Cytopathology is that branch of diagnostic medicine which deals with the study of individual cells and or tissue fragments spread on a slide and stained properly. Exfoliative cytology deals with the microscopical examination of cells, which are shed (exfoliate) spontaneously from epithelial surfaces of the body, or which may be removed from such surfaces or membranes by physical means. This chapter covers the types of exfoliation, general cytological changes in cells during malignancy, cytology of normal genital tract, methods of specimen collect ion and submission, gynecological sample collection, non-gynecological sample collection, fine needle aspiration cytology, preservation of cytological specimens, preparation of smears, fixation and fixatives, cytological staining techniques, and special stains. In this chapter, questions for exercise and objective type questions are also provided.