This chapter discusses different types of arteries, the diseases or ailments associated with them and the process to diagnose them. It gives a brief overview of the arterial diseases such as the Buerger’s disease, which affects the youth, whereas atherosclerosis affects people of older age. Raynaud’s disease is more commonly seen in young women. Diabetic artery disease is more common in middle ages. Claudication is the severe crampy muscle pain experienced by the patient in a limb which has an inadequate blood flow. The chapter also discusses the way to examine various artery diseases through local examinations, such as the cold water test, Allen’s test, and Adson’s test among others. The systematic examinations include neurological tests and laboratory tests, such as intravascular ultrasound, transcutaneous oximetry and arteriography.