Male Infertility: Sperm Diagnosis, Management and Delivery Jayant G. Mehta, Bryan Woodward
INDEX
ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Note: Page numbers in bold or italic refer to tables or figures respectively.
A
Accessory sex glands 1–2
Acridine orange test (AOT) 48, 49
Agglutination 12, 66
Aggregation 66
Agitator 10, 10
Alcohol, effects of, on fertility 104
Alpha-receptor blocking agents, and retrograde ejaculation 90
Androgens 4
Aneuploidy testing 115
Annexin-V 113
Antibiotics, in culture media 75, 75
Antidepressants, and retrograde ejaculation 90
Antifertility factor (AF-1) 38
Antioxidant therapy 58, 59
Antisperm antibodies (ASAs) 12, 17, 45, 51, 59–60
bypassing of, with ART 53–54
epidemiology of 51
formation
causes of 53
prevention of 53
immunological infertility and 51–52
infertility 51
treatment of 53–54
testing for 51, 52
vasectomy and 53, 53
Array comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) technology 115
ART see Assisted reproduction therapy (ART)
ASAs see Antisperm antibodies (ASAs)
Aspermia 69
Assisted reproduction therapy (ART) 37, 40, 45, 48–49, 53, 71–79, 93, 97
culture media for 25–27 (see also Culture media)
impact of, on sperm function tests 49 (see also Sperm function tests (SFTs))
sperm morphology in, influence of 21–22
Atomic force microscopy 114
Azoospermia 5, 13, 65, 67, 81, 93, 98
non-obstructive 68, 69
obstructive 68, 69, 81
B
Bacteriospermia 76
Blood-borne virus (BBV), screening for 72
Bulbourethral gland 1
C
Cancer patients
sperm banking for 98–100
sperm cryostorage, legal issues related to 122
Candida albicans 77
Capacitation 28, 37 see also Sperm preparation
Cellometer counting chamber 12, 13
Cell-Vu 12, 13
Cervical mucus 47
Chlamydia trachomatis 58
Chromosome microdeletions 48
Clomiphene (clomiphene citrate) 62, 69, 105
Coitus interruptus 8, 66
Collection artifacts 66
COMET (Single cell gel electrophoresis) assay 48, 49
Competence matrix 119, 119
Computer-aided sperm analyses (CASA) 17
Computer-controlled sperm freezing 95, 96
Congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens (CBAVDs) 69
Congenital rubella syndrome 121
Corpora cavernosa 2
Corpus spongiosum 2
CryoBioSystem
high-security straws 94, 95
high-security tubes/vials 95, 95 Cryoprotectant medium (CPM) 94
Cryptorchidism 57, 57
Culture media 25–26, 26, 26
amino acids in 31–32
antibiotics in 75, 75
back-to-nature principle 25, 26
development of 27, 27
ejaculated sperm journey and 28, 28
ionic composition 29
pH 29, 29–31, 30, 31
phosphate 29
let-the-embryo-choose principle 25
macromolecules in 32
nutrients in 28
glucose 29
lactate 28–29
pyruvate 28
osmolality of 32, 32–33
preimplantation development and 27–28
sequential and monoculture media, constituents of 28
sperm selection process and 25, 25
vitamins in 32
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) 77–78
D
Diff-Quik stain 15
Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) 94
Direct swim-up technique 42 see also Sperm preparation
Discontinuous Percoll gradient method 38–39
Dithiothreitol (DTT) 127
Donor sperm 93
Donor sperm banking 123
E
Earle's balanced salt solution 27
Efferent ductules 2
Egg yolk, as extender 94
Ejaculation
antegrade 90
normal 89, 89
retrograde (see Retrograde ejaculation (RE))
Ejaculatory duct 2
Ejaculatory duct obstruction (EDO) 65, 69
Electroejaculation 69
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 52
Eosin–nigrosin test 16
Epididymal obstruction 69
Epididymis 1, 2, 3
Escherichia coli (E. Coli) 75
Ethical issues, related to ART 123–124
European Tissues and Cells Directive (EUTCD) 71–74, 84–85, 94, 120, 121
European Union (EU) Directive, for sperm laboratories 119
