Recent Advances in Gastroenterology-14 Her Hsin Tsai
INDEX
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table.
A
Acetaminophen 240
Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration 248
Acute closed-angle glaucoma 169
Acute hepatitis C 226
infection 226
treatment of 229
Acute respiratory distress syndrome 10, 261
Acute severe colitis 20
management of 20
Adalimumab 1, 9, 41
Adaptive arms 70
Adenoma 177
carcinoma sequence 167
colonic 163f
detection 171, 173, 174
hepatocellular 247
Adhesion molecules 67
Adrenocorticosteroids 60
Akkermansia muciniphila 90
Alanine
amino transferase 198
transaminase 227
Alcohol 238
consumption, substantial 250
Allergic reactions 65
Alzheimer's disease 251
American College of Gastroenterology 132
American Gastroenterology Association 39
American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 37
Amiselimod 14
Ammonia 250
Amnesia, mild 245
Amoxicillin 108, 112, 113, 119, 120t, 121, 122t, 123125, 127, 128
Amphetamines 240
Anabolic steroids 240
Anaerobic luminal bacteria 89
Anal canal 25
Anastomosis 24
Ancylostoma caninum 57
Anemia 4
Angiotensin receptor blockers 31
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors 31
Anorexia 229, 244
Anti-adhesion agents 7
Antibiotics 20
side effects 134
Anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 32
Antidepressants 240
Anti-infliximab antibody 6
Anti-interleukin inhibitors 9
Antimitochondrial antibodies 34
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies 245
Antinuclear antibodies 34
Anti-programmed cell death
ligand 1 32
protein 1 32
Antiretroviral medications 235
Antithyroid antibodie 34
Anti-TNFα therapy 41
Antiviral therapy 233
Apoptotic cells 73f
Arthralgia 244
Artificial intelligence 151, 152, 153f, 158, 159, 177
application of 155
studies of 160t
terminology 152
use of 177
Artificial neural networks 152, 153, 154f
Ascaris 57
Ascitic tap 52
Aspartate aminotransferase 200, 229
Aspirin 32, 207
Asthma 50
Astrocyte swelling 240
Autoimmune diseases 31
Autoimmune disorders 31, 245
Autoimmune liver disease 239, 252
types of 252
Autonomic neuronal dysfunction 244
Azathioprine 1, 5, 5f, 6, 41, 61
metabolism 5f
B
B lymphocytes 225
Bacterial biofilm 97
Bacterial infectious diseases 107
Bacteroides
fragilis 90
thetaiotaomicron 90
vulgatus 90
Bariatric surgery 199
Barrett's esophagus 159
Barrett's mucosa 159
Basidiobolomycosis 57
Bat-borne virus 261
Beclomethasone dipropionate 39
Beta-blockers 31, 32
Bifidobacterium
animalis 40
breve 90
longum 90
strains 126
Bile acid 86
absorption, abnormal 30
malabsorption 39, 40
Bile duct cannulation 188
Biological therapy, effect of 22
Biopsy 57t, 121, 126
colonic 21, 42
mucosal 52
Bismuth
based regimen 123
levofloxacin-amoxicillin treatment 124
quadruple therapy 115
salicylate 39
Bleeding 21
severe colonic 21
Blood
eosinophilia 74
investigations 34
and stool sampling 34
vessels, superficial 173
Blue laser imaging 173
Body mass index 198
Bone marrow 65
Bowel cancer 265, 266
Brain 58
ammonia 253
cells 240
edema 240
herniation 240
Budesonide 39, 40, 61
Buscopan 169
use of 178
C
Calcinosis 31
Campylobacter 33
jejuni 242
Canagliflozin 203
Cancer 10, 199
cells 76
Capillaria 57
Carbohydrates 59, 197
Carcinogenesis 96
Carcinoma
colonic 21
mucinous 96
Cecal intubation rate 167
Celiac disease, screening for 39
Cells
preservation of 95
sensitive, structure of 154
types of 13
Cenicriviroc 205207
Central nervous system 8, 239, 242
Cerebral edema 240
Cerebrospinal fluid 242
Chemokines 67
Chemotherapeutic drugs 248
Cholangiocarcinoma 247
