Spine is a complex biomechanical structure with primary function of maintaining stability and protection of neural elements while allowing full range of motion. The normal spinal column has four distinct curves: (1) cervical lordosis, (2) lumber lordosis, (3) thoracic kyphosis and (4) sacral kyphosis. This chapter discusses different types of ailments related to this vital organ of the human body, the methods of the examination of a patient for spinal injuries or diseases and deformities. For scoliosis, the examiner should identify the primary curve. In scoliosis, the bodies of the vertebrae are rotated towards the convexity of the curve but the spinous processes are rotated towards the concavity. Spondylolisthesis is the forward displacement of one vertebra over the vertebra below it. Spinal or vertebral tuberculosis (Pott’s spine) commonly involves the thoracolumbar spine. Tuberculosis is associated with vertebral margin erosions, disc degeneration and collapse of vertebra, leading to wedging of vertebra in dorsal spine and concertina collapse in lumbar spine. The chapter also gives tabled details on the root level and reflexes and the causes of scoliosis, kyphosis and low backache.