Aspergillus is a common cause of serious infection and mortality in individuals with chronic granulomatous disease who develop vertebral osteomyelitis. The increased frequency of vertebral involvement may be related to the specificity of the immune defect, as these patients are susceptible only to certain organisms. Aspergillosis is the second most common invasive fungal infection in cancer patients accounting for 30% of fungal infections in postmortems. Bone marrow transplant recipients develop invasive aspergillosis after the transplant following immunosuppressive therapy. The major risk period however is during profound neutropenia (granulocytes <0,1 × 10°/L), which follows induction/remission chemotherapy or conditioning for bone marrow transplantation. Cryptococcosis is an opportunistic fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and frequently involves the lungs and central nervous system. Pigeons are the main vector responsible for the transmission and distribution of Cryptococcus neoformans. The organism is frequently found in large numbers from the debris of pigeon roosts. In nature, the organism is not more than 1 micron in diameter, a condition, which allows it to be inhaled into the alveolar spaces. In clinical specimens, the yeast cell measures about 4 to 6 micron in diameter, although considerable heterogeneity in size and shape may be noted. The focus of infection may evolve into noncaseating granulomas in the chronic and healing stage of the disease.