Cholangiography, percutaneous transhepatic 185
Cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic retrograde 184
Cholangitis, primary sclerosing 21
Cholestatic liver
diseases 248
function 184
Cholesterol 198, 205
Cholestyramine 39, 40
Chromoendoscopy 171, 178
conventional 171
dye-based 171
virtual 171
Chronic hepatitis
C 223, 227, 228
infection 227
treatment of 230
prevention of 196
Churg-Strauss syndrome 58
Cirrhosis 201, 229, 232
compensated 232
primary biliary 252
Clarithromycin 108, 109, 112114, 120t, 121, 123, 125, 127
resistance 109, 125
Closed-angle glaucoma 169
Clostridium difficile 30, 33
Coagulation, abnormal 184
Cocaine 240
Coeliac disease 30
Colectomy 21, 23
risk of 20
subtotal 23
Colitis
collagenous 29, 32, 36
eosinophilic 49, 54f
Colon 24, 87f
cancer 10
removal of 24
Colonic mucosal patterns, visualization of 171
Colonocytes 88
exfoliated 91
Colonoscopes, standard 176
Colonoscopy 167, 172
cap-assisted 174, 174f
high-definition 170
risks of 35
technology 170
water-assisted 170
wide-angle 176
Colorectal cancer 71, 74, 77f, 86, 95, 167
risk of 21
Colorectal carcinoma
cell 75
prevention of 167
Colorectal mucus 73f, 92, 95f, 97f
Colorectal neoplasia 161
Comorbid disease, exacerbation of 186
Concomitant therapy 113
Confocal laser endomicroscopy 36
Consciousness 244
Conventional therapy 248
Convolutional neural networks 152, 153
Coriobacteriaceae 30
Coronavirus 261
disease 261
strain of 261
Corticosteroids 60
Cotton's consensus 185
COVID-19 on
delivery of gastrointestinal services, effect of 265
gastroenterology, impact of 261
gastrointestinal endoscopy, effect of 264
patients with pre-existing gastrointestinal diseases, effect of 265
Crohn's disease 11, 30, 71, 92
Cryoglobulinemia 245
Cryoglobulins 245
Cryptitis 37
Cytokines 10, 12, 67, 72, 253
proinflammatory 61
receptors 11
Cytomegalovirus 241
Cytotoxic cationic proteins 65
Cytotoxic T-cells 74
D
Damage-associated molecular patterns 75, 77
Dapagliflozin 204
Deep learning 154f, 155f
Deep mucosal biopsies 52
Degranulation 77
Delirium 240
Dendritic cells 74
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans 90
Detoxification 238
Device-assisted colonoscopy 174
Diabetes mellitus
treatment of 200
type 1 31
type 2 197, 202, 251
Diarrhea 57, 58, 244, 263
bloody 1
chronic nonbloody watery 33
functional 33
treatment of 30
watery nonbloody 29
Digestive symptoms 264
Diminutive adenomas, diagnosis of 178
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors 202
Diplopia 246
Direct-acting antivirals 228
development of 196
different classes of 230fc
Disease flare, indicator of 3
Double-wire technique 189
Duodenal involvement 54f
Dysbiosis 92
Dysmotility 50
Dyspepsia 131
functional 131
Dysphagia 49, 50
Dysplasia 21, 22
high-grade 21, 22
low-grade 21, 22
Dysreflexia, autonomic 240
Dysregulations, transcriptomic 93
E
Early gastric cancer 131
detection of 159
Eczema 50
Elafibranor 205
Elbasvir 234
Electrolyte solutions 190
Electronic chromoendoscop 35
Elemental diet 59
Encephalomyelitis 244
Encephalopathic syndromes 245
Encephalopathy
acute hepatic 240
chronic hepatic 241
hepatic 227, 238, 239, 241
multi-infarct 245
portal-systemic 239, 241
Endocuff 175, 175f
Endorings 175
Endoscopic bile duct balloon dilatation 189
Endoscopic mucosal resolution 15
Endoscopic ultrasound 188
Endoscopy 52, 109
lower gastrointestinal 161
stack 164
white-light 172
English Bowel Cancer Screening Programme 169
Enteritis 49
Enterocytes 88
Enteroendocrine cells 88
Enzyme 88
activity 5
immunoassay 226
Eosin stain staining 55
