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BOOK TITLE: Principles and Practice of Assisted Reproductive Technology
This chapter deals with the discussion on maternal and fetal outcomes following assisted reproductive technique (ART). The ART technology involves any procedure which includes handling of human gametes outside body like in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), cryopreservation, donor gamete usage, assisted zona hatching (AZH), preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), and intrauterine insemination (IUI). Multiple pregnancy is most debatable issue associated with assisted reproductive technology. Multifetal gestations are considered as high-risk pregnancies with higher perinatal morbidity and mortality rate. Various meta-analysis in literature showed that singleton pregnancies born through assisted reproductive technologies after single embryo transfer or multiple embryo transfer are 1.8–2.1 times more prone to risk of preterm delivery when compared to pregnancies which are conceived spontaneously. Low birth weight, perinatal mortality, other obstetrical outcomes, congenital anomalies, chromosomal disorders, imprinting disorders, preimplantation genetic screening, blastocyst culture, assisted hatching, in vitro maturation, long-term consequelae in art born children, and other maternal factors which influence the outcome are discussed throughout this chapter.