A
Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS) 356
Abductor pollicis longus (APL) 157
gastrocnemius flaps or V-Y advancement, reconstruction with 10
MRI for 9
nonoperative treatment 10
open end-to-end repair 10
percutaneous repair 10
tendon transfer, reconstruction with 10
Acromioclavicular (AC) joint 47
Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) see Compartment syndrome
Airway assessment, in trauma patients 235
Albumin 314
Ankle-brachial index 88
classification systems 12
and chondral injury 269
compartment syndrome and 269
CT scan, use of 268
Dias–Tachdjian system 268
and reflex sympathetic dystrophy 269
Salter–Harris classification system 268
tillaux fractures 267
treatment 268
triplane fractures 267
Anterior cord syndrome 335
Antibiotic-impregnated cement beads/spacers 31
Avascular necrosis (AVN) 103
of proximal femur 95
proximal humerus fractures and 189
scaphoid fractures and 171
subtalar dislocations and 123
Axonotmesis 305
B
Basketball foot 120
Battle's sign 177
Bennett's fracture 157
Blood products 314
BMP see Bone morphogenic proteins (BMP)
Bone densitometry 58
acute shortenings of bone 30
amputation versus limb salvage 30
autologous nonvascularised bone graft 30
bulk structural allograft 31
causes 29
early appropriate care (EAC) 29
endoprosthetic replacement 31
external ring fixators 31
free vascularised fibula transfer 31
initial stabilisation methods 31
intramedullary fixation 31
Masquelet technique of induced membrane 30
and plating 31
Bone mineral density (BMD) 262
Bone scans 193
Bone–tendon–bone (BTB) autografts 219
BPIs see Brachial plexus injuries (BPIs)
Brace 223
Broselow bag system 364
Brown–Sequard syndrome 335
C
extra-articular 105
Calcaneocuboid (CC) joint 116
Calcium supplements, in osteoporosis 263
Calf squeeze test see Thompson's test
Callus formation 307
Carpal tunnel decompression 127
Ceftazidime 209
Central cord syndrome 335
Centre of rotation of angulation (CORA) 243
Cephalosporin 209
Ceramics 26
Canadian C-spine rules 330
clinical assessment 329
CT scan 330
mechanisms of injury 329
MRI for 330
and neurological injury 332
nonunion 332
Chance fracture 339
Charlson Comorbidity Index 358
Child maltreatment 146
Chopart's joint 120
Chronic regional pain syndrome (CRPS) 216
Colloids 313
delayed union/nonunion 134
fasciotomy wound management 55
with fractures 53
guidelines for 145
knee dislocation and 232
malunion 134
radius and ulna fractures and 134
without fractures 53
Computed tomography (CT) scans 192
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) 79
Conus medullaris syndrome 335
Coracoclavicular (CC) ligaments 47
CRPS see Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)
and compartment syndrome 61
definition 61
fasciotomy and amputation 63
pre-hospital assessment and treatment 62
and rhabdomyolysis 61
Cryoprecipitate 314
Crystalloid fluids 313
Cubitus valgus 292
Cylinder cast 223
D
Delirium 140
and compartment syndrome 82
intra-articular fractures 82
nonunion and malunion 82
post-traumatic osteoarthritis 82
severely comminuted fractures 82
bicolumn fractures 182
closed reduction and percutaneous fixation 184
malunion 185
and nerve injury 185
single column fractures 182
total elbow arthroplasty 184
Distal radioulna joint (DRUJ) 128
Doxycycline 209
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan 262
E
Elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) 275
anatomy related to 67
anterior 67
anteroposterior radiographs 68
divergent 68
lateral radiographs 68
posterior 67
posterior Monteggia fracture-dislocation 69
terrible triad 68
transolecranon fracture-dislocation 69
Endoprosthetic replacement 31
Erb's palsy 39
Extensor retinaculum syndrome 269
F
Falls in the elderly 145
Femoral fractures see also specific type
AO/OTA classification 89
external fixators 89
malunion 91
nonunion 91
open reduction internal fixation 89
FES see Fat embolism syndrome (FES)
Figure-of-eight splint 265
Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) 155
Flexor pollicis longus (FPL) 157
Fluoroquinolones 209
Foot
Forearm