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis 49, 59
classification 49
clinical
assessment 50
course 58
features 50
diagnosis 55
differential diagnosis 55
epidemiology 50
natural history 58
pathogenesis 50
small bowel involvement of 55f
Eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases 59, 62
researcher 58
Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders 49, 50
Eosinophilopoiesis 66f
Eosinophils 55, 60, 6567, 7072, 73f, 74, 94, 97
constitute 65, 70
cut-off levels of 57t
functions of 68
human 65
maturation 65
migration of 67
secretory functions of 67
Epithelial barriers 65
Epithelial cell 68
colonic 88
Epithelial surface 91
Epithelium 72
intestinal 91
Epstein-Barr virus 241
Erythema 35
Erythrocytes 73f
Escherichia coli 40, 97
Esomeprazole 32, 121
Esophageal cancer, diagnosis of 159
Esophageal disease 49
Esophageal dysmotility 31
Esophageal tissue 263
Esophagitis, eosinophilic 49
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy 36
Esophagus 49
Estimated glomerular filtration rate 234
Etrasimod 14
efficacy of 14
Etrolizumab 9
European Association for Study of Liver 207
European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group 109
European Microscopic Colitis Group 40
Exogenous hormone therapy 30
Extracellular DNA trap formation 77, 97
Eyes 51
F
Fatigue 229
central 252
peripheral 252
Fatty acids 250
Fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic 196, 206, 207, 215, 216, 238, 239, 250, 251, 265
Fecal immunochemical test 176
Fecal transplant 42
Fetal scalp monitors 233
Fever 4
low-grade 229
Fibrosis 229, 238
advanced 215f
regression 198
Flexible spectral imaging color enhancement 173
Fluoroquinolones 127
quadruple therapy 123
Focal liver lesion detection 157
Focal nodular hyperplasia 247
Food allergies 50
Fuji intelligent chromoendoscopy 35
Fujifilm endoscopes 173
Full-spectrum endoscopy 177
Fusobacterium nucleatum 97
G
Galactosamine 240
Gamma
activated sequence 11
activation factor 11
glutamyl transferase 203
Gastric
antral mass 58
cancer
endoscopic detection of 160t
infiltrative 57
epithelium 123
hydrochloric acid 86
malignancy 164
diagnosis of 159
obstruction 51
Gastritis, eosinophilic 49, 53f
Gastroenterology 151
Gastrointestinal
bleeding 58, 238
conditions, group of 49
diseases 33
endoscopy 159
mucus structure 87f
physicians 151
physiology 98
radiology 155
symptoms 263
tract 86
Generic biosimilars 2
G-eye colonoscopy 177
Glucagon-like peptide-1 200, 207
receptor agonists 202
Goblet cell 88, 89, 97
adjacent 89
depletion 96
development 69
mucus-producing 97
Granulocyte
leukocytes 65
macrophage colony-stimulating factor 66
Grasp reflexes 249
Grazoprevir 234
Guanidine monophosphate synthetase 5
Guanosine monophosphate synthetase 5
Guillain-Barré syndrome 242
Gut bacteria 88
Gut immune system, maintenance of 70
Gut inflammation, mediators of 1
Gut microbiota 94
Gut mucus 86, 8990, 98
H
H2 receptor antagonist 32
Hallucinogens 240
Healthy liver 238
Heart 58
disease 199
failure, worsening 204
Helicobacter pylori 106, 108, 111, 116, 134
antibiotic resistance 127
clarithromycin resistance 127
cure rate 107
eradication 108, 124, 126, 128131, 132t, 133
failure 123, 127
regimens 115, 117, 129
therapy 108, 126, 131, 134
treatment 116, 126
gastritis 107
growth of 124
infection 106110, 112, 113, 119, 120t, 122125, 127, 133, 134
after treatment 133
cure of 130
eradication of 122t
risks of 129
treatment of 106b, 106t, 107, 123, 125, 133
isolates 113
regimens 110
related disease 131
resistance of 123
strains 114
therapy 107, 129, 130
