-Phosphokinase (CPK)
CHAPTER 63:Fundus Examination
- ■ OPTIC DISC
  - Blurred Margin
  - Colour
- ■ PHYSIOLOGICAL CUP
- ■ RETINAL BLOOD VESSELS
- ■ MACULAR MARGIN
- ■ GLAUCOMA
- ■ PAPILLOEDEMA
- ■ OPTIC NEURITIS
- ■ OPTIC ATROPHY
- ■ RETINAL ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
- ■ HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY
- ■ DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
- ■ SEVERE ANAEMIA
- ■ POLYCYTHEMIA
- ■ LEUKAEMIA
- ■ OCCLUSION OF CENTRAL ARTERY OF RETINA
- ■ OCCLUSION OF CENTRAL VEIN
- ■ CHOROIDITIS
- ■ TOXAEMIA OF PREGNANCY
CHAPTER 64:Laboratory Findings in Different Diseases
- ■ ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME
- ■ ACUTE ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY
- ■ ACUTE PANCREATITIS
- ■ ACUTE ALCOHOL POISONING
- ACUTE LEAD POISONING
- ■ AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS (SLEEPING SICKNESS)
- ■ ANGINA PECTORIS
- ■ ANCYLOSTOMIASIS
- ■ ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
- ■ AMPHETAMINE POISONING
- ■ ASCARIASIS
- ■ ASPIRIN POISONING
- ■ ATROPINE POISONING
- ■ BARBITURATE POISONING
- ■ BARTONELLOSIS
- ■ BERYLLOSIS
- ■ BILIARY CIRRHOSIS
- ■ CARCINOID SYNDROME
- ■ CARCINOMA OF OESOPHAGUS
- ■ CHANCROID
- ■ CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM
- ■ CHRONIC COR PULMONALE
- ■ CELIAC DISEASE
- ■ CROHN'S DISEASE
- ■ CRYPTOCOCCOSIS (TOLUROSIS)
- ■ CHRONIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
- ■ DIPHTHERIA
- ■ DISSEMINATED SCLEROSIS (Multiple Sclerosis)
- ■ ENTEROBIASIS
- ■ FARMERS LUNG
- ■ FASCIOLIASIS
- ■ FILARIASIS
- ■ GIANT CELL ARTERITIS (TEMPORAL ARTERITIS, CRANIAL ARTERITIS)
- ■ GIANT CELL ARTERITIS (Temporal Arteritis)
- ■ GONORRHOEA
- ■ GOUT
- ■ GRANULOMA INGUINALE
- ■ HAEMOPHILIA
- ■ HEAT EXHAUSTION AND SALT- DEPLETION
- ■ HEPATIC COMA (Hepatic Encephalopathy)
- ■ HEREDITARY SPHEROCYTOSIS
- ■ HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA
- ■ HYDATID INFECTION
- ■ IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA
- ■ INFLUENZA
- ■ INTRACRANIAL ABSCESS
- ■ JUVENILE MYXOEDEMA
- ■ KINNER WILSON'S DISEASE (HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION)
- ■ KLINEFELTER'S SYNDROME
- ■ LEISHMANIASIS
- ■ LEPROSY
- ■ LEPTOSPIROSIS (Weil's disease)
- ■ LIVER FLUKE
- ■ LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM
- ■ MALARIA
- ■ MEASLES
- ■ MENINGOCOCCAL INFECTIONS
- ■ MUMPS
- ■ MYCETOMA (MADURA FOOT)
- ■ MYELOMATOSIS (Multiple Myeloma)
- ■ MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
- ■ OSTEOARTHROSIS
- ■ PARATYPHOID FEVER
- ■ PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL HAEMOGLOBINURIA
- ■ PEMPHIGUS
- ■ PEPTIC ULCER
- ■ PHENYLKETONURIA
- ■ PLAGUE
- ■ POLYCYTHAEMIA VERA
- ■ POLYARTERITIS NODOSA
- ■ PRIMARY CARCINOMA LIVER
- ■ PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
- ■ PYLORIC OBSTRUCTION
- ■ RABIES
- ■ RHEUMATIC FEVER
- ■ RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
- ■ SCABIES
- ■ SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM INFECTION
- ■ SCLERODERMA (SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS)
- ■ SILICOSIS
- ■ STAPHYLOCOCCAL FOOD POISONING
- ■ SUBACUTE BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS
- ■ SARCOIDOSIS
  - Radiology
- ■ SYPHILIS
- ■ TAENIA SOLIUM
- ■ TETANUS
- ■ TRICHOMONIASIS
- ■ TROPICAL EOSINOPHILIA
- ■ TUBERCULAR PLEURAL EFFUSION
- ■ TUBERCULOUS PERITONITIS
- ■ TYPHOID FEVER
- ■ ULCERATIVE COLITIS
- ■ VIRAL HEPATITIS (ACUTE TYPE ‘A’)
- ■ VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
- ■ YAWS
- ■ YELLOW FEVER
- ■ ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME
APPENDIX:Food and Nutrition

INDEX

TOC
Index

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Chapter Notes