Fracture 307 see also specific type
classification 215
clinical assessment 214
open (see Open fractures)
operative management 215
Fracture liaison services 145
external fixation 311
fixation and fracture healing 311
follow-up 312
intramedullary nails 311
manipulation under anaesthetic 311
open reduction, internal fixation 311
patient positioning 310
preoperative planning 310
soft tissues, assessment of 310
Fragility fracture of hip in adults, guidelines for 143
FRAX, for osteoporotic fracture 262
Free fatty acids (FFAs) 77
Free vascularised septocutaneous flap 31
Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) 314
H
Hamstring autografts 219
Hand and wrist
Hartmann's solution 313
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak 177
CSF rhinorrhoea 181
extradural haematoma 179
Glasgow Coma Score 177
Monro–Kellie doctrine 180
primary brain injury 177
skull fractures 178
traumatic brain injury 177
Hemiarthroplasty, for displaced femoral neck fractures 101
Hepatitis B 213
Hepatitis C 213
Hilton's law 33
Hip fracture, perioperative management of
anaemia and 139
best practice tariff (BPT) 139
delirium 140
nutrition 140
pain relief 139
preoperative care 139
pressure care 140
venous thromboembolism and 140
Hook of hamate fractures 155
Horner's syndrome 39
Hueter-Volkmann law 34
Hyperkalaemia 315
Hypocalcaemia 315
Hypothermia 315
Hypoxia 235
Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) 8
I
Impaction grafting 25
Implants
antibiotics in fractures management 209
closed fractures 209
necrotising fasciitis 212
open fractures 209
susceptibility to 209
Interleukins (IL) 64
Ischial ramal containment socket 6
K
Klumpke's palsy 39
Knee
L
Lachmann's test 217
Leadbetter manoeuvre 103
Limb tourniquets 310
Limited contact dynamic compression plate (LC-DCP) 255
Lisfranc's ligament 110
Lower limb fractures, open 143
M
Macrophage colony-stimulating factors (M-CSF) 34
classifications 237
code red alert 237
mangled extremity severity score (MESS) 237
mortality rate 235
quality of care (QoC) for trauma patients 239
treatment 237
Male hormone screen 262
Mangled extremity syndrome index (MESI) 3
big bang incidents 246
Civil Contingencies Act (CCA), UK 245
complex incidents and 245
hospital planning and preparedness 248
multi-disciplinary team 246
preparations for 245
rising tide incidents 246
types of 246
MCI see Mass casualty incident (MCI)
McMurray's test 217
Metalloproteinases (MMPs) 8
Minimally invasive percutaneous osteosynthesis (MIPO) 255
N
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) 54
Necrotising fasciitis (NF) 212
Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) 55
Neurogenic shock 334
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) 41
Neuropraxia 305
Neurotmesis 305
NISSSA score (Nerve injury, Ischaemia, Soft-tissue injury, Skeletal injury, Shock, and Age) 3
bruising and fractures 278
long bone fractures 279
multi-disciplinary team approach for 279
rib fractures 278
skeletal survey in 278
skull fractures 279
fracture factors 254
host factors 254
oligotrophic nonunions 257
operative interventions 257
segmental loss 257
Nutcracker fracture 116
O
Olive wires 345
Organ Injury Scale (OIS) 356
Osgood–Schlatter disease 293
Osteogenic proteins see Bone morphogenic proteins (BMP)
management 211
Osteonecrosis of jaw (ONJ) 263
fragility fractures in the elderly 261
nonpharmacologic treatment 263
risk assessment tools 262
secondary 261
Osteoprotegerin (OPG) 34
Osteotendinous quadriceps rupture 223
Osteotomy 243
Ottawa ankle rules (OAR) 14
Oxford Hip Score 359
P
Packed red blood cells 314
proximal and distal femoral fractures 271
remodelling potential in children 275
avulsion fractures of tibial tubercle 293
classification 294
diaphyseal tibial fractures 293
proximal tibial metaphyseal injuries 293
tibial eminence fractures 293
tibial epiphyseal injuries 293
treatment 294
Paediatric Trauma Score 357
Paget's disease 100
partial patellectomy 230
post-traumatic patellofemoral osteoarthritis 231
rehabilitation 230
total patellectomy 230
biopsy 297
breast cancer metastasis and 296