treatment 110, 111, 129, 131, 132
failure 134
testing after 132
Hemangioma, hepatic 247
Hemianopsia 244
Hemiparesis 244
Hemodialysis 226
Hemorrhage 10
Hepatic coma 240
Hepatic failure, fulminant 240
Hepatic fat accumulation 197
Hepatic tissue 238
Hepatitis 238, 240, 241
A 239, 241, 242
virus 241
autoimmune 252, 265
B 239, 243
chronic 244
complications of 243
surface antigen 243
virus 243
C 227, 234, 239, 244
diagnosis 227
during pregnancy, treatment of 232
epidemiology 223
management of 223
pathogenesis 224
therapeutics 231
treatment 229, 233, 234
viremia 227
virus infection 196, 223, 224f, 225, 225f, 226fc, 227, 229, 230, 234, 244, 246
virus infection 223
Hepatobiliary-pancreatic disorders 184
Hepatocellular carcinoma 196, 226
development of 204
Hepatopathy, congestive 238
Hepatorenal syndrome 227
Heroin 240
Herpes simplex virus 241
Homeostasis, immunological 238
Hormonal balance 238
Host cell exfoliation 91
Human immunodeficiency virus 234, 244
Human intestinal tract 65
Human leukocyte antigen 30
Hybrid therapy 115
Hydration, intravenous 190
Hypereosinophilic syndrome 57
Hyperplastic polyps 167, 177
types of 167
Hypertension 198
I
Idiopathic noncirrhotic portal 247
Ileal pouch 24
anal anastomosis 22, 24
formation 24
procedures 23
Ileostomy 23, 24
defunctioning 23, 24
permanent 22, 25
Immune
cells 97
transepithelial migration of 74
checkpoint inhibitor 31, 32, 36
complexes 243
system, activation of 29
Immunomodulators 41
Infertility, risk of 24
Inflammatory bowel disease 6, 19, 31, 57, 71, 86, 92, 266
prevalence of 1
surgery for 23
Inflammatory bowel disorder 29
Inflammatory cells 37, 247
abundance of 95f
Inflammatory conditions, treatment of 12
Infliximab 1, 15, 41
monotherapy 6
plus azathioprine 6
serum 6
Innate arms 70
Inner mucus layer 87, 94
Insulin 198
glucose-dependent 200
Interferon 11
regulatory factor 11
sensitivity determining region 225
stimulated response element 11
Intestinal microbiome, role of 206
Intestinal mucosal barrier, functionality of 68
Intestinal protective barrier, component of 88
Intestine, small 87f
Intracellular accumulation 240
Intracellular tight junctions 88
Ipragliflozin 203
group 204
Irritable bowel syndrome 2
J
Jak-stat pathway 11f
Jaundice 184, 242
John Cunningham virus 8
K
Kidney 58
disease 234
L
Lactobacillus
acidophilus 40
johnsonii 90
plantarum 90
reuteri 90
rhamnosus 90
strains 126
Lamina propria 30, 37, 6770, 75, 89
cellularity 35
intestinal 88
Langerhans cell histiocytosis 58
Lansoprazole 32, 121
Laparoscopy 52
Leaving scar tissue 238
Leukoencephalitis 244
Leukoencephalopathy, progressive multifocal 8
Levofloxacin 122t, 123
bismuth quadruple 124
resistant strains 123
therapy 122
Linitis plastica 52, 57
Lipolytic digestive enzymes 86
Lipoprotein, low-density 205
Liraglutide 200, 207
Liver
biopsy 198, 203
cancer, primary 223
cirrhosis, alcoholic 239, 265
conditions, chronic 266
disease 202, 228, 238, 239, 239t, 249, 253
end-stage 201, 238
neurological complications in 238
stage of 238
enzyme tests 264
failure 238
acute 239
chronic 239, 253
fibrosis 228
stages 205
function 264
abnormal 248
lesions 156
diffuse 158
toxins 240
transplantation 238
Low-birth weight infants 232
Lungs 58
Lymph glands 51
Lymph nodes 13
Lymphocytes 8, 30
intraepithelial 37
Lymphocytic colitis 29, 32, 36
Lymphoid cells 68
innate 70
Lymphoid organs 13
Lymphoid tissue
gut-associated 69
mucosa-associated 131
Lymphoma 131
M
Maastricht consensus report 132
Machine learning 152, 153, 154f, 155f
Macrophages 73f, 74, 94, 97
Major colorectal diseases 65, 70