authorities and enforcement 119–120
cryopreservation 121
documentation 120–121
equipment and materials 120
facilities 120
laboratory testing 121
personnel 119, 119
quality management 121
traceability 120
EUTCD see European Tissues and Cells Directive (EUTCD)
Evie insemination device 104, 105
Extenders 94
External quality assessment (EQA) service 17
F
Flow cytometry 46, 52
Fluorescence-activated flow cytometry 126
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) 115, 126–127
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 4, 83, 105
G
Gardnerella vaginalis 58
Genital tract infections 69
Globozoospermia 15
Glucose, in culture media 29
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) 4, 5
Gonadotropins 105
H
Ham's F10 or T6 solution 27
Hematospermia 11
Hemizona assay 48, 48
Hemocytometer chamber 12–13, 14
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) 71
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) 71, 74
Hoechst 33342 126
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) 67, 105, 106, 108
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 71, 74
Human serum albumin 30, 31
Human sperm cryobanking 93
indications for 93
autoconservation 93
donor sperm conservation 93
methods of 93–98
cooling/freezing method 95–96
cryoprotectants 94
packaging container 94–95, 95
pre-freeze and post-thaw preparations 97–98
sperm freezing 93–94
sperm thawing 97
storage tanks and facilities 97, 97
storage temperature 96–97
oncological patients and 98–100
Human sperm toxicity test (HSTT) 45, 49
Human tubal fluid (HTF) 27
Hyaluronan-binding assay 48
Hyaluronic acid-based sperm binding assays 113, 113
4-(2-Hydroethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulphonic acid (HEPES) 30
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) 5, 67
Hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) test 16, 27, 46, 46, 84, 112
Hypospadias 7, 57, 57
I
ICSI see Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
Immotile cilia syndrome 5
Immotile sperm viability assay 112
Immunobead test (IBT) 52
Infertility, male 5, 7, 51 see also Semen analysis (SA)
drugs for treatment of 61–62
retrograde ejaculation and 89
substances causing 57–58, 59
varicocele and 60 (see also Varicocele)
Insemination program 103
emotional support and counseling for 109
fertility nurse's role in 103
intracervical insemination 104, 105
intrauterine insemination 104, 105
loading of IUI catheter 107
ovulation induction and cycle monitoring 104–105, 106
patient preparation for insemination 107
planning of 104, 104
semen sample collection 106–107
standard operating procedures (SOPs) for 104
steps after insemination procedure 108
ultrasound scanning 105–106
vaginal and pelvic examinations and insemination process 107–108
Internal quality control (IQC) 17
Intracytoplasmic morphologically selected spermatozoa injection (IMSI) 111, 112
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) 53, 54, 60, 77, 81–82, 91, 93, 111 see also Surgical sperm retrieval (SSR)
and bacterial contamination 77
risk of infection during 77
Intrauterine insemination (IUI) 22, 41, 53, 54, 67, 69, 72–75, 97–99, 104–106, 108, 126
In vitro fertilization (IVF) 38, 40–41, 45, 49, 53, 54, 71, 74–78, 97, 111
pH-ranges of sequential and monoculture media for 30, 31
sperm morphology in, influence of 21
IUI see Intrauterine insemination (IUI)
K
Kremer test 47
Kurzrok–Miller test 47
L
Lactate, in culture media 28–29
Laser tests, for testing viability in immotile sperm 112, 113
Leukocytospermia 58
Leydig cells 4
Liverpool Solution 91, 91
Luteinizing hormone (LH) 4, 105
M
Makler counting chamber 12, 13
Male sex organs
anatomy of 1, 1–2, 2
accessory sex glands 1–2
epididymis 1
