The salivary glands may be involved in embryologic, infective, inflammatory or neoplastic disorders. The chapter describes the various methods for correct diagnosis of the diseases of the salivary glands through careful examination. Sometimes the major salivary glands pose a diagnostic challenge as they are not only affected by specific local pathology but also by multi-system disease. Often conditions affecting adjacent structures, bone, muscles, connective tissue and lymph nodes often masquerade as a salivary gland swelling. Several minor salivary glands are present in the palate, lips, cheek, tonsil and tongue. These glands are occasional sites for development of a mixed salivary tumor. Tumors in such glands are usually malignant. Excisional biopsy is useful in tumors of minor salivary glands when performed with wide margins. In case of parotid gland, the minimal excisional biopsy to be performed is superficial parotidectomy. Salivary gland tumors are uncommon tumors. The common benign tumors are pleomorphic and monomorphic adenomas and the common malignant tumors are the adenoid cystic carcinoma and malignant pleomorphic adenoma.