Malaise 245
Malignant cells, exfoliated 97
Malignant diseases, treatment of 157
Malignant lesions, chemotherapy of 157
Mature eosinophils
functional characteristics of 65
migration of 66f
structural characteristics of 65
Mayo score 2
Medical management, failure of 21
Menopausal hormone therapy 30
Mepolizumab 62
Mercaptans 250
Mercaptopurine 1, 5
Mesalamine 39, 40
Metabolic syndrome 196, 200
Metalloproteinase 30, 88
Metastatic disease 247
Metformin 200, 207
Methotrexate 41
Methylmercaptopurine 5
Methylthioinosine monophosphate 5
Metronidazole 110, 111, 114, 116, 123, 125128
Microbiome 90
manipulation 206
Microscopic colitis 29, 30, 33, 34t, 36t, 42
antibiotics 40
clinical features 33
development of 32t
diagnosis 34
disease activity index 38, 38t
environmental factors 31
epidemiology 29
lifestyle modification 38
management 38
medications 39
pathophysiology 29
prescribed medications 31
probiotics 40
risk factors 33
surgery 42
Migration 91
Modern health delivery system 158
Mononeuropathy multiplex 243
Motor axonal neuropathy, acute 242
Mucosa 52, 95, 171, 173
colonic 29
Mucosal Addressin-cell adhesion molecule 8
Multidisciplinary team 19
part of 19, 158
Multidrug-resistant transporter genes 118
Multifactorial disease 74
Multi-light technology 173
Multiorgan failure 238
Myelopathy, hepatic 239, 249, 250
Myoclonus 248, 249
Myopathies
inflammatory 246
noninflammatory 246
N
N-acetyl-aspartate 246
N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate concentrations 246
Narrow-band imaging 160162, 163f, 172
Natalizumab 8
Nausea 229, 244
Neoplasm 238, 239, 247, 253
Neoplastic lesions 159
Neurotoxicity, risk of 40
Neutrophils 67, 73f, 94, 95f, 97
derived etosis 97
extracellular traps 76
Nitroglycerine, transdermal 190
Nitroimidazole 112, 113, 123
Nonbismuth quadruple sequential and concomitant regimens 123
Non-nucleoside inhibitor 230
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 31, 32, 34, 190
Non-Wilsonian acquired hepatocerebral degeneration 239, 248
Nucleoside inhibitor 230
Nucleotide inhibitor 230
Nystagmus 249
O
Obesity, complications of 216
Obeticholic acid 205, 207
Oddi dysfunction, sphincter of 184
Oddi pressure 190
Olympus medical systems 176
Omalizumab 62
Omeprazole 32, 118, 121, 125
Optimized 5-ASA therapies 4
Optimized immunosuppressive therapies 4
Optimizing anti-TNF treatments 5
Optimizing conventional therapies 2
Oral contraceptive pill 30
Organ failure 186
Orlistat 200
Ozanimod 14
P
Pain, abdominal 57, 58, 229, 244
Painful red eye 169
Pancreatic duct 188
stenting 189
Pancreatic inflammation 186
Pancreatitis Across Nations Clinical Research and Education Alliance 186
Pancreatogram, endoscopic 184
Paneth cells 88
Panproctocolectomy 23
Pantoprazole 32, 121
Parasitic infestations 51, 57
Parvimonas micra 97
Pediatric obesity 215
Pelvic
dissection 24
sepsis 25
Penicillin allergy 125
Pentoxifylline 41
Peptic ulcer 130
Peptostreptococcus stomatis 97
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 201, 207
Pioglitazone 201
Polyarteritis nodosa 58, 243
Polymerase chain reaction 228
Polyneuropathy, chronic relapsing 243
Polypeptide, glucose-dependent insulinotropic 202
Polyps
adenomatous 167
colonic 162t
detection of 161, 167, 174
Portal hypertension, presence of 228
Positive predictive value 159, 160
Positron emission tomography 158
Post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis 184, 185
Pouch
function 24
procedure 23
vaginal fistula 24
Precut sphincterotomies 189
Proctectomy, completion 23, 25
Proctocolectomy 23, 25
