The chest has been traditionally considered the domain of the physician and is often ignored by the surgical community at large. As a result, the surgical community has been left out of an opportunity of mastering this field — problems related to which are encountered daily in surgical practice. This chapter discusses various chest ailments and the processes to examine a patient for correct diagnosis of a disease. Hemoptysis, the most common cause of which is a pulmonary tuberculosis, is seen in bronchiectasis with purulent sputum. Massive hemoptysis constitutes an emergency. The chapter provides a table charting different chest types found among humans. In a person with funnel chest (pectus excavatum), the body of the sternum shows a concavity from above downwards. In a flat chest, the transverse diameter is more than the antero-posterior diameter. Different tests such as bronchoscopy and mediastinoscopy are useful in diagnosing chest diseases. Mediastinoscopy is used in the staging of bronchogenic carcinomas. Quantitative perfusion scans are important to calculate the amount of pulmonary function left after resectional surgery, especially after pneumonectomy.