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Chapter-24 Endocrine Disorders

BOOK TITLE: Textbook of Pathology for Allied Health Sciences

Author
1. Nayak Ramadas
ISBN
9789352701070
DOI
10.5005/jp/books/14184_25
Edition
1/e
Publishing Year
2017
Pages
13
Author Affiliations
1. Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal University, Karnataka, India, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India, Yenepoya Medical College, Constituent of Yenepoya University (Accredited by NAAC with "A" grade), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya University, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya University (Accredited by NAAC with “A” grade), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
Chapter keywords
Endocrine disorder, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, thyrotoxicosis, Graves’ disease, myxedema, multinodular goiter, hypoparathyroidism

Abstract

This chapter gives an overview on endocrine disorders, which includes pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, and adrenal glands. The pituitary gland is composed of (1) the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and (2) the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis). The anterior pituitary constitutes about 80% of the gland. Anterior pituitary secrets several hormones main being growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The posterior pituitary secretes two peptide hormones namely oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH also called vasopressin). Thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis, Graves’ disease, myxedema, diffuse and multinodular goiters, and carcinomas are different types of thyroid gland. There are four parathyroid glands situated on the posterior part of thyroid. They consist of two cell types: Chief cells and oxyphil cells. The function of the parathyroid glands is to regulate calcium homeostasis. The adrenal glands are paired endocrine organs. They consist of outer cortex and inner medulla. They differ in structure and function. Adrenocortical hyperfunction, adrenocortical insufficiency, neuroblastic tumors, and adrenocortical neoplasms are different types of adrenal glands.

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