Prophylactic pancreatic stent 189
Prostate cancer 10
Protein
nonstructural 225, 230
tyrosine kinase family 11
Proteolytic granzyme 76
Proton-pump inhibitor 31, 32, 107, 120t, 230
combination of 122t
dose of 117
Proximal colon retroflexion 169
Pruritus 242
Pseudotumor, inflammatory 247
Psychomotor, dysfunctional 244
Ptosis, severe 246
Pylorus, thickened 53f
Pyramidal tract signs 248
Q
Quadruple regimen 125
Quinolone 117, 127
R
Rabeprazole 121
Rapid cell death 67
Rapid mucus renewal 88
Raynaud's phenomenon 31
Rectal cancer 10
Rectal malignancy, risk of 23
Rectal stump
dehiscence, risk of 23
management of 23
Rectal tumors, low 24
Rectum 24, 25
removal of 24
Red blood cells 37
Reflux 50
Renal papillary cancer 10
Reslizumab 62
Retroflexion 169
Rheumatoid
arthritis 31
factor 34
Rhinitis 50
Ribonucleic acid 223, 226, 244
Rifabutin 119
therapy 119, 124
Rosiglitazone 201
Ruminococcus
gnavus 90
torques 90
S
Saccharomyces boulardii 126
Sanger sequencing 228
SARS-CoV-2
on gastrointestinal tract, effect of 263
structure of 261
to host cell, attachment of 262f
Saturated fats 198
Scar tissue 238
Sclerodactyly 31
Seizures 240
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 31, 32, 34
Selonsertib 205, 207
Sensory axonal neuropathy 242
Sentinel cells 89
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors 34
Sertraline 32
Serum fasting glucose 203
Sessile serrated polyps 167
Sigmoid eosinophilic colitis, colonoscopic appearance of 54f
Sjogren's syndrome 31
Skin 51
cancers, nonmelanoma 10
Small bowel obstruction 24
Sodium
cromoglycate 61
glucose cotransporter 203
Somatostatin 190
Spectrum bias 152
Sphincteroplasty 189
pancreatic 189
Sphincters 24
Sphingosine 1-phosphate 12, 13
receptor modulators 12, 13f
Sphingosine kinase 13
Sphingosine lyase 13
Standard six-food elimination diet 59
Standard triple therapy, efficacy of 120t
Statins 31, 204, 207
Steatohepatitis 251
nonalcoholic 196, 207, 251
Steroids 20, 25, 39, 42
dependency 21
long-term 21
Stiff nonpliable mucosa 35
Stoma
management of 19
permanent 24
Stomach 87f, 159
marked antral thickening of 53f
Stone diseases, surgery for 184
Stool urgency 33
Strongyloides 51, 57
Subepithelial collagen band 35
Sufferer's quality of life 1
Surgery
acute indications 19
indications for 19
outcomes of 22
T
Tachycardia 4
T-cell trafficking 8f
Telangiectasia 31, 161
Tetracycline 111, 125, 126
quadruple therapy 110
Thiazolidinediones 201
Thioacetamide 240
Thioguanine nucleotide 5
Thioinosine
monophosphate 5
triphosphate 5
Thiopurine 1, 41
analogs 1
methyltransferase 5
Thiouric acid 5
Thioxanthine monophosphate 5
Thumb, rules of 133b
Tissue remodeling 65
Tofacitinib 12, 15
Total colectomy 21, 22, 23
Toxic megacolon 20
Toxic metabolite 6-methylmercaptopurine 5
Toxin resistance 238
Toxocara 51, 57
Transverse colon 54f
Trichinella 57
Trichiura 57
Trigger gene expression 11
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha 1, 32
U
Ulcerative colitis 1, 2, 11, 19, 30, 71, 92
active 73f, 95f
acute severe 3f
endoscopic index of severity 2
moderate-to-severe 1
severe 3f
surgical management of 19
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy 159
Urinary retention 244
Ustekinumab 9, 10, 15
efficacy of 10
V
Varicella zoster virus 241
Vedolizumab 8, 9, 15, 42
Velpatasvir 231
Viremic infections 223
Vitamin E 201, 207
Vomiting 49
W
Water
exchange 170
immersion 170
Weight loss 244
World Health Organization 261
Wound infection 24
X
Xanthine oxidase 5
Y
Yersinia 30, 33
×
Chapter Notes

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