history and physical examination 296
laboratory tests 296
plain radiographs 297
Pelvic binder 236
anteroposterior compression injuries 304
CT scan 303
examination under anaesthesia (EUA) 304
history and physical examination 302
initial management 303
lateral compression injuries 304
vertical shear injuries 304
Penicillin 209
guidelines for 144
Medical Research Council (MRC) scale 306
Seddon classification 305
surgical management 306
displaced fractures 163
malunion 166
nonunion 166
post-traumatic arthrosis 166
and stiffness 166
undisplaced fractures 163
Phantom limb pain 7
Pivot shift test 217
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) 8
biomechanical principles 204
bridge plating 205
design 204
dynamic compression plate (DCP) 204
locking compression plate (LCP) 204
locking plates 204
low contact dynamic compression plate (LC-DCP) 204
precontoured anatomical plates 204
tension band plates 205
Popliteal artery 232
Positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) 79
Positron emission tomography 193
Posterior cord syndrome 335
Posterior sag sign 217
Post-traumatic osteoarthritis 216
Pressure ulcers 140
PROMs see Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs)
Prosthetic socks 6
Proteolytic enzymes 316
Prothrombin complex 142
Proximal humeral varus 285
hemiarthroplasty 188
intramedullary nail 188
malunion 189
nonoperative management 188
nonunion 189
total shoulder arthroplasty 188
Purtscher's retinopathy 78
R
fixation of radial head 75
plain radiographs 74
radial head excision 75
radial head replacement 75
Sail sign 74
Radiographs 192
Raloxifene 264
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy 269
Revised Trauma Score (RTS) 356
Ring fixators 31
Rolando fracture 157
Rugger jersey finger 173
S
Sacral sparing 334
SCIs see Spinal cord injuries (SCIs)
SCIWORA 335
cancellous 207
cannulated 207
cortical 207
functions 207
headless 207
locking 207
non-locking 207
partially threaded 207
types 207
Short Form 36 (SF-36) 359
anterior 321
classification 322
initial management 322
injuries associated with 321
luxatio erecta 321
posterior 321
surgical management 323
Simmond's test see Thompson's test
Single-positron emission photon computerised tomography 193
Skeletal surveys 297
Skin graft 327
Skull fractures 178
Smith's fracture 124
Smoking, and fracture healing 254
British Orthopaedic Association Standard for Trauma 4 (BOAST 4) guidelines 326
fix and flap operation 327
Gustilo and Anderson classification 326
postoperative care 328
reconstructive goals 326
reconstructive ladder 327
soft tissue reconstruction, preparation for 327
Spinal cord decompression 334
ASIA classification system 334
myotomes and corresponding motor function 333
patterns of 335
sacral sparing 334
Torg ratio and 333
treatment 334
Spine
Stiffness, after fractures 216
Stress fractures, of femoral neck 100
Strontium ranelate 264
Suction catheters 235
Supracondylar fracture of distal humerus, displaced 144
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) 181
T
and avascular necrosis 24
Talar tilt test 14
Talonavicular articulation 115
anatomy related to 172
Teriparatide 264
Thermography 58
Thomas splints 89
Thompson's test 9
Thyroid shields 192
classification 353
and infection 354
malunion 355
and neurological injury 354
nonoperative treatment 353
nonunion 355
and vascular injury 354
Tibial tubercle fractures 223
Toddler's fracture 293
Trabecular bone 261
and coagulation abnormalities 65
mortality following 64
post-traumatic immunosuppression and sepsis 65
and surgery 65
Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) 358
British Orthopaedic Association Standards for Trauma (BOAST) guidelines 142
National Institute for Care and Health Excellence (NICE) guidelines 142
Traumatic brain injury 177 see also Head injury
Trauma tourniquet 235
Triangular fibrocartilage complex injury 127
Triquetral fractures 153 see also Carpal fractures
V
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) 8
Venous blood gas (VBG) 237
Vitamin D, for osteoporosis 263
Volar fasciotomy 55