This chapter depicts an approach to infants and children with a surgical problem. It includes the procedure of obtaining an appropriate history from the informant or the child and bedside examination. In management of children, it must be remembered that they are not small adults but physiologically very different from adults. The commonly observed malignancies in children often involve hematological system, brain, kidney, adrenal gland and soft tissue sarcomas. History should include any ailment, for which the child had been hospitalized, or had undergone surgical or medical intervention. History taking should be methodical to prevent missing important details. After obtaining the history, it should also be accurately recorded in the case-records of the patient. Preparing the child for the physical examination helps to reduce anxiety. The examiner must gain the confidence of the child, so that they cooperate for the examination. When involved in the care of a newborn, the examiner should review the maternal history, birth history and family history.