Cochlear Implants: From Principles to Practice René H Gifford, George B Wanna, Alejandro C, David S Haynes
INDEX
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWZ
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, and t refer to table.
A
Acoustic amplification 186
Acoustic hearing 55
low-frequency 179
Acoustic information, additional 179
Acoustic interference 179
Acoustic neuroma 166, 167
Acoustic stimulation 15, 187f
advantage of 177
Advanced off Stylet technique 180
Aided detection 170
Aided speech recognition scores
postoperative 161t
preoperative 161t
Air conduction testing 15
Alagille syndromes 59
Alexander Graham Bell Association 24
Alport syndrome 69
Aluminum oxides 214
American Cochlear Implant Alliance 24
Amplitude growth functions 127
Antibiotic therapy 108
Antioxidants 207
Apert syndrome 68
Apical cochlear morphology 179
Aplasia 59, 66, 77
Audiogram 180, 183
Audiological evaluation 15
Audiological management 184
long-term 177, 185
Audiology 115
Audiometric candidacy criteria 15
Audiometric indications 16, 72
Audiometric thresholds 17, 185
Auditory brainstem implants 6, 60, 114, 116, 116f, 117, 117f, 118, 123, 136, 138–140
placement 118f
recipient 136, 136f
Auditory brainstem response 134, 155
Auditory evoked potential 127
screen 224
Auditory memory 151
Auditory midbrain implant 115
Auditory nerve 179
neurophonic 220, 221
overlapping waveform 221
response telemetry 219
Auditory neuropathy 5
spectrum disorder 5, 129, 156, 166, 167
Auditory pathway
direct neuronal stimulation of 115
retrocochlear pathology along 73
Auditory performance, categories of 121
Auditory system 178, 179
Autism 29
Axial temporal bone 36f, 38f
B
Bamford-Kowal-Bench sentence
in-noise test 18
test 7
Bamford-Kowal-Bench speech 152
Bamford-Kyle-Bench sentence test 151
Basal cochlea 37f
Basilar membrane 135, 201
Bilateral implantation 56, 74, 171, 233
Bimodal input 193
Bimodal stimulation 86
Binaural acoustic stimulation 28
Bipolar cautery 57
Blind sac closure technique 98f
Bone anchored
hearing aids 17
implant 21
Bony cochlear nerve canal 64
BOR syndrome 62f
Brain derived neurotrophic factor 209, 213
Branchio-Oto-renal syndrome 68
British Cochlear Implant Group 24
Bulbous basal turn 37f
C
Cadaveric cochlea, microcomputed tomography images of 203
Canal wall-down
cavity 96
mastoidectomy 76, 95
Carbon nanotube functionalization 215
Carotid
artery 100f
canal 74
Cell
posteromedial 99
posterosuperior 99, 100f
Cerebellar flocculus 118
Cerebellopontine angle 37, 115, 118
exposure 118f
Cerebral palsy 29
Cerebrospinal fluid 6, 59, 73, 77, 78b, 117
fistula 59, 64, 74, 79
Gusher 71
management of 77
leak 58, 74, 96, 119
CHARGE syndrome 59, 63, 67, 68, 70f, 72, 74
Cholesteatoma 74, 95, 96, 101–103
Chorda tympani nerve injury 74
Choroid plexus 118, 118f
Cochlea 36
access, management of 110
baseball cap appearance of 64f
frequency map of 187f
inner structures of 81
morphology of 65f
opening 51
Cochlear americas 151
Cochlear anomalies 59
Cochlear aperture 61f
complete bony atresia of 66f
Cochlear aplasia 6, 59, 60, 60f, 69, 73, 80
Cochlear custom sound 123
Cochlear dysmorphia 37f
Cochlear dysplasias 67
Cochlear hypoplasia 5, 6, 59, 60, 62f, 77
deformity 61f
subtypes of 61f
Cochlear implant 5, 15, 23, 23, 35, 45, 83, 85, 91, 123, 134, 135, 139–141, 147, 165, 177, 181, 191, 208, 218, 219f, 228, 237
awareness foundation 24
candidacy 25
criteria, current 72t
assessment of 13, 15
current 151t
device 207
reliability reporting 237
drug-eluting electrodes 209t
electrophysiological testing for 123
failures, contemporary epidemiology of 107t
incisions 47
management of 238f
materials 214t
performance 3
surgery 201
unilateral 55
Cochlear implantation 4, 9, 28, 29, 47, 55, 73b, 95, 96, 101, 102, 106, 114, 178, 179, 201b, 228
bilateral 55, 56
cost utility analysis of 232
device 48
expanding criteria for 23
indications 96
for revision 106
music perception in 191
preoperative imaging in 35
revision 106, 108t
surgery for 47, 55, 58, 90, 95
surgical considerations for revision 109
technology 58
Cochlear malformation 5, 148, 157
Cochlear microphonic 87, 220, 221, 225
Cochlear nerve 69, 73
absence of 64
aplasia 66f
canal 116f
deficiency 5, 64, 116f, 129, 138, 140, 141f, 148
hypoplasia 5
Cochlear ossification, complete 73
Cochlear otosclerosis 166
Cochlear response telemetry, real-time 87
Cochlear structure, preservation of 201
Cochleostomy 51, 53f, 76, 77, 78b, 92, 92f, 178, 181
approach 85
failure of 77
standard 51, 90
superior 75f
Cochleovestibular anomaly 59, 77
Cochleovestibular malformation 59t, 69
Collagen 214
Common cavity deformity 6, 59, 60, 77
Compound action potential 87, 221, 225
audiograms 179
Congenital malformation, face of 69
Consonant-nucleus-consonant words 25, 221
Conventional cochlear implantation candidates 181
Copper 213, 214
Corpus callosum, agenesis of 29
Corynebacterium 109
Cranial fossa, middle 90
Cranial nerve 118, 118f
monitoring 117
Cranial neuropathy 119
Craniofacial dysmorphia 39
Crouzon syndrome 68
C-shaped incision 97, 97f
Cumulative survival rate 239
Cystic cavity 60f, 61f
Cystic cochleovestibular malformation 61, 63f
Cystic vestibule, large 61
Cytomegalovirus 4
D
Deafness
cochlear implantation, partial 183
duration of 165, 167
partial 178
single-sided 17, 28, 159, 193
Device
development 114
failure 74
hard failure 110
out-of-specification 238
telemetry 123
system 126
Dexamethasone 207, 211, 212f
Dizziness 74
Double posterior labyrinthotomy technique 75
Down syndrome 29
Draining mastoid cavities 101
Drug-eluting
cochlear implant 216
development of 208
electrodes 207
Dry etching 215
Dysplasia 77
degree of 80
E
Ear 179
canal overclosure 76
disease, chronic 38
leaves, contralateral 55
malformations, congenital 67, 68t
Early speech perception test 155
Eighth nerve
aplasia 59
hypoplasia 59
Electric
acoustic stimulation 24, 83, 177
complementation 177, 178, 185
hearing 179, 180, 185
plus acoustic stimulation 193
stimulation 178
Electrical auditory brainstem response 65, 213, 219
Electrical compound action potentials 158
Electrically evoked auditory
brainstem response 134
event-related potentials 137
Electrically evoked compound action potential 126, 219
waveform 126f
Electrically evoked stapedial reflex 132
threshold 165, 218
Electric-natural stimulation 178
Electroacoustic stimulation 96, 160, 207
Electrocochleography 220–223
components 220
Electrode 126
access, management of 110
array
insertion, angle of 93
intracochlear placement of 78f
contacts, number of 184
crosses basilar membrane 202t
design 86, 204
function, monitor 124
impedance 123, 124
induced trauma, estimation of 220
insertion 52, 78
trauma 179
location 203, 204
method for determining 203, 204
migration 74, 108, 110
position 167
selection and insertion 76
shorts 74
type 169
Electromyography 117
Endolymphatic sac surgery 8
Enlarged vestibular Aqueduct 6
Escherichia coli 109
Euroqol Five Dimensions Questionnaire 234
Eustachian tube 74, 76, 100f
mucosa, removal of 100f
Evoked auditory brainstem response 134, 134f, 135, 135f, 136
clinical application of 136
merits of 135
morphological characteristics of 135
results of 136f
waveforms 135
Evoked auditory change complex 140
Evoked auditory event-related potential 123, 137–141
characteristics of 138
Evoked compound action potential 128, 129, 131, 170
amplitude 128f
growth function 127f
based methods 131
measures
advantage of 126
clinical uses for 129
monitoring electrically 219
Evoked stapedial reflex 132, 133
Excessive electrical stimulus 135
Expressive one word picture vocabulary test 158
External auditory
canal 35, 48f, 90, 98f, 224f
meatus 98f
External canal overclosure 103
External ear 135
malformations 68
F
Facial nerve 35, 50, 59, 60, 69, 73, 74, 77, 79, 93
anomalies 36, 93
canal 62f
course, aberrant 59, 66, 71
injury 58, 74, 80
monitoring 80
stimulation 74, 79
Facial recess 50, 74
pneumatization of 51
Facial stimulation 79
Fallopian canal 38
Fascia, packing of 77
Federal Drug Administration 201
Fibrous tissue 97
Fick's laws 210
Figure of 8 appearance 61, 64f
Fluoroscopy 78
Foley catheter 56
Food and Drug Administration 23, 83, 84, 90, 114, 147, 219, 237
Foramen of Luschka 117, 118
Fossa craniotomy, posterior 116
Fragile X syndrome 29
Functional hearing preservation 184
G
Gelatin 214
Glasgow hearing aid benefit profile 87
Global Reliability Consensus Group 237
Goldenhar syndrome 63, 68
Goldman-Fristoe test 157
Granulation tissue 100
Growth 155
factors 212
Guinea pigs 212f
Gusher syndrome 37f
H
Hair cells 179
Health
related quality of life 19
utilities index 25, 230
Hearing
aid 15, 16, 21, 28, 69, 83, 171, 177
benefit 19, 25, 87, 151
trial 151
users, marginal 232
verification 17
amplification 83
devices, osseointegrated 15
fell 177
health foundation 24
history 147
impairment 158, 182
in noise test 16, 18, 25, 120
loss 4, 10, 23, 62, 68, 69, 151
asymmetric 28
conductive 69
duration of 10
etiology of 3
genetic 166
high-frequency 177
progressive 184
sensorineural nature of 15
syndromic 68t
unilateral 28
low-frequency 181, 183, 185
preservation 83, 179, 180, 181, 184
audiologic benefit of 86
benefit of 87
categorization, classification of 84
cochlear implantation 27, 83, 85, 88
postoperative 221, 222
rates, predicting 87
secure 181
surgery 83
surgical considerations 85
technique 93
Hepatocyte growth factor 212
Hyaluronic acid 52
Hybrid
candidate 20
cochlear implant 17f
devices 193
hearing 183
S implant 178
Hydrocephalus 119
Hypertrophic mucosa 100
Hypoplastic cochlea 39, 60
Hypoplastic lateral semicircular canal 67f
I
Impedance measures, postoperative 126
Impedance over time, reduced 125
Implant, securing 48
Implantation, unilateral 232
Implanted cochlear implant receiver stimulators 240
Incision 47
Incudostapedial joint 92f
Infant-Toddler-meaningful auditory integration scale 155
Infralabyrinthine 100f
Injured cochlear tissues 179
Inner ear
anatomy of 81
anomalies 69
dysmorphia 37
malformation 68, 69, 79, 96
classification of 58, 80
mild 76
type of 73
Insulin like growth factor 212
Internal auditory canal 37, 37f, 59, 60, 63, 73, 77, 115
anomalies 59
Internal receiver, management of 110
Intracochlear electrocochleography, real-time 224
Intracochlear structures, preservation of 205
Intracranial cavity 97
Intraoperative electrocochleography 222
Intraoperative electrode impedances 125
Intraoperative electrophysiologic testing 218
Intratympanic gentamicin, treatment with 8
Isolated large vestibular aqueduct 77
J
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome 69
Jeweler's forceps 92
K
Kinking 74
Klebsiella 109
L
Labyrinthectomy 8
Labyrinthine aplasia, complete 59, 73
Labyrinthitis ossificans 8
partial 76
Lamina cribrosa 64f, 67f
Language
expressive 153
pragmatic 153
receptive 153
Laser surface etching 215
Lateral temporal regions 137
Lexical neighborhood test 151
Live voice, monitored 18
Low flat impedance pattern 125
Lower frequency hearing 83
Lower stimulation levels 136, 170
M
Malpositioned electrode placement 74
Mastoid 54
air cell network 35
cavity 49f, 50f, 102
obliteration of 76
pneumatization of 51
periosteum 97f
Mastoidectomy 35, 49, 49f, 50, 74, 91
Medical instrumentation, advancement of 239
Medicare's national coverage determination 23
Membranous canal skin, retrograde dissection of 98f
Meniere disease 7, 8, 165, 166
severe 8
Meningitis 4, 6, 9, 39, 58, 59, 97, 119, 159
recurrent 74
Mesencephalitic reticular activating system 137
Meticulous soft surgical technique 88
Michel aplasia 36
Michel deformity 59, 60
Microchannel-creating photopolymerization 215
Microtextured nanocrystalline diamond 215
Middle ear 35, 135
exposure 96
implants 15, 21
malformations 68
masses 96
Middle fossa
craniotomy 104
dural plate 50
Minimal arachnoid dissection 118
Minimally traumatic surgery 201
Minimum speech test battery 18, 155, 224
Möbius syndromes 59, 63
Modern cochlear implant 212f
Mondini deformity 6, 7, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64f, 76
Monopolar ground electrode 125
Multisyllabic lexical neighborhood test 151
Muscle 52
inside cochleostomy 77
Music 137
perception 191
and enjoyment 193
N
N-acetylcysteine 207, 211
National Health Service 231
Natural acoustic hearing 178
Near-infrared spectroscopy 40
Neonatal intensive care unit 5
Nerve
growth factor 213
physiological discharge 179
Neural generators 137
Neural response
imaging 219
telemetry 160, 219
Neurofibromatosis type 2 116
Neuroradiology 115
Neurosurgery 115
Neurotology 115
Neurotrophin 209, 213
Newborn hearing screening 159
Newborn intensive care unit 156
Next- generation electrodes 207
and coatings 213
Nijmegen cochlear implant questionnaire 19
Nocardia 109
Noise 137
listening situations 183
test 152
Non-auditory stimulation 119
Non-cochlear anomalie 59
Non-syndromic hearing loss 4
genetic 4
Noonan syndrome 59, 68
Nucleus
hybrid cochlear implant 184
hybrid-l24 system 23
O
Optimize music listening, strategies to 195
Oral and written language scales-second edition 157
Organ of Corti 3, 4, 201
Osseous canal wall
posterior 103
reconstruction, posterior 103
Osseous membranous inner ear malformations 68
Osseous spiral lamina 201
Ossicles 35
Ossified cochlea 96
Osteogenesis 4
Osteoradionecrosis 95
Otitis media, chronic suppurative 96
Otoacoustic emissions 15
Otologic
malformations 68, 69
surgery 38
Otosclerosis 7, 165, 166
far-advanced 38
P
Participant's audiogram 184
Patent ductus arteriosus 69
Pediatric auditory brainstem implants 138f, 140f
Pediatric minimum speech test battery 155
Pendred syndrome 7, 68
Penetrating auditory brainstem implants 115
Perichondrium 101
Periosteal flap incision 117
Periosteum 101
Peri-round window cochleostomy 51, 52
Petrosectomy
approach, subtotal 95
subtotal 95–97, 101, 102, 104
Petrosquamosal sinus 71f
Phelps deformity 7
Phoneme level 159
Phonetically balanced kindergarten 139
word 160
lists 157
Planum temporale 137
Plasma
etching, temperature-dependent 215
immersion ion implantation treatment 215
Platinum 214
Polyethylene glycol 214
Polypyrrole 214
Postauricular incision 48f
Postauricular sulcus 97f
Postimplantation meningitis 79
Postmeningitis labyrinthitis ossificans 69
Postoperative care and device activation 119
Potassium hydroxide catalyzation 215
Preimplant speech recognition 180
Promontory cochleostomy 51
Pseudomeningocele 119
Pseudomonas 109
Pulse anodizing 215
Pure tone 137
average 26, 231
Q
Quality of life 55, 69, 87, 228
R
Radiological evaluation, preoperative 70
Rambo technique, modified 98, 99f, 101
Real ear to coupler differences 157
Receptive one word picture vocabulary test 158
Recording parameters 134, 137
Refractory-recovery functions 128
Refsum disease 69
Reinforce skin closure 98f
Reissner membrane 201
Residual hair cells 179
Residual hearing
conservation of 184
loss of 184
Residual low-frequency hearing 177
Retrofacial tunnel 103f
Retrolabyrinthine 100f
Rett syndrome 29
Rhomboid lip 118
Rhythm 192
Round window 73
approach 85
insertion 51
lip of 92f
membrane 91
S
Scala tympani 51, 167, 201–205
insertion 204t
Scala vestibuli 76, 167, 201–205
Scalar electrode location 205
Scalar fluid 69
Scalar obliteration 76
SCC
deformities, spectrum of 66
dysplasia 66
Sealing cochleostomy 52
Self-assembling hydrogel monolayer 215
Semicircular canal 36, 59, 77, 60, 73
dysplasia 59, 66, 67f
posterior 65f
Sennaroglu and Saatci classification 59, 59t
Sensation level targets 156
Sensorineural hearing loss 38f, 58, 69, 83, 232
congenital 5, 67
sudden 165
Sensorineural loss, moderate-to-severe 8
Sentence level 159
Sequential bilateral implantation 56
Short circuits 124
Sigmoid sinus 50
anterior 96
Signal-to-noise ratio 28, 220
Silicone 214
Silk 214
Simultaneous electric stimulation 178
Sinodural angle 50
Skarzynski classification system 185f
Skin, compression of 109
Ski-slope audiograms 178
Slit-like labyrinthotomy 76
Soft surgery 52, 85
principles 58
Sound
awareness 159
pressure level 18, 223
processor program 130, 131, 141
Speech 18, 137, 151
discrimination 177
deteriorates 182
fundamental frequency 180
information, amount of 179
language pathologist 79
materials 18
perception 150, 152, 155t, 188
scores 155t
processing strategies 58
recognition 180, 219
performance 16, 17
preoperative 160t
scores 161
scores, postoperative 157t, 160t
testing 17
spatial 19
test conditions 19
understanding performance 19
Spiral ganglion
cell 179
count 165, 168
neurons 213
Split electrode array 6
Staphylococcus 109, 111
Sternocleidomastoid muscles 101
Stickler syndrome 69
Stimulable nerve 65
Stimulating electrode 138, 140
Stimulator device 112
Stimulator extrusion 74
Stimulus 134, 137
overlap 187f
Streptococcus 109
pneumoniae 4
Stress 159
Supplemental drugs 178
Suprameatal approach 74, 90
advantages of 92
disadvantages of 93
Suprameatal technique 93
Surgical site, management of 110
Surgical technique 56, 85, 97, 116
T
Temporal bone 35, 90
abnormal venous drainage pathways of 72
adenoma 97
cerebrospinal fluid 95
computed tomography scan 91, 116f
dissection 98
fracture 8, 96, 97
histology of 179
laboratory 52
Temporalis muscle 48, 53f, 97, 100f
Therapeutic treatment 183
particular 183
Tinnitus suppression, cochlear implantation for 29
Transcanal approach 110
Transient evoked ototacoustic emissions 156
Transmastoid labyrinthotomy 74, 75, 75b
Transmastoid posterior tympanotomy, standard 74
Transorbital projection 219f
Trauma
acute mechanical 201
acute non-mechanical 201
potential mechanisms of 201b
Treacher-Collins syndrome 68
Troubleshooting malfunctioning equipment 123
Tympanic membrane 35, 92f
Tympanomeatal flap 91
incision 92
Tympanotomy, posterior 35, 90
U
Usher syndrome 69
V
Vagal sensory motor plexus 117
Venous anomalies 72
Vertigo 74
Vestibular aqueduct, large 59, 61, 63, 73
Vestibular schwannoma 37, 116
Vestibule 36
Vestibulocochlear dysplasia 36
Visual analog scale 230
Visual reinforcement audiometry 156
W
Waardenburg syndrome 59, 68
Wet etching 215
World Health Organization 23
Wound complications 74
Wound problems and breakdown 111
Z
Zigzag impedance pattern 125
Zinc 213, 214
Zygoma, root of 99, 100f
Zygomatic root 90
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