penis 2
scrotum 2
testes 1, 2
blood supply of 2–3
innervation of 3
Microbial contamination 75–76
laboratory practice for reducing 76–77
Microepididymal sperm aspiration (MESA) 81 see also Surgical sperm retrieval (SSR)
Microscopic sperm organelle morphological evaluation (MSOME) 111, 112
Microsort see Fluorescence-activated flow cytometry
Mixed agglutination reaction (MAR) 52, 60, 66
3-(N-morpholino)-1-propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) 30
Motility, sperm, assessment of 11–12
Multitube direct swim-up technique 42 see also Sperm preparation
Mycoplasma genitalium 77
N
Necrozoospermia 16
Neubauer hemocytometer 12, 14
Nurse-led clinics 103 see also Insemination program
O
Oligozoospermia 66, 70, 98
Oocyte–cumulus–corona complex (OCC) 39
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) 104
Oxidative stress induced male fertilit 58, 59
P
Pap-stain 15
‘Partner donation’ 71–72
Penis 2, 3
Pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) 29
Pentoxifylline 112
Percoll 38, 41
Percutaneous sperm aspiration (PESA) 81 see also Surgical sperm retrieval (SSR)
pH buffering 30–31
Phenol red, use of, as a pH indicator 31
pH, semen 11
Phthalates 57
Plasmalogens 37
PLCzeta 114
Polyzoospermia 66
Postmortem sperm retrieval (PMSR) 123
Potassium simplex optimized medium (KSOM) 27
Primordial germ cells 3
Prostaglandins, and uterine contractions 38
Prostate glands 1–2
Pyruvate, in culture media 28
Q
Quinacrine chloride 125–126
R
Raman spectroscopy 114
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) 58
Rete testes obstruction 69
Rete testis 1
Retrograde ejaculation (RE) 69, 89, 89
causes of 89
bladder neck and prostate surgery 89–90
congenital 90
diabetes mellitus 90
drugs 90
operative nerve damage 90
spinal injury 90
treatment of 90
bladder conditions, adjustments of 91, 91
drug treatments 90
operative measures 90
retrieving sperm from urine 91
special maneuvers 90
Rotator 10, 10
Round cells 16–17
S
Scrotum 2, 3
Semen, abnormal 65
aggregation and agglutination 66
color 66
fructose 65
low volume 65
motility 67, 69
pH 65
round cells 67, 68
sperm concentration 66–67, 67, 68
viscosity and liquefaction 66
zinc and neutral α-glucosidase 65–66
Semen analysis (SA) 7, 45, 65–67 see also Semen, abnormal
computer-aided 17
laboratory area for 10
macroscopic assessment
color 11
liquefaction and viscosity 11
pH 11
volume 10–11
microscopic assessment 11
antisperm antibodies 17
count 12–13, 13, 14
equipment for 11
morphology 13, 15, 15–16, 16
motility 11–12, 12
round cells 16–17
vitality 16
performers of 7
production to, time from 10, 10
quality assurance, need for 17
reasons for 7
report of 17–18, 18
sample production for
home production 8
patient information and instructions 8–10
production room 7–8, 66
specimen container 8
staff training for 7
and treatment
aspermia 69
azoospermia 67–69
genital tract infections 69
low/high volume semen 67
sexual dysfunction 69–70
Semen quality, poor
environment and 57, 57–58, 58
immunological causes of 59–60
inflammatory and infectious causes of 58, 59, 59
varicocele and 60–61, 61
Seminal plasma 37
factors in, affecting fertilization 37–38
removal of 37–38
and sperm motility and viability 37
sperm separation from 38–39
density gradient centrifugation 38–39
swim-up technique 38
Seminiferous tubules 1, 2, 2
Sertoli cells 4
Sex selection 125
Microsort for 126–128
description of 126–127, 127
efficacy of sorting process 127, 127
history and background 126
outcomes 127–128, 128
natural methods for
diet and vaginal pH 125
timing of intercourse 125
X- and Y-bearing sperm, physical separation of 125–126
Sildenafil citrate (Viagra) 69
Specimen container, semen 8
Spermatogenesis
androgen regulation of 4–5
hormonal dependency of 5
organization of 3–4, 4
Spermatogonia 3
Spermatozoa 1, 2
function of 5
production of 3, 3, 4
Sperm bioassay 48–49
Sperm chromatin dispersion test (SCD) 48, 49
Sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) 48, 49
Sperm count 12
Sperm cryostorage, legal issues related to 121–122
cancer patients and 122
information to patients 122
posthumous-assisted reproduction 122–123
postmortem sperm retrieval 123
storage contracts for patients 122
Sperm DNA fragmentation index 48, 49
Sperm DNA, integrity of 113–114
Sperm function tests (SFTs) 45
hypo-osmotic swelling test 46, 46
objective of 45
sperm acrosome reaction 46
sperm–cervical mucus interaction 46–47
sperm chromatin assessment 48
sperm longevity assessment 46
sperm maturity appraisal 48
sperm–zona pellucida binding 47–48
stress tolerance test 45
vitality testing 46
Sperm head polarization microscopy 114
Spermiation 3
Spermiogenesis 3, 3
Sperm morphology
analysis of 13, 15, 15–16, 16
patterns
G-pattern 21–22
N-pattern 21–22
P-pattern 21–22
reference values 21–22
role of, in assisted reproduction 21–22
WHO approach on semen thresholds 22
Sperm-omics 115
Sperm–oocyte activation process 114
Sperm preparation 37, 74, 74
principle of 39, 39–40
protocol for harvesting motile sperm 40
density gradient sperm separation protocol 41, 41–42
direct swim-up technique 42
multitube direct swim-up technique 42
semen collection 40
swim-up protocol 40–41
sperm separation from seminal plasma in 37–38
density gradient centrifugation 38–39
swim-up technique 38
Sperm-rise test 38
Sperm selection technologies 111, 111–115
Sperm washing 38, 74–75, 97
Sperm zona binding tests (ZBT) 47–48, 48
Split pot procedure 53
SSR see Surgical sperm retrieval (SSR)
Stress tolerance test 45
Surgical sperm retrieval (SSR) 13, 67, 81–82
considerations in
digestive enzyme, use of 84
DNA damage, levels of 83
fertilization rates and pregnancy outcome 83
fresh or frozen sperm 83
likelihood of obtaining sperm 82–83
motility enhancement 84
single or multiple biopsies 83
equipment for 85
European regulatory requirements on 84–85
fresh and post-thaw preparation 86–87
ICSI procedure 87, 87
medium for 85
preparation for 85
samples, cryopreservation of 86
techniques
microepididymal sperm aspiration 81
percutaneous sperm aspiration 81, 85
testicular sperm aspiration 81, 81
testicular sperm extraction 81, 82, 85–86
thawing in 86
T
Tadalafil (Cialis) 69
Testes 1, 2
blood supply to 2–3
endocrine signals, response to 4
germ cells in, development of 3
nerve supply to 3
spermatozoa, production of 3, 3, 4 (see also Spermatogenesis)
Testicular cancer 57, 58
Testicular dysgenesis syndrome 57
Testicular sperm aspiration 81, 81 see also Surgical sperm retrieval (SSR)
Testicular sperm extraction (TESE) 53, 81, 82 see also Surgical sperm retrieval (SSR)
Testicular stem cells, freezing of 99–100
Testosterone 1, 4
Theophylline 112
Tight foreskin 7
Tray agglutination test 52
TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick and labeling) assay 48, 49
U
Unstimulated intrauterine insemination (IUI) 103, 104 see also Insemination program
Ureaplasma urealyticum 58
Urethra 2
V
Vardenafil (Levitra) 69
Varicocele 3, 7, 60, 61
conclusions and recommendations for 60
and poor semen quality 60
repair of, method of 60–61, 61
Vas deferens 1, 2
Vasectomy 51, 53, 69, 81
Viral infections, screening for 71
Vitality test 46
Vitrification 95, 99–100
Volume, semen 10–11
W
Wet split procedure 53
World Health Organization (WHO) 6, 10–13, 16, 17, 21, 22, 46, 65, 69
X
Xenotransplantation 99
Y
Y chromosome microdeletion testing 83
Z
Zinner syndrome 11
Zona pellucida (ZP) 5
×
Chapter Notes

Save Clear