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Chapter-23 3D/4D Echocardiography

BOOK TITLE: Textbook of Echocardiography

Author
1. Amuthan V
2. Ananth RVA
ISBN
9789352700929
DOI
10.5005/jp/books/14136_24
Edition
1/e
Publishing Year
2018
Pages
30
Author Affiliations
1. The Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University; Madurai Medical College; Jayalakshmi Heart Center, Madurai; Vadamalayan Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University; Madurai Medical College; Jeyalakshmi Heart Centre; Vadamalayan Hospital Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, The Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University, Indian Academy of Echocardiography; The Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University; Jeyalakshmi Heart Center, Madurai; Vadamalayan Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, The Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University, Chennai; Madurai Medical College, Madurai; Jeyalakshmi Heart Centre, Madurai; Vadamalayan Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, The Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University; Madurai Medial College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, IMA National Headquarters; The Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University, Chennai; Madurai Medical College, Madurai; Journal of Indian Medical Association; IMA National HQ Standing Committee on Antimicrobial Res
2. Jayalakshmi Heart Center, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, Jeyalakshmi Heart Centre Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, Jeyalakshmi Heart Center, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, Jeyalakshmi Heart Centre, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, Government Medical College, Virudhunagar, Jeyalakshmi Heart Center, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
Chapter keywords
Echocardiography, ultrasound, 3D echocardiography, left ventricular ejection fraction, mitral valve, mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, aortic regurgitation, tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, left atrial appendage

Abstract

Echocardiography has been the marvel of 20th century. This ultrasound technique, since its inception from the days of Edler, has revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment in the management of cardiac patients. From the days of single crystal probe to M-mode, 2D and color flow mapping, the advancement has reached the stage of three-dimensional echocardiogram with added fourth dimension of time (4D echocardiography—the real-time 3D echocardiography). This chapter covers the technical development of 3D echocardiography to date, procedure of 3D echocardiography, cropping, three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography, steps in calculation of left ventricular ejection fraction, 4D left ventricular strain and estimation LV torsional deformation, global longitudinal strain, 3D evaluation of left ventricular regional function, 3D evaluation of mitral valve, 3D evaluation of mitral stenosis, 3D evaluation of mitral regurgitation, 3D evaluation of aortic regurgitation, tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, and 3D evaluation of left atrial appendage.

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