According to the World Health Organization (WHO) definition, sensory rehabilitation is a set of influences, procedures, and resources to be applied to the environment. Sensory integration is defined as ‘the organization of sensory information for use’. Sensory modulation ability was defined as the capacity to regulate and organize the degree, intensity and nature of responses to sensory input in a graded and adaptive manner, which allows the individual to achieve and maintain an optimal range of performance and to adapt to challenges in daily life (Miller and Lane 2000). The term sensory modulation refers both physiological reactions and behavioral responses. This chapter covers the assumptions of sensory integration theory, anatomical principles, parietal sensory cortex, locomotor networks, human neural plasticity, long-term potentiation and depression, molecular mechanisms, growth of dendritic spines, changes in gray and white matter plasticity due to sensory modulation, role of electrical sensory inputs and movement in long-term plasticity and rehabilitation gain, phantom sensation and phantom pain, phantom limb theories, and sensory aspects of